EXTRA CREDIT
You may take notes (handwritten) on a
single sheet of paper with your complete
heading on it and a parent signature
verifying that you completed the
Grammar Bootcamp, and it will count
towards +10 on a daily grade or +5 on a
test grade for the 1st six weeks.
Must be handwritten, single sheet of
paper, and parent signature to get the
full points.
Prepositional Phrases
• A phrase is a group of words that
do NOT have both a subject and a
verb; the words in the phrase
function together as a group.
• A prepositional phrase is a
preposition plus its object (and any
modifiers for the object).
Prepositional Phrase
+
Examples :
on the counter
with both my parents
to the birthday party
of wood
behind the clothing store
without much effort
Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase can function as an
adjective—giving additional information
about a noun (what kind, how many, which
one, how much…).
The box on the counter is heavy.
(Which box?)
I talked to a boy with a purple mohawk
today.
(What kind of boy? Which boy?)
Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase can also function
as an adverb—giving additional
information about a verb by telling how,
when, where, why, to what extent, or
under what conditions.
Josh Hamilton hit the baseball over the
fence.
(Where did he hit it?)
I can work the problems with my teacher’s
help.
(How can I work them?)
Prepositional Phrases
Why is this important?
Authors add detail to their writing with
prepositional phrases. Some of these
phrases are very important to the
meaning.
As a writer, you can use prepositional
phrases to add detail, too. In addition,
using prepositional phrases can add to the
variety in your sentence structures.
The box of apples on the counter is going
to fall if you aren’t careful.
OR
The box of apples on the counter are going
to fall if you aren’t careful.
If you don’t eliminate the prepositional phrases, you may match the verb to a
word–apples– which isn’t really the subject. This would cause you to choose
“are” because apples are would be correct IF “apples” were the subject. But it
isn’t. Watch what happens when I eliminate the prepositional phrases.
Here’s what you do:
The box of apples on the counter is/are
going to fall if you aren’t careful.
The box is going to fall? or The box are going to fall?
The box is? OR The box are?
The box of apples on the counter IS
going to fall if you aren’t careful.
One of the boys (want, wants) a cheeseburger.
One of the boys (want, wants) a cheeseburger.
One want? or One wants?
One of the boys wants a cheeseburger.
Eliminate the prepositional phrases between
the subject and verb to make sure that the
subject and verb agree.
Indirect Objects and Pronoun Case—
Common Error
Dad gave Jim and I enough money to buy Mom’s present.
AV
IO
Gave what?
DO
To whom?
We need the object pronoun—me—because this is an indirect object.
Indirect Objects and Pronoun Case—
Common Error Corrected
Dad gave Jim and I enough money to buy Mom’s present.
Now listen to it with the pronouns said separately:
Dad gave I enough money???
OR
Dad gave me enough money???
Dad gave Jim and me enough money to buy Mom’s
present.
Objects of a Preposition and Pronoun
Case—Common Error
Mark asked to go to the movie with Jamie and I.
Prep.
OP
We need the object pronoun—me—because this is an OBJECT of a
preposition.
Objects of a Preposition and Pronoun
Case—Common Error Corrected
Mark asked to go to the movie with Jamie and I
Now listen to it with the pronouns said separately:
Mark asked to go to the movie with I???
OR
Mark asked to go to the movie with me???
Mark asked to go to the movie with Jamie and me.
Predicate Nouns and Pronoun Case—
Common Error
“Where you at the mall yesterday, Josie? I saw someone
who looked like you.”
“Yes, that person was me.”
LV
PN
We need the subject pronoun—I—because this is a predicate noun.
Predicate Nouns and Pronoun Case—
Common Error
Remember: linking verbs are like equal signs.
Think of a math problem: 3 + 4 = 7
OR
7=3+4
Now, go back to a sentence with a linking verb.
Joe is a doctor from Wyoming.
Joe = doctor
I am the teacher in that classroom.
I = teacher
OR
OR
doctor = Joe
The teacher in that classroom is I.
teacher = I
Predicate Nouns and Pronoun Case—
Common Error Corrected
“Where you at the mall yesterday, Josie? I saw someone
who looked like you.”
“Yes, that person was I.”
Person = I
I = person
Let’s practice:
“That is so unfair! You always pick Tommy over Susie or
______.”
me
WHY?
“That is so unfair! You always pick Tommy over Susie or
me.”
(object of prep.)
Let’s practice:
I
The winners of the contest were Stephen and ______.
WHY?
The winners of the contest were Stephen and I.
(LV)
(PN)
Let’s practice:
me a ride home after the
Devon offered Darius and _____
game.
WHY?
Devon offered Darius and me a ride home after the game.
(AV)
(IO)
(DO)
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains ONE subject part
and ONE predicate part.
