DEVIANCE
VALUES
- beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or
undesirable.
DEVIANCE
•Any significant departure from what is considered “normal” or normative.
•behavior that departs from the norm; i.e. departs from whatever standard is typical within a given
situation or in Society as a whole.
DEVIANCE IS RELATIVE
-Deviance may vary in time and place
Deviant behavior may be tolerated, approved, or disapproved. Modern societies encourage some
amount of deviation which moves in the direction of the ideal pattern of behavior.
TYPES OF DEVIATION
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIATION
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Primary Deviation refers to the behaviour of an individual which is in disagreement with the
prescribed norms but is “tolerated by others or is successfully concealed from others”.
Examples of primary deviations are cases of students cheating in examinations, indiscriminate
throwing of garbage in a “no littering” areas or a refusal to declare one’s whole income for the
tax purposes.
Secondary Deviation refers to the labelled act of deviation when an individual who, throughout
his life, was a conformist, committed an act of killing as a defense of his life, may be branded as
criminal.
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP DEVIATION
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Individual deviation refers to the act of deviation committed by a person against the norm of his
own group or subculture
Group Deviation refers to the act of conforming to the norms of the group which is in
disagreement with the norms of the larger society. An example of this type of deviation is the
street corner gang.
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING IF A CERTAIN TYPE OF BEHAVIOR IS DEVIANT OR NOT
•which norms are violated? •Who violate them? •Members of the upper class or lower class? •How
visible is the deviation?
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Basically, what is considered deviant depends on how others, who are socially significant in
power and influence, define act
The degree of deviation depends on its variations from the norms and the value placed on the
norm
EXPLANATION FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
THEORIES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
SOCIAL PATHOLOGY explains that deviant behavior is caused by actual physical and mental illness,
malfunctions or deformities.
SOCIAL PATHOLOGY •Social pathology includes: substance abuse, violence, abuses of women and
children, crime, terrorism, corruption, criminality, discrimination, isolation, stigmatization and human
rights violations. •Solutions: Education, re-education, hospitalization, rehabilitation, imprisonment,
capital punishment.
• Deviant behavior is a result of abberant genetic traits • Cesare Lombroso – an Italian criminologist who
studied the skulls and bodies of many prisoners, reported that there are “animalistic” physical patterns
found in criminals, savages and apes; that people with enormous jaws, high cheekbones, and prominent
superciliary arches – are born criminals.
BIOLOGICAL THEORY •Charles Goring – a British physician, who found no differences between criminals
and ordinary citizens. •Witkin (1976) – found that prisoners with an XYY chromosome pattern or with an
extra Y chromosome (a normal man has an XY chromosome pattern) might predispose themselves to
deviance.
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Danish study – the researchers speculated that men with an extra Y chromosome are less
intelligent and easier for the police to catch. Solutions: Education, re-education, hospitalization,
rehabilitation, imprisonment, capital punishment, and behavior modification.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION Deviant behavior is brought about by inner conflicts or by the inability
to control one’s inner impulses or failure to structure one’s behavior in an orderly way •Solutions:
Psychiatry, psychological counseling, hospitalization, and rehabilitation; shock therapy
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY • believes that deviant behavior as caused by the breakdown of
norms, laws, mores, and other important values of society. Solutions: Modification or rehabilitation in
the part of the system which suffers from disorganization.
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there are ecological factors that lead to high rates of crime in these communities, and these
factors linked to constantly elevated levels of "high school dropouts, unemployment,
deteriorating infrastructures, and single-parent homes" (Gaines and Miller).
The theory is not intended to apply to all types of crime, but instead to street crime at the
neighborhood level. The theory has not been used to explain organized crime, corporate crime,
or deviant behavior that takes place outside neighborhood settings.
LABELING THEORY
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Concerned primarily with how certain behaviors are labelled “deviant” and how such a label
greatly influences a person’s behaviour.
 Edwin Lambert, a labelling theorist, identified two types of deviance:
o Primary Deviance involves behaviour that violates social norms but is transitory and
sporadic.
o Secondary Deviance involves habitual violation of norms by persons who not only
consider themselves but also labelled as such by others.
