THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND
SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCATION
STUDENTS DETAILS: LYOBA DALTON
MPASHI LORRAINE
MPHANDE BRI’AN
MUNSAKA MWEENDALUBI
~ 12087688
~ 13054147
~ 13040111
~ 13032216
COURSE
:
SELECTED TOPICS IN GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION
COURSE CODE
:
LSE 4060
LECTURER
:
MRS. KUMBWA
DUE DATE
:
10TH MAY, 2018.
ASSIGNMENT#
:
1
ASSIGNMENT
: Develop a Research Proposal on any topic in the Geography syllabus.
0
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT WASTE CONTROL MEASURES CASE STUDY OF KALINGALINGA COMPOUND
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
Poor waste management has emerged as a global burning environmental problem that most
cities are grappling with. According to World Bank (2013) waste generation is likely to exceed
6 million tons a day by 2025 with developing countries being the major contributors to this
increase. Zambia being among the developing countries is not an exception as evidenced from
the huge volumes of uncollected waste in the capital city, Lusaka and other towns. The
Environmental Council of Zambia (2000) revealed that in Lusaka alone, waste generation
would grow from 220 000 tonnes in 1996 to 530 000 tonnes by 2011.This has made it almost
impossible for the municipal authorities to fulfil their obligations concerning waste
management due to limited financial capacity and lack of trained manpower (Robert and Ezeah,
2012). USAID (2001) reports that though private companies stepped in to help collect waste in
the city, only an estimated 20,956 tonnes was collected out of a possible 234,329 tons of waste
generated in Lusaka city alone by the end of the year 2001.
According to Sikazwe (2004), the rapid increase in quantities of waste generated is influenced
by industrialization, rapid population growth, urbanization and the increase in un-planned
settlements in the city. Households are therefore, the main generators of waste, contributing
about 75% of the total amount of waste generated in the city (ECZ, 2010). The effects of the
uncollected waste have been manifested through perennial outbreaks of diseases such as
cholera, dysentery and pollution of water resources as well as general deterioration of the
quality of the environment, especially in the peri-urban areas and adjoining high density areas
such as Kalingalinga compound.
The Zambian government responded to the problem of waste management by undertaking
several initiatives. One of the initiatives was the enactment of the environmental management
act of 2011 to provide for the integrated environmental management, protection and
conservation of environment as well as sustainable management of natural resources
(Environmental Management Act, 2011). Furthermore, Lusaka City Council (LCC) through
the waste management unit established partnerships with private companies to collect waste
(USAID, 2001). Despite these and many other efforts made by Lusaka city council and
cooperating partners to mitigate the problem in many parts of the city, Kalingalinga compound
1
inclusive, there is still poor waste management in the city. This threatens not only the lives of
the residents but also the development of the country at large. It is from this background that
the need to determine the effectiveness of the control measures put in place to manage waste
by government has been derived.
1.2
Problem statement
In Zambia’s capital city, Lusaka, and Kalingalinga in particular, waste management has been
of great concern. Past research has been carried out focusing on the role played by local
authorities on waste management. For instance, research carried out in Kalingalinga by Dauchi
(2002) and Sibanda (2010) indicated that government has put in place control measures such
as communal bins and door to door garbage collection vehicles which have been put in place
to collect waste. Despite these efforts by local authorities there are still huge volumes of
uncollected waste in the area which has led to the outbreak of diseases like cholera and
dysentery. It has also led to the blocking of drainages and pollution of land and air.
These studies, however, did not take into account the effectiveness of the waste control
measures put in place by local authorities in Lusaka, particularly Kalingalinga compound.
Therefore, this brings about the need to carry out a research on the how effective of the waste
control measures have been.
1.3
Aim
 To investigate the effectiveness of waste control measures established by the local
authorities for Kalingalinga compound.
Specific objectives

To assess the existing waste control measures are in Kalingalinga compound.

To identify challenges faced by the residents in waste management.

To identify challenges faced by the local authorities in waste management.

To identify positives aspects of the waste management in Kalingalinga compound.
1.4
Research questions

What the existing waste control measures Kalingalinga compound?

What are the challenges faced in the collection of waste?

What are the positive aspects of the waste management in Kalingalinga compound?
