AP Seminar
Signal Phrases
There are two things you need to know about introducing sources. 1. Every citation needs a
SIGNAL PHRASE of some sort. 2. The first time you introduce a source, it is useful to include
information about its CREDIBILITY. You may not be able to do this second part for EVERY
source, but you should be sure to do it for MOST sources.
APA style signal phrases consist of the last name of your source followed by the year of
publication in parentheses and a verb which reflects his or her tone, attitude, and position.
Baughman claimed that “…”
Adkins and Laudeman countered that “…”
However, Wolford insisted that …
Culver feared that…
Signal phrases introduce paraphrases, summaries, and direct quotations. Here are some
examples of verbs you can use in your signal phrases
acknowledges
comments
observes
adds
compares
predicts
admits
defines
recommends
agrees
describes
rejected
argues
echoes
reported
asks
estimates
reveals
asserts
finds
says
attacks
implies
states
believes
insisted
suggests
calls
mentions
warns
claims
notes
writes
The first time you introduce a source, it is useful to include the author’s full name, together with
some information about his or her credibility. It should be written smoothly into the signalphrase.
According to Stacy Pendarvis and Joni Shook, directors of the Monique Burr Foundation for
Children. . .
According to Patrick M. Regan, a professor in the Department of Political Science at Notre
Dame University. . .
Let’s practice identifying signal phrases!
Jackson Mackenzie, co-founder of Psychopath Free, a support community of victims of
mistreatment, agrees that during emotional abuse, the victim often feels powerless, worthless,
and broken.
Highlight the VERB used in the signal phrase.
Underline any references to CREDIBILITY.
Is this an effective introduction to the source material? (Circle one) YES
NO
A study from Harvard graduate Christina Simpson states, “While the effects of standardized testing on
teaching and learning are grounds for concern, the effects it has on students’ physical and emotional wellbeing are also quite troubling and deserve attention” (p. 1).
Highlight the VERB used in the signal phrase.
Underline any references to CREDIBILITY.
Is this an effective introduction to the source material? (Circle one) YES
NO