 Society’s labeling on behaviors as deviant causes deviant behavior. Behaviors are labeled or
tagged as proper or improper, moral or immoral, good or bad. Behaviors which transgress the
social norms and values are labeled or socially defined deviant; they are, in turn, sanctioned by
ostracism or punishment.
 Concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or
influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of
self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. Labeling theory holds that deviance is not inherent to
an act, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those
seen as deviant from standard cultural norms
 Unwanted descriptors or categorizations - including terms related to deviance, disability or
diagnosis of a mental disorder - may be rejected on the basis that they are merely "labels", often
with attempts to adopt a more constructive language in its place.
Deviance is a behaviour that is basically a violation of certain types of group norms that represents some
form of undesirable difference from the point of view of the majority.
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The deviant individual is regarded as a freak
The defiant is sinful
The defiant is a boat-rocker
The defiant is sick.
The defiant is alienated
The defiant is a human being
ANOMIE THEORY OR STRUCTURAL STRESS THEORY – posits that deviance exists when people are
denied access to accepted means to reach approved goals.
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Durkheim – introduced the concept of “anomie” as a condition within society in which
individuals find that the prevailing social norms are ill-defined, weak, or conflicting. For example,
many people expect to have a job, but the economy may not provide enough jobs for
everybody. Thus, a jobless job – seeker may resort to illegitimate or illegal means to achieve his
goals. Solutions: Giving access to approved goals; equal opportunity for all.
CONFLICT THEORY – states that deviant behavior is caused by an unjust social structure where unequal
distribution of wealth and power exists.
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Solutions: The moderates propose more reforms in the various social institutions; the radicals
advocate a sweeping transformation or a revolutionary approach, an overhaul of the existing
unjust social structure in order to bring about a more or less equal distribution of wealth, power,
and prestige in the new social order.
CULTURAL TRANSMISSIONS OR DIFFERENTIALASSOCIATION THEORY deviance is created through the
socialization or transmission of norms within a community or group. Solutions: Education, re-education,
role models of successful people hospitalization, rehabilitation, imprisonment, fines, censures, capital
punishment.
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is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others,
individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. •This
theory focuses on how individuals learn to become criminals, but does not concern itself with
why they become criminals
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
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look at the socio-cultural processes and organizational structures of society characterized by a
breakdown or absence of social norms and values, as in the case of uprooted people.
MERTON’S TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR •Conformists: Most people are conformists. They accept the
goals their society sets for them, as well as the institution-alized means of achieving them. Most people
want to achieve that vague status called a “good life” and accept that an education and hard work are
the best ways to get there.
MERTON’S TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR •Innovators: These people accept society’s goals but reject the
usual ways of achieving them. Members of organized crime, who have money but achieve their wealth
via deviant means, could be considered innovators.
MERTON’S TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR •Ritualists: A ritualist rejects cultural goals but still accepts the
institutionalized means of achieving them. If a person who has held the same job for years has no desire
for more money, responsibility, power, or status, he or she is a ritualist. This person engages in the same
rituals every day but has given up hope that the efforts will yield the desired results.
MERTON’S TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR •Retreatists: Retreatists reject cultural goals as well as the
institutionalized means of achieving them. They are not interested in making money or advancing in a
particular career, and they tend not to care about hard work or about getting an education.
MERTON’S TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR •Rebels: Rebels not only reject culturally approved goals and
the means of achieving them, but they replace them with their own goals. Revolutionaries are rebels in
that they reject the status quo. If a revolutionary rejects capitalism or democracy, for example, he or she
may attempt to replace it with his or her own form of government.
TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AND THE MEANS OF INDIVIDUAL ADAPTATION 1. Innovators – are those
who accept culturally approved goals but disregard the institutional means to achieve them. Examples:
government officials and low-wage earners who commit graft and corruption to achieve a higher
standard of living. 2. Ritualists – are those who give up cultural goals but follow the prescribed norms.
Examples: a religious fanatic; an employee who reports to work but does nothing about it.
3. Retreatists – are those who abandon both the cultural goals and the prescribed means to achieve
them. Examples: drug addicts, hippies, alcoholics. 4. Rebels – are those reject both the societal goals and
prescribed means to achieved them but try set up new norms or goals. Examples: rebel soldiers; New
People’s Army.