2
1.5
Significance of the study
The findings of this study might help institutions responsible for managing waste in finding
appropriate solutions to tackle the problem of poor waste management in Kalingalinga
compound. The results will also add new literature to the existing body of knowledge. The
findings will also contribute to policy framework by helping policy makers to re-strategize
approaches aimed at improving waste management in the compound and the city at large.
1.6
Ethical considerations
This research is likely to disrupt peoples’ normal activities, as a result people might not be
willing to participate in the study. Therefore this research will ensure that participants are not
coerced (no participant will be forced to participate in the research). In the case were
participants agree to participate, the study will ensure that the respondent’s names will not be
written on the interview schedule and the information collected will be treated with at most
confidentiality. Further, participants will be informed that the data collected will be for
academic purposes only and permission from the participants will be obtained for information
to be shared publicly. Lastly this study will strive to take into consideration all those ethical
issues that will arise in order to conform to best research standards.
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
3
Waste is garbage, refuse, sludge and other discarded substances from anthropogenic activities
such as industrial, commercial, domestic, social gatherings and community activities (ECZ,
2008). On the other hand, Waste Management (WM) entails a systematic process of handling
waste including generation, storage, sorting and treatment as well as transportation for disposal
to avoid adverse effect on the environment (ZEMA, 2011).
Waste Management at Global Level
Poor waste management is one of the great challenges of modern society which has become a
global burning environmental issue today. It is influenced by rapid population growth,
urbanization and the growth of spontaneous settlements, socio-economic development as well
as the consumerism syndrome of the complex society (Sikazwe, 2004). According to a study
done in Indonesia by Panneerselvam and Ramakrishnan (2005), every day, each person
produced waste in the range of five hundred grams to four kilograms, especially in today’s
popular culture of using disposable materials like plastic bottles, plates, folks, spoons, diapers
and food wrappers. This accumulation of garbage is alarming as it translates to about 400
million tons of garbage thrown away all over the world per day which if not handled properly
can impact the environment negatively. In other words, poor waste management has a
detrimental effect not only to the environment but also to the inhabitants of the earth. Its effects
range from environmental degradation, perennial outbreak of diseases such as cholera,
dysentery and pollution of water sources (Ibid).
As a response to poor waste management, the first United Nations conference on Human and
the Environment was held in Stockholm in 1972. The conference attempted to resolve
environmental issues and gave birth to United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) which
took up the challenge of championing environmental issues through campaigns, education,
public awareness and conferences (UNCEP, 1992). Twenty years later another conference was
held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in June 1992. The conference gave birth to the concept of a
‘green agenda’ which was all about linking environment and development. Issues of decision
making and accountability to man’s activities towards the environment were seen as a priority
(Ibid). However, despite these efforts by the United Nations, many countries world over
continued to record poor waste management as evidenced from the continued environmental
degradation especially in developing countries (Chibinda, 2016).
Waste Management in Developing Countries
4
In most developing countries, poor waste management has continued to be a challenge as these
countries are still grappling with the collection component of waste management (Chibinda,
2016). This is so because waste management is still a municipality’s responsibility nearly in
all developing countries. Ezeah and Robert (2012) stressed that municipalities in developing
countries have a huge problem of managing waste due to financial and administrative capacity
constraints. These constraints have resulted in municipalities collecting only less than 50% of
the total waste generated in these countries (Ibid). The rest of the waste is dumped everywhere
in townships, urban centres, along the roadsides and other undesignated places (Op.Cit). For
instance, Studies done in Jakarta (Indonesia) by Miller and Spoolman in 2012 revealed that an
average of 1400 cubic meters of garbage is thrown into the Jakarta River every day. The study
also revealed that the problem is not simply a matter of garbage collection but also due to lack
of environmental awareness to the residents. Realizing the importance of environmental
awareness, Jakarta started carrying out some environmental awareness programs among
residents (Miller and Spoolman, 2012).
Another study conducted in Narawe, Pakistan, revealed that there was no proper waste
management system put in place in the area. This study observed that practices and knowledge
play an important role in determining their waste disposal culture. It further indicated that the
state/ local government have not done well in educating the people in sanitary hazards of
indiscriminate waste dumping and management (Shekwo, 2012). This study was very
informative although it did not bring to light the effectiveness of the waste control measures
put in place by local authorities. Thus, Ezeah and Robert (2012) stated that the fact that waste
in developing countries is taken care of by the municipalities explains why some individuals
see poor waste management as not a problem when it actually is.