Carmen auditioned for the school play.
subject
predicate
verb
Simple Sentence
Notice how we can divide the sentence into
two distinct parts: one subject part/ one
predicate part.
Carmen auditioned for the school play.
subject
predicate
verb
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence could have a compound
subject.
Carmen and Jessica auditioned for the school play.
subject
predicate
verb
Simple Sentence
Notice, however, that it still can only be
divided into one subject part and one
predicate part.
Carmen and Jessica auditioned for the school play.
subject
predicate
verb
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence could also have a
compound predicate, with two or more verbs.
Here we have three verbs, but still only ONE
subject part and one predicate part.
Carmen and Jessica auditioned for the school play, went out to eat, and drove home.
subject
predicate
verb
verb
verb
Compound Sentence
A compound sentences has:
two complete sentences joined
together
1 subject/ 1 predicate
+
1 subject/ 1 predicate
____________________
compound sentence
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is made up of two
simple sentences joined together.
Carmen auditioned for the school play. Jessica won the leading role.
simple sentence #1
simple sentence #2
Compound Sentence
The compound sentence can be joined in
three different ways.
Method #1: comma-coordinate conjunction
Carmen auditioned for the school play, but Jessica won the leading role.
simple sentence #1
simple sentence #2
Coordinate Conjunctions
The coordinate conjunctions are your
FANBOYS:
For
And
Nor
Always consider the
But
MEANING of the word
Or
you choose.
Place these coordinate
Yet
conjunctions in your notes.
So
Compound Sentence
Method #2: semi-colon (;)
Carmen auditioned for the school play;Jessica won the leading role.
simple sentence #1
simple sentence #2
Compound Sentence
Method #3: semi-colon – conjunctive adverb - comma
Carmen auditioned for the school play; however, Jessica won the leading role.
simple sentence #1
simple sentence #2
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs can be used to join two
sentences together. To use a conjunctive
adverb, always use the following punctuation:
semi-colon – conjunctive adverb – comma
; however,
; furthermore,
; consequently,
Conjunctive adverbs (not a complete list)
Also
Furthermore
Same meaning as “AND”
However
Nevertheless
Same meaning as “BUT”
Consequently
Therefore
Same meaning as “SO”
Instead
Otherwise
Same meaning as “OR”
Place these conjunctive adverbs and their meanings
in your notes.
Compound Sentence Examples
Carmen auditioned for the school play; Jessica won the leading role.
Carmen auditioned for the school play, but Jessica won the leading role.
Carmen auditioned for the school play; however, Jessica won the
leading role..
Write these three compound sentence
examples in your notes.
Compound Sentence Examples
Notice that each sentence can be divided into
TWO complete sentences:
Carmen auditioned for the school play;Jessica won the leading role.
Carmen auditioned for the school play, but Jessica won the leading role.
Carmen auditioned for the school play; however, Jessica won the
leading role..
Compound Sentences- Your Turn
Below are two sets of simple sentences. Join
each of the sets of sentences using each of
the three methods. (Refer to your notes.)
The play received rave reviews. The actors performed beautifully.
My favorite character is Charlotte. The best song is “Home.”
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence has:
One (or more dependent clauses)
One independent clause
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is made up of a
dependent (subordinate) clause and an
independent (main) clause.
Let’s look at each of these parts individually.
Please take notes!
Complex Sentence
Clause A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb.
Complex Sentence
Independent (main) clause –
An independent, or main, clause is a clause
which can stand on its own. In other words, it
is a complete sentence by itself.
Ex: Snoopy has his own doghouse.
Graciela is writing a research paper.
Darius is the quarterback on the football team.
Complex Sentence
Independent (main) clause –
Notice that each clause has a subject and verb
AND each one expresses a complete thought.
Ex: Snoopy has his own doghouse.
Graciela is writing a research paper.
Darius is the quarterback on the football team.
Complex Sentence
Dependent (subordinate) clause –
A dependent, or subordinate, clause is a clause which
starts with a subordinating or relative conjunction, and
which cannot stand alone because it expresses an
incomplete thought.
Ex: Because Snoopy has his own doghouse
Although Graciela is writing a research paper
Since Darius is the quarterback on the football team
Complex Sentence
Dependent (subordinate) clause –
Subordinating Conjunctions: The following words are
examples of subordinating conjunctions that you will find at
the beginning of dependent clauses.
after
because
so that
until
although
before
that
when
as
if
though
while
as if
since
unless
Complex Sentence
Dependent (subordinate) clause –
Notice that each clause has a subject and a verb, BUT
IT DOES NOT express a complete thought.
Ex: Because Snoopy has his own doghouse
Although Graciela is writing a research paper
Since Darius is the quarterback on the football team
Complex Sentence
Dependent (subordinate) clause –
A dependent clause leaves you needing more
information.