POPULATION
In biology, a population is all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a particular
geographical area and are capable of interbreeding. The area of a sexual population is the area where
inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with
individuals from other areas.
In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans. Demography is a social science which entails
the statistical study of populations. (Demography comes from the Greek Words “measuring
people).Population, in simpler terms, is the number of people in a city or town, region, country or world;
population is usually determined by a process called census (a process of collecting, analyzing, compiling
and publishing data).
Fertility
Fertility is the ability of people or animals to produce healthy offspring in abundance, and of the earth to
bear fruit.
Human fertility depends on factors of nutrition, sexual behavior, culture, instinct, endocrinology, timing,
economics, way of life, and emotions.
Both women and men have hormonal cycles which determine both when a woman can achieve
pregnancy and when a man is most fertile.
Mortality
-Is the rate of death in population
-A population with many old people will naturally have a higher death rate than a comparatively young
population.
-It is assumed that because women live longer than men, a population with many women will have a
lower death rate
Migration
 Includes immigration, movement into an area, while emigration is movement out of an area
Why do people move?
Push factors
 Are natural or social factors that cause people to move away from homes
 Due to famine, political oppression, loss of jobs or wars
Pull factors
 Natural or social factors that cause people to move into an area
 Due to places that seem inviting because of available opportunities to acquire better jobs
FAMILY PLANNING
Family planning is the term given for pre-pregnancy planning and action to delay, prevent or actualize a
pregnancy.
DEFINITION: Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the bases
of knowledge, attitude and responsible decision by individuals and couples in order to promote the
health and welfare of family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of country OBJECTIVES
The use of a range of methods of a fertility regulation to help individuals or couples attain certain
objectives:
 avoid unwanted birth.
 bring about wanted birth.
 Produce a change in the no. of children born.
 Regulate the intervals between pregnancies.
 Control time at which birth occur.”
3 important elements in family planning:
1.No. of pregnanci es 2. Proper timing 3. Proper spacing
Benefits to Mother
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Reduce the health risk
Physical strain of child bearing.
Reduce number of maternal death.
Reduce the risk of ovarian cysts.
Benefits to Children
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Ensures better chance of survival at birth.
Promote better childhood nutrition
Promote physical growth and development.
Prevent birth defects.
Benefits to Father
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Allows father to keep a constant balance between their physical, mental, social well –being.
Increase father sense of respect because he is able to provide the type of education and home
environment.
Benefits to Whole Family Health
 Benefits to Whole Family Health - help the family enjoy the better kind of life.
TYPES OF FAMILY PLANNING
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Natural family planning
Barrier family planning
Permanent/surgical family planning
INTRODUCTION OF NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING
 No introduction of chemical of foreign material into the body.
 Practice may be due to religious belief, “natural” way is best for them.
 Effectiveness varies greatly, depends on couples ability to refrain from having intercourse on
fertile days.
 Failure Rates: about 25% Poses no risk to fetus
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING
This is the natural way of avoiding pregnancy by avoiding, recording, and interpreting changes in
the cervical mucus or basal body temperature in order to determine the safe and unsafe days of
menstrual cycle.
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Rhythm (Calendar) method
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
Ovulation or Cervical Mucus Method
Symptothermal method Coitus Interruptus
Lactation amennorhea
RHYTHM (Calendar) METHOD
-employs the use of calculations to determine safe and unsafe days of the menstrual cycle , based on
cycles.
- This method may be used by women whose menstrual cycles are always between 26 and 32 days in
length .
-To calculate:
 18 from shortest cycle documented –11 from longest cycle = represents her last fertile day. Example:
If she has 6 menstrual cycles ranging from 25 to 29 days, fertile period would be from 7 th day (25- 18)
to the 18 th day (29-11). To avoid pregnancy, avoid coitus/use contraceptive during those days.
Disadvantages
1. It is not recommended for women with irregular menstrual cycles.
2. It requires periodic abstinence from sexual intercourse and may cause marital problems and
psychological stress.