Waste Management in Zambia
Zambia being a developing country, it is not spared from poor waste management. The
increasing amount of uncollected waste particularly, in Zambia’s capital city, Lusaka, is
disturbing. A study carried out in Lusaka revealed that over a million tons of municipal waste,
particularly solid waste, was generated each year (Matenga and Muyakwa, 1999). The study
also revealed that management of various types of wastes has been a challenging issue in
Zambia as manifested from the perennial outbreak of diseases such as cholera and dysentery
as well as loss of aesthetic beauty. In responding to the situation, the Government of the
Republic of Zambia (GRZ) enacted a legislation of the environmental management act of 2011
to provide for the integrated environmental management, protection and conservation of
5
environment as well as sustainable management of natural resources (ZEMA, 2011). This gave
birth to the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) whose mandate among other
things is to ensure the integration of the environmental concerns in overall national planning
through coordination with appropriate authorities (Ibid).
However, despite the legislations in place and many other efforts made by the government,
Lusaka City Council and other cooperating partners to mitigate poor waste management in
many parts of the city, Kalingalinga compound inclusive, there is still poor waste management
in the city. According to Chibinda (2016) only less than ten percent of the generated waste in
Lusaka is reclaimed or collected while the remainder ends up in the undesignated dump sites,
drainages, roadsides and community grounds. Thus, the current waste management situation
in Lusaka and in particular Kalingalinga compound leaves much to be desired.
Knowledge, Policies and Practices
As seen from the above studies, the significance of policies, knowledge and practices in
assessing waste management provides a diagnostic tool in determining the problem and
identifying solutions. According to Kaliyaperumal (2007), the knowledge possessed by a
community refers to their understanding of any given topic, in this case waste management.
While practices refers to ways in which they demonstrate their knowledge through actions.
Therefore, Knowledge on waste management is a critical and necessary element in the
management of waste. Lack of knowledge brings about poor waste management practices. This
is evident in a study conducted by Jurczak (1997) who observed that there is a general
generation of waste, and its disposal in undesignated places had significantly increased in
Poland due to lack of knowledge on waste management by the residents. He further indicated
that in order to increase residents’ knowledge towards waste management, professional
workers as well as environmental institutions should deliver awareness programs to the
residents.
The aspect of knowledge is very vital to waste management because it informs policy. Local
authorities can only implement policies that people in the general community have a proper
understanding of. Poor policies, otherwise, could lead to inappropriate practices, as in the case
of most less-developed countries, in which poor practices in major urban communities
constitute one of the major factors leading to declining environmental health conditions (Peters,
1998). An example of such inappropriate practice is burning. Burning method of waste disposal
is a health hazard in that it pollutes the air. According to a study conducted by Lvovsky (2000),
6
projections indicated that about 3.5million people would die prematurely over the next 20 years
as a result of indoor and outdoor air pollution.
With regards to policy, there is a wide legislation on environmental issues in Zambia. National
environmental policies formulated by relevant bodies consider theoretically the effective
management of waste as part of the environmental protection strategy and pollution control
and especially the protection of public health. National environmental policies consider, in
principle, an effective management of waste as part of the environmental protection strategy
and pollution control and especially the protection of public health (Anand, 2010). Waste
management is regulated by the Parliament Act, 2004, which instituted the Waste Management
Unit at Lusaka City Council. In addition, there is the Environmental Management Act (GRZ,
2011) e l’Health Act which treats these issue. This is a high-quality and updated legislation. It
defines a separate waste management, in order to recycle materials according to the different
product categories, and landfill disposal of mixed waste. Moreover, it considers sanctions for
irregular practices of waste disposal.
Although there is a number of literature on waste management and its associated problems on
Zambia and many other countries, most of this literature has not brought to light the
effectiveness of the control measures on waste management by the relevant authority.
Therefore, this study ought to be undertaken as it focuses on the effectiveness of the control
measures on waste management by the authorities.
3.0
METHODOLOGY
7
Research Design
The proposed research design for the study is the non-intervention particularly descriptive
and explanatory type. This is because it will be based on non-experimental designs as it will
be conducted in the natural and uncontrolled setting which is Kalingalinga compound. In
addition, it is a case study which is purely qualitative as it only focuses on one area and seeks
to collect detailed information on the effectiveness of government measures put in place to
reduce the amount of uncollected waste and role of Kalingalinga residents in waste
management.