Ex: Because Snoopy has his own doghouse
Because Snoopy has his own doghouse what? What
happens because of that?
Although Graciela is writing a research paper
Although she is writing a paper what? What happens?
Since Darius is the quarterback on the football team
Since he is the quarterback what? What about it?
Complex Sentence
Dependent (subordinate) clause –
A dependent clause left on its own is a fragment! To
correct the fragment, you can add an independent (or
main clause to complete the thought.
Ex: Because Snoopy has his own doghouse, his owners
often leave him outside when it rains.
Although Graciela is writing a research paper, she still
has time to attend the party.
Since Darius is the quarterback on the football team, he
is excused early from classes on game days.
Complex Sentence
The sentences that result when you combine
a dependent (subordinate) and an
independent (main) clause are complex
sentences.
Because Snoopy has his own doghouse, his owners often
leave him outside when it rains.
Although Graciela is writing a research paper, she still
has time to attend the party.
Since Darius is the quarterback on the football team, he is
excused early from classes on game days.
Complex Sentence
The sentences that result when you combine
a dependent (subordinate) and an
independent (main) clause are complex
sentences.
Because Snoopy has his own doghouse, his owners often
leave him outside when it rains.
Notice that I can reverse the order of the clauses but that
changes the punctuation:
Snoopy’s owners often leave him outside when it rains
because he has his own doghouse.
Complex Sentences
If the complex sentence uses a subordinating
conjunction, the punctuation depends on
where the DEPENDENT clause occurs.
If the dependent clause beginning with the
subordinate conjunction comes first, you use a
comma after it.
Because I overslept, I was late to school.
If the dependent clause beginning with the
subordinate conjunction comes at the end of the
sentence, you DO NOT use a comma.
I was late to school because I overslept.
Complex Sentences
Because I overslept, I was late to school.
I was late to school because I overslept.
The comma is used ONLY if the subordinate
conjunction and dependent clause come at the
beginning of the sentence.
Complex Sentences - Practice
Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
1.After Josh hit the home run, his teammates mobbed him
at the plate.
2.Josh’s teammates mobbed him at the plate, after he hit
the home run.
Complex Sentences - Practice
Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
1.My brother lost his baseball glove when he left it at the
park.
2.When my brother left his baseball glove at the park he
lost it.
Complex Sentences - Practice
Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
1.Because he won 22 Olympic medals, Michael Phelps is
considered the greatest swimmer ever.
2.Because he won 22 Olympic medals Michael Phelps is
considered the greatest swimmer ever.
Complex Sentences - Practice
Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
1.Michael Phelps is considered the greatest swimmer
ever, because he won 22 Olympic medals.
2.Michael Phelps is considered the greatest swimmer
ever because he won 22 Olympic medals.
Complex Sentences with Relative
Dependent Clauses
Some dependent clauses start with relative pronouns. The
relative pronouns are the following:
who
whose
whom
which
that
whoever whomever
whichever
whatever
Complex Sentences with Relative
Dependent Clauses
A relative clause is a clause that starts with a relative
pronoun:
who likes me
whom I want to meet
whose coat I wore
which I already knew
that I wrote
whatever you give me
Complex Sentences with Relative
Dependent Clauses
When the relative clause is embedded in a main clause, you
have a complex sentence:
The teacher who likes me is my favorite.
Denzel Washington, whom I want to meet, is one of
my favorite actors.
The paper that I wrote is due tomorrow.
I will eat whatever you give me.
Combining Sentences
Joey likes pepperoni on his pizza. I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
1. Joey likes pepperoni on his pizza, but I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
2. Joey likes pepperoni on his pizza; I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
3. Joey likes pepperoni on his pizza; however, I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
4. Although Joey likes pepperoni on his pizza, I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
5. Joes likes pepperoni on his pizza although I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
(compound sentence)
semi-colon + conjunctive adverb + comma
•
Joey likes pepperoni pizza; however, I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
;also,
;however,
;consequently,
;furthermore,
;nevertheless,
;therefore,
;thus,
(same meaning as “and”)
(same meaning as “but”)
;otherwise,
(same meaning as “so”)
(same meaning as “or”)
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(complex sentence)
subordinating conjunction
comma
•
Although Joey likes pepperoni pizza, I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
When……..,
Before…….,
If………,
So that………,
Because………,
While……….,
Since……….,
After……,
Although……….,
As if…….,
Even though………,
Though…….,
Until……..,
Unless……..,
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(complex sentence)
subordinating conjunction
•
Joey likes pepperoni pizza although I prefer sausage and jalapeno.
when
before
if
so that
because
while
since
after
although
as if
even though
though
until
unless