3. The rate of failure is high when husband and wife are not totally committed making the method
work.
4. The observation and recording of the last six menstrual cycles are necessary before the method
can be practised.
5. The calculation of safe and unsafe days may prove difficult and bothersome of such women.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
 Identifying fertile and infertile period of a woman’s cycle by daily taking and recording of the rise in
body temperature during and after ovulation.  Just before ovulation, a woman’s BBT falls about 0.5ºF
At time of ovulation, her BBT rises a full degree (influence of progesterone). This higher level is
maintained the rest of menstrual cycle.
DISADVATAGES
 NOT reliable method: of birth control, especially for women with irregular cycles. Plus, outside factors,
such as a lack of sleep, can cause a woman’s temperature to vary.
 Cervical mucus is a fluid produced by small glands near the cervix  This fluid changes throughout her
cycle, from scant and sticky, to cloudy and thick, to slick and stringy.  Each of these types of mucus is
related to the hormonal shifts that naturally occur during the menstrual cycle as her body prepares for
and achieves ovulation. Cervical Mucus/Ovulation
Right before ovulation, the mucus from the cervix changes from being cloudy and scanty to being clear
and slippery. The consistency of ovulation mucus is like that of an egg white and it can be stretched
between the fingers. It is the peak of her fertility.  After the ovulation, the mucus tends to dry up
again. These are also safe days. Ideal Failure rate: 3%
DISADVANTAGES
 It is not a particularly reliable method of birth control, especially for women with irregular cycles .
 Remember that cervical mucus does not let you know when you will soon be ovulating, but sperm can
live up to seven days inside the vagina. Any sperm deposited ahead of time can still impregnate the
woman.
Symptothermal Method
 Combines the cervical mucus and BBT methods Watches temp. daily and analyzes cervical mucus
daily.
 Watch for midcycle abdominal pain Couple must abstain from intercourse until 3 days after rise in
temp. or 4 th day after peak of mucus change.
 More effective than BBT or CM method alone Ideal Failure rate: 2%
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
 One of oldest known methods of contraception Couple proceeds with coitus until the moment of
ejaculation which Offers little protection.
LACTATION AMENNORRHEA
The lactation amenorrhea method (LAM) is a natural birth control technique based on the fact that
lactation (breast milk production) causes amenorrhea (lack of menstruation).
How it works: Breastfeeding interferes with the release of the hormones needed to trigger ovulation.
ADVANTAGES:
Breastfeeding on demand improves health for mother and baby.
Nothing to buy or use.
DISADVANTAGES
 an use this method only for the first six months after birth or until the first menstrual period.
 LAM does not provide protection against SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS.
BARRIER METHODS
Condoms (male and female)
Spermicidal
 Sponge
 Diaphragm
Cervical cap
MALE CONDOM
 These are made up of polyurethane or latex.
 Silicon used now a days to produce semi dry pre- lubricated forms.
 In India one particularly brand is widely marketed as ‘Nirodh’.
 Spermicidal – coated with nonoxynol on inner and outer surfaces.
ADVANTAGES:
 Simple spacing method
 No side effects
 Easily available, safe & inexpensive
 Protects against STDs 
DISADVANTAGES
Chances of slip off and tear off
Allergic reaction to latex
Failure rate: 16%
Female condoms:
 It is a pouch made up of polyurethane which lines the vagina and also external genitalia.
 It is 17 cm in length with one flexible polyurethane ring at each end.
ADVANTAGES:
Prevents STDs including HIV/AIDS
Not damaged by oils and other chemicals
DISADVANTAGES
:  High motivation
 Only women who can use diaphragms can use female condom
Slippage occurs
Expensive
 Failure rate 21% with typical use and 5% with correct and consistent use.
DIAPRAGHM
 Most common and easiest to fit and use .
 Thin, nearly hemispherical dome made of rubber or latex material, with circular, covered metal spring
at periphery (flat type and coil type)
 External diameter of rim is size of diaphragm – 45 mm diameter rising in steps of 5 mm to 105mm
(most common 60,65,70,75,80)
 The device is introduced up to 3 hrs. before intercourse and is to be kept for at least 6 hrs after
intercourse.