Research Site
The study will be done in Kalingalinga compound and Lusaka city council offices. These
areas were particularly selected because Kalingalinga has been observed to be one of the
most littered compounds in Lusaka city and city council authorities have information
concerning the current problem that will help determine how effective the waste management
plan implementation has been
Target group and sampling methods
The study will have a sample size of 30 comprising of two target groups, A and B.
Target Group A
This will consist of the residents of Kalingalinga compound who will be the main target group
comprising 25 households. This target group is important to this study because it is observed
that households are the main generators of waste (Chibinda, 2016). The sampling method to
be used on this target group will be systematic sampling. In order to achieve this, households
will be selected with an interval of five (5) houses.
Target Group B:
This will have a sample of not more than 5 key informants from government and private
organizations. These key informants will be included in the study because they are in charge
or play a major role in waste management. Purposive sampling will be used to select this target
group because they possess some characteristics considered relevant to the study.
Data collection
This research will use both secondary and primary data.
Secondary Data
In as much as primary data will be the main component in this study, secondary data will also
be used. This will assist in drawing up comprehensive background information on the topic.
The sources of secondary data will include the use of reports, research articles, conference
papers and books which will be obtained from the University of Zambia main library, Lusaka
8
City Council and the Zambia Environmental Management Agency through their library. This
data will provide background information of the study as well as add to the content of the
literature review. However, it should be mentioned that secondary data will not be the main
source of data in this study. The main source of data will be primary data.
Primary data
Primary data is important to this study because it will provide empirical evidence on the topic
under investigation. This information will be collected directly from Kalingalinga residents,
Lusaka City Council and ZEMA.
Data collection tools
Data from participants will be collected using an interview schedule. In-depth interviews will
be held with the key informants such as the LCC staff and ZEMA officers. An interview guide
will be prepared to guide the interview. Participants will be asked these questions on a one to
one basis whilst the researcher will be taking down notes. Interviews are the best tool to use
because they will create a platform for getting insight information on the problem at hand and
the respondents will have a chance to ask for clarification where they are not clear.
Data Analysis
Data analysis will be done when primary data has been collected. Exploratory data from the
interviews will also be checked for clarity. The data collected will then be analysed manually
by grouping similar responses together using themes. Those which are not similar will also be
grouped in different categories. Finally, the responses will be written in narrative form using
themes and direct quotations.
REFERENCES
9
Anand, S., (2010), Solid Waste Management in the World's cities, Online at:
file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/2918_alt.pdf.
Chibinda, D. (2016). Municipal Solid Waste in a Circular Economy Perspective: A Case
Study of Lusaka City in Zambia. Swedish University of Agricultural Science: Uppsala.
Dauchi, A. (2002). Solid Waste Management Strategies in High Density Informal
Residential Areas: Case Study of Kalingalinga. UNZA Press: Lusaka.
ECZ, (2004). National Solid Waste Management Strategy for Zambia. ECZ: Lusaka
Environmental council of Zambia (ECZ). (2008). Zambia Environment Outlook Report 3.
ECZ: Lusaka.
Ezeah C. and Roberts C. L. (2012). Analysis of Barrier and Success Factors Affecting the
Adoption of Sustainable Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Nigeria. In
Environmental Management Journal, vol. 103, pp. 9-14
GRZ, (2011), Government of the Republic of Zambia, Environmental Management, Online
at: http://www.zema.org.zm/index.php/environmental-legislation.
Heeranum K.K. (1993). Solid Waste Management in Mauritius: An Alternative to Sanitary
Landfill. MOEQL: Mauritius.
Jurczak M. G. (1997). Ecological awareness of nature teachers in Poland. Jagiellonian
University: Krakow.
Kaliyaperumal K. (2007). Community Ophalmology; guidelines for conducting a
knowledge practice study. Aravid eye hospital and postgraduate institute
ophthalmology: Gandhi Nagar.
Lvovsky. (2000). Health and environment; Environmental strategy background paper.
The World Bank. Washington DC.
Matenga C.R and Muyakwa S.L. (1999). Livelihood from solid waste management in
Lusaka: Challenges and opportunities. Ministry of environment and natural
resources: Lusaka.
