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PENOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

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INTRODUCTION

It has been recommended by some humans that they have the ability to demonstrate free will and conscious choice to take part in criminal behaviour. Others have suggested our behaviour is ‘pre-determined’’. An argument from psychological perspective and examine about free will and determinism and that freedom is never absolute.

According to “Treadwell 2006” free will is the notion that people actively choose their behaviour, and is not determined by factors beyond their control. It is the theoretical bases of works in the classical tradition in criminology, but also informs right realist and administrative criminology. Another explanation of freewill psychologically is that, it is the idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behaviour, in other words we are self-determined… according to freewill a person is responsible for their own actions.

[http://www.simplypsychology.org>freewill-determinism]

Determinism from criminology perspective is a philosophy contending that human behaviour is caused by biological and psychological factors specific to individuals and the structural factors that comprise ones environment. (………..).The Merriam

Webster dictionary defines determinism as a theory or doctrine that acts of the will occurrences in nature, or social or psychological phenomena are casually determined by preceding events or natural laws. In simple terms one may state that it is a quality or a state of being determined.

BRIEF HISTORY

Determinism was developed by the Greek philosophers during the 7 th and 6 th centuries BC by the Pre-Socratic philosophers Heraclitus and Leucippus, later

Aristotle, the mainly by the Stoics. 1846, introduced by William Hamilton for

“doctrine of the necessitarian philosophers” (who hold that human action is not free but necessarily determined by motives, regarded as external forces acting on the will or character of the person.

Determinism does not imply materialism, atheism, or denial of moral responsibility; while it is in direct opposition to fatalism and to the doctrine of the freedom of the will. (Century Dictionary)

From 1876 in general sense of “doctrine everything happens is determined by a necessary chain of causation, “from French dèterminisme, from German

Determinismus, perhaps a back-formation from Praedeterminismus.

[http://www.etymonline.com/word/deretminism]

FREEWILL AND DETERMINISM

The debate about free will and determinism has been a fundamental part of attempts to explain causality of criminal behaviour and polarises psychology and law

(Carson et al, 2007).

FREEWILL

To exercise free will one must be able to behave “differently given the circumstances” (Gross,2003 p.246). this opition to have a real choice, some suggest, is available if the behaviour is neither a reflex response, nor coerced (Gross, 2003).

Hpwever the assumption of freewill is challenged by psychology’s arguments about voluntary behaviour, control and intentions (Carson et al., 2007).

DETERMINISM

CLASSICAL THEORY OF CRIME

FREEWILL, DETERMINISM AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FREEWILL AND DETERMINISM

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