ADVANTAGES:
cheap
No gross medical side effects
 Control of pregnancy in hands of woman
Reasonably safe when properly used
 Prevent spread of STDs though less effective than condom
DISADVANTAGES:
 Requires help of doctor to measure the size required.
 Need high motivation
 Allergic reaction to rubber
 Erosion
 UTI’s
SPERMICIDES
 Available as vaginal foams ,gels ,creams ,tablets and suppositories.
 contain surfactant like nonoxynol-9,benzalkonium chloride.
 Alter the sperm surface membrane permeability resulting in killing of sperm.
ADVANTAGES:
 No instructions by doctors or nurses
 Easily available and easy to use
 No gross medical side effects
DISADVANTAGES
 Failure rate high when used alone
 Can increase spread of HIV infection by irritating vaginal and cervical mucosa Failure rate – 21% with
typical use and 6%
Vaginal contraceptive sponge
The sponge is a doughnut-shaped device made of soft foam coated with spermicide.
Made up of polyurethane with 1gm of nonoxynol-9 as a spermicide
. It releases spermicide during coitus, absorbs ejaculate and blocks the entrance of cervical canal. To
use the sponge, it must be moistened with water. Once inserted in the vagina, it covers the cervix and
blocks sperm from entering the uterus.
DISADVANTAGES
 May get broken
 difficult removal
 High pregnancy rate
 Allergic reactions
 Vaginal dryness, soreness
 May damage vaginal epithelium
 increase risk of HIV transmission
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
This contraceptive uses a small, soft plastic device that is inserted to the uterus. This is intended
for women determined to space or limit child-bearing.
Injectable Contraceptive (DMPA)
This is administered by one-dose injectable contraceptive containing progesterone and injected
every three months. This is intended for women 18-40 years old who wish to space or limit childbearing.
Pill of Oral Contraceptive
The pill is a combination of synthetic hormones. It is a small, round-shaped and oral
contraceptive to be taken daily by women.
PERMANENT STERLISATION
Tubal Ligation
This is done by cutting of the fallopian tube to block completely the passage of the ovum and
prevent it from meeting the sperm. It is safe and effective method of female contraception.
Vasectomy
This requires a simple operation by cutting off the VAS DEFERENCE so that the sperm will not
enter the semen that is discharged. It is safe, effective and permanent method of male contraception.
POVERTY
The word poverty comes from the old (Norman) French word poverté which means poor.
Poverty is a condition that exists when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs.
Extreme poverty is the cause of malnutrition and poor health.
Studies show that poverty is highly co-related to criminality, break-down of morals and socially
accepted behaviour, low educational attainment, low property values and poor life chances.
POVERTY AND SOCIAL CRISES
Poverty as a social problem is so complex and exists in any society throughout the world.
Poverty is the states or condition of having or no money to buy goods and provide services to satisfy
ones’ basic needs. It has come to be seen as a deficiency in resources that significantly hampers or
prevents participation I activities and relationship that gives life meaning. A social scientist defines
human poverty as a “denial of choices and opportunities for living a tolerable life”.
TYPES OF POVERTY
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Absolute poverty occurs when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of
calories or nutrition) to support a minimum level of physical health
Relative poverty occurs when people do not have the minimum level of living standards as
determined by a government.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Culture of Poverty Theory
This is the result of cash and economy, labour wage and production for profit, high rate of employment
and under-employment of unskilled labour, low wages and inadequate social and economic
organizations to serve the low income bracket of population.
Dependency Theory
Poverty in underdeveloped society has been the result of colonial socio-economic structure. This socioeconomic structure is basically determined by the economic requirements of the highly industrialized
countries. The growing poverty of the underdeveloped countries is due to the forced incorporation of
the economy of the developed countries.
The Social Darwinist Theory
This assumes that assets that the economic survival of any society depends to a large extent, on the
individuals endowed with superior intelligence that will plan, control, regulate and leads its
development.
Theory of Capitalism
Some social scientist, attribute capitalism as an economic system to be the primary roots of poverty the
world over. Capitalism perpetuates the continuous exploitation of majority of the people to accumulate
huge profits. The poor are always sacrificed for the price of technological development.