RESPIRATION
“Respiration is defined as a metabolic process wherein, the living cells
of an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP) by taking in oxygen
and liberating carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic
substances.”
In this process, “the energy (ATP-Adenosine triphosphate) is produced
by the breakdown of glucose which is further used by cells to perform
various functions.”
INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
Involuntary respiration is under subconscious
control.
1.The diaphragm
2.Intercostal muscles
3.The primary respiratory muscles
These are stimulated by groups of neurons located in
the pons and medulla.
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The neurons which are present in the pons and
medulla they form the respiratory control center.
The neurons send impulses to the primary
respiratory muscles, by the help of the phrenic and
intercostal nerves, which stimulates their
contraction.
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There are three main groups of neurons involved in
respiration:
The ventral respiratory group controls expiration
The dorsal respiratory group controls inspiration
The pontine respiratory group controls the rate
and pattern of breathing
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Once the neurons stop
firing, the inspiratory
muscles relax and
expiration occurs.
Pons
Medulla
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center
Pons
Ventral respirator
Group(VRG)
Dorsal Respiratory
Group(DRG)
Medulla
Assessory respiratory muscles
Internal intercostal
muscles
External intercostal
muscles
VOLUNTARY CONTROL
Voluntary respiration is under conscious control.
It is controlled via the motor cortex in
the cerebrum, which receives inputs from the
limbic system and hypothalamus.
The mechanisms involved aren’t completely
understood, but signals are thought to be sent to
the spinal cord from the motor cortex, which are
then passed onto the respiratory muscles.
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