Miller G.M and Spoolman. (2012). Environmental science. Jack Carey: Canada.
Mwiinga F.B. (2010). Solid waste management in Zambia. The case of Choma. UNZA:
Lusaka.
10
Panneerselvam A. and Ramakrishnan R. (2005). Environmental Science Education. Sterling
Publishers Pvt. Ltd: New Delhi.
Peters K. (1998). Community bases waste management for environmental management
and income generation in low income areas. Canada’s office of urban agriculture:
Nairobi.
Shekwo J. (2012). Managing Solid Waste in Nigeria: Social and Health Implications.
Nasarawa State University: Nasarawa.
Sichaaza H. (2009). An assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices towards waste
management among Ng’ombe residents. UNZA press: Lusaka.
Sikazwe T. (2004). A study of solid waste management in Kaunda Square. UNZA press:
Lusaka.
UNCEP, (1992). Chapter 36: promoting education, public awareness and training of agenda
21. Report of the United Nations conference on development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Available at http://www.unesco.org/iau. Accessed 30th march 2017.
USAID (2001) Waste Management Study: Towards Sustainable Solution. USAID: Lusaka.
World Bank (2013). Global Environmental Issues. World Bank: Washington DC.
Zambia Environmental Management Agency ((2011). Waste Management. ZEMA: Lusaka.
WORK PLAN
11
ACTIVITY
April
Proposing research
topics
and
Submission of topics
Problem statement
write
up
and
submission.
Drafting of chapter
one and submission
April
May
May
May
June
June
Drafting of chapter
two,
tree
and
appendices as well as
submission
Compilation
and
submission of final
research proposal
Question pre-testing
and Data collection
Data analysis and
interpretation
Report writing and
submission
BUDGET
Description
Stationary
Ream of paper
Pens
Books
Secretarial Services
Proposal printing
Report printing
Photocopying
instruments
Transport
Meals
Quantity
Unit Price (ZMW)
Amount (ZMK)
50
3
15
50
15
15
15
1
5
1
1
1
30
61
300
15
30
300
5
5
30
60
150
300
TOTALS:
875
THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
12
July
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND
SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION
LSE 4060 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
RESEARCH TOPIC: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT WASTE CONTROL
MEASURES - CASE STUDY OF KALINGALINGA COMPOUND.
Dear, Respondent:
We are students from the University Of Zambia carrying out a research on the above topic.
With reference to the above topic, you have been selected as part of the sample to help in this
research. You are requested to answer the questions as honestly as possible.
Kindly note that the research is purely for academic purposes. Therefore, you are being
assured that the information obtained will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Your
cooperation will be highly appreciated.
SECTION A: KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES
1.
What do you understand by the phrase Waste Management?
13
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…..………………………………………………………………………………………
…..………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
How do you manage your waste?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.
What method(s) do you use to dispose off your waste?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4.
Give reasons for using the method you have mentioned in question 3.
…..………………………………………………………………………………………
.….………………………………………………………………………………………
5.
In your opinion, what causes poor waste management?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
6
Are there any sensitization programs carried out in your area?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..…
7.
If the answer to the previous question is yes, which institution(s) conduct the
program?
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SECTION B: CHALLENGES ON WASTE MANAGEMENT
8.
Is there a company that collects waste in your area?
14
a)
Yes
b)
No
9.
If your answer to the previous question is yes, what services do they provide?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. what benefits have you gained for the services
provided?......................................................................................................................................
....
11.
If your answer to question 8 is yes, do you pay any fees for the service?
a)
Yes
b)
No
12.
If your answer to question 10 is yes, are the fees affordable?
a)
Yes
b)
No
13.
What other challenges do you face with regards to waste management?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION C: RECOMMENDATIONS
14.
In your opinion, what are some of the solutions that can help improve waste
management in your area?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….………
15
INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES
1. What awareness programs have been conducted on waste management in
Kalingalinga?
2. What role do residents in Kalingalinga play in waste management?
3. How effective have the waste management measures been in Kalingalinga
compound?
4. Is there any charge for the services provided to the residents?
5. If the answer to the previous question is yes, what happens to the waste of residents
who cannot afford to pay the charge?
6. What challenges do you face concerning Waste Management in Kalingalinga?
7. What measures have you put in place to improve waste management?
16