Subtitle
Most Typical Environment on Earth?
 Physically, Chemically, what is it like?
 Is it universally the same?
 We have mapped more of the moon than of the deep-sea.
 Temperature
 Light
 Pressure
 Salinity
Whale Carcasses
Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal Vents
 What is the environment like?
Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal Vents
 How do animals move from
one vent to another?
Hydrothermal Vents
 What is the environment like?
Exobiology
Europa (moon of Jupiter)
 Much of the ecosystem is unique
 Chemoautotrophic
 No reliance on phototrophic
materials
 The search for Extra-terrestrial life
Exploitation of the Marine Environment
 How does man use the marine environment?
Fisheries
Atlantic Cod
Orange Roughy
 Global deepwater species
 Slow maturing & long-lived
 Mature c.30 yrs
 Live for c. 150 years
 Recruitment is very slow to
populations
Orange Roughy
New
population is
found
Fishing vessels
move to find
new population
Population is
now a ‘mined’
resource
Heavy fishing
(up to 70% in
one season) as
a result of high
value)
Population
collapses and
remains in
collapsed state
for decades
Resources - Oil
 West of Shetland
 New oil and gas fields (single
fields up to 8 bnb; Largest in
North Sea is approx. 4 bnb).
 Concern over pollution
 Direct & Indirect
 Geopolitical impacts
Resources - Minerals
Polymetallic nodules
 Metal rich nodes
 Geopolitical importance
 Clarion-Clipperton region of
Pacific Ocean (30 billion
tonnes)
 Strategic importance (Rare
Earths, Copper, Cobalt)
 Potential Ecosystem damage
 Direct mining
 Waste products
Source - Waste
 Some areas used as direct
waste sources (Analogous to
landfill), but have become
restricted
 Other areas polluted as a direct
consequence of sediment
movement, etc.
 Plastic found in all
environments (inc. Challenger
Deep, 10,000m+)
Radionuclides
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Class
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Group B
Class 1
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Class 2
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Class 3
84
90
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Two Content Layout with SmartArt
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