 Recognise cell structures under the electron microscope
 Outline the function of the different cell organelles
Cell organelles
1) Nucleus
2) Endoplastic reticulum
3) Golgi apparatus
4) Mitochondria
5) Chloroplasts
6) Lysosomes
7) Ribosomes
8) Centrioles
 You have 5 minutes to read up on your organelle
 You must be able to teach everyone else in the group
about your organelle
Structure
 Largest organelle
 Spherical
 Dark
patches=chromatin
Surrounded by nuclear
envelope
 Composed of 2 fluid
filled membranes
 Has nuclear poreallows large molecules
through
Nucleolus inside
Function
 Contains genetic material
 Chromatin consists of DNA and
proteins
 Contains instructions for
making proteins
 When cells divide, chromatin
condenses into visible
chromosomes
 Nucleolus makes RNA and
ribosomes.
Structure:
 Consists of flattened
membrane-bound sacs cisternae which are continuous
with the outer nuclear
membrane.
 RER- Ribosomes
Smooth ER- no Ribosomes
Function:
Smooth ER- Involved in making Lipids
RER- Transports proteins made on attached
ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Structure:
 Stack of membrane-bound,
flattened sacs
Function:
 Receives proteins from the ER
 Modifies them e.g. adds sugar
(Post office)
 Packages proteins into vesicles
to be transported inside cell or to
the outside
Mitochondria
Structure:
 2 membranes
separated by a fluid filled
space
 Inner membrane is
folded to form cristae
 Central part is the
matrix.
Function
 Site where ATP is
produced during
respiration
Chloroplasts
Structure:
 2 membranes
separated by fluid filled
space
 Inner membrane is
continuous with a
network of thylakoids
 A stack of thylakoids
is called a granum
 Chlorophyll
molecules are present
on these membranes.
Function:
 Site of photosynthesis
 Light energy is used to derive
carbohydrate molecules from
carbon dioxide.
Function:
 Contain digestive enzymes
which break down materials
 e.g. specialised lysosome
(acrosome) in head of sperm
cells helps it penetrate the egg.
Structure:
 Spherical sacs surrounded by
a single membrane
Organelles NOT surrounded by membranes
 Ribosomes
Centrioles
Ribosome
Structure
 Very small organelles in the
cytoplasm and bound to rough
ER
 Consist of 2 subunits.
Function:
 Site of protein synthesis which acts
as an assembly line to use mRNA to
assemble proteins.
Centrioles
Structure
 Small protein tubes of
microtubules.
Function:
 Form fibres in cell division known as
spindles which separate chromosomes.
Making Cells
Make a model of a plant or animal cell out of
plastercine
You should label the organelles and write a brief
function on a cocktail label!!
Group Essay
In this question, one mark is available for the quality of written
communication.
Plant cells are also eukaryotic.
Outline the function(s) of each part of a plant cell.
(Allow one and a half lined pages).
[9]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
[Total 10 marks]



nucleus / DNA
1
2
nucleolus


3
4
5
protein synthesis;
6
rough ER
transport of proteins;
Golgi
7
8
9
processes, molecules / proteins; AW
use in secretion;
lysosome formation;






lysosome



10
11
hydrolytic / digestive, enzymes;
breakdown, organelles / cell / ingested material;
mitochondria


makes / transports, lipids / steroids / hormones; A named plant e.g.
rough ER / ribosomes


produces, ribosomes / rRNA;
smooth ER


controls, activities of cell / transcription / named activity / cell division;
contains genetic information that can be transmitted to next generation;
12
formation ATP / suitable energy ref.;

13
plasma (cell surface) membrane




14
controls exchange between cell and environment / selectively permeable;
R water
15
receptors for, cell recognition / attachment;
16
fluid to allow, endocytosis / exocytosis;
cell wall




17
18
19

20
21

22
23
reservoir of, salts / sugars / waste / pigment / other e.g.;
ref. to, turgor / support / controlling Ψ;
24
starch grain / amyloplast
storage;
cytoplasm
25
26
27
site of chemical reaction(s) / correct e.g.;
AVP;
AVP;







photosynthesis;
chlorophyll / pigment, absorbs light;
vacuole / tonoplast


gives, cell shape / strength / support;
prevents bursting (when water enters cell by osmosis);
fully permeable;
chloroplast


aerobic respiration;
for further detail of function
e.g. protein, channels / carriers, to transport, ions / polar substances, phospholipid (bilayer)
transports lipid soluble substances
ref. waterproofing cell wall (lignin / suberin) mitochondria involved in lipid synthesis
addition of carbohydrate to protein to form glycoprotein