Science
Elements
Elements are pure substances that are made up of identical atoms
Eg. Helium, oxygen
Metals are
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Shiny
Ductile
Malleable
Heat and electricity conductive
Usually solid apart from mercury at room temp
Semi-metals are
 Solid/gas at room temp apart from bromine
 Not shiny
 Brittle
Atoms
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Elements are made from one type of atom
One atom = monatomic
Cluster of atoms = molecules
Two atoms = diatomic
There are only 6 monatomic elements: Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and
radon.
Compounds
Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more different atoms
chemically bonded atoms
Eg. Salt NaCl, Water, carbon dioxide
Mixtures
Mixtures are impure substances that consist of different elements, different
compounds of a combination of both. These are not chemically bonded and can
be separated through physical techniques.
Physical change
Water to ice
 Involves changes in a substance’s physical properties
E.g. State, density, colour
 Substance hasn’t changed its chemical formula
 Generally, reversable
Chemical change
E.g. Hair colour changes, bleach strips the colour cells (production of a solid,
change of colour)
 A new substance is always produced
 Generally, difficult to reverse
Indicators of chemical change include
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Odour
Production of gas
Light/heat is produced
Production of a solid
Endothermic
Endothermic reactions are of those who rely on absorbing the energy around it
such as melting ice cubes
Exothermic
Exothermic is a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat
Law of conservation of mass
Matter is neither created nor destroyed only transformed
Biology
Properties of living things:
Move
Reproduction
Stimuli
Nutrients
Excretion
Respiration
Growth
Cell theory
 All living things are made up of cells
 Cells are fundamental, functional and structural units of life
 Cells derive from pre-existing cells
Cells undergo cellular division for:
 Reproduction
 Repair
 Growth
Cell structure (Plant organelles):
Nucleus: Storage of genetic information, DNA is located here and become
chromosomes
Cell wall: Selectively permeable boundary which lets in nutrients and lets out
waste
Chloroplasts: Converts light to energy which is captured by the chlorophyll
Site of photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight > Oxygen +
Sugar
Mitochondria: Site of respiration: Sugar + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water
+ Energy
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Transports liquids and nutrients in the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes bind to endoplasmic reticulum for
protein synthesis
Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
Vacuole: Storage site for nutrients, fluids and waste
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid filling the cell and holds up the organelles
Golgi apparatus: Secretes waste products from cell and packages them into
vesicles
Lysosome: Breaks down waste
Differences between plant and animal cell:
 Vacuole
 Cell wall
 Chloroplasts
Flowers and Plants
Pistil: Female reproductive part of the flower
Stamen: Pollen producing part of the flower (male)
Petal: Protect the reproductive parts of the flower and to attract pollinators
Stigma: Where pollen germinates
Style: Stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary where the pollen is deposited
Ovary: Holds the ovules
Ovule: When fertilised it will turn into a seed
Receptacle: Part of the stalk where the parts of the flower are attached
Sepal: Protects the flower bud
Anther: Part of the stamen where the pollen is produced
Filament: Stalk-like structure that attaches to the bottom of the flower
Fertilisation
The meeting of the pollen and the ovules to become a seed
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Pollen placed on stigma by bees
Travels down style and enters ovary
Pollen and ovules produce a seed
Seeds ripen and ovary swells
Fruit
The seed-bearing structure in flowering plants formed from the ovary after
flowering as a biproduct of fertilization.
Necessities for a plant to grow
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Water
Right temperature
Space
Air
Light
Time
Nutrients
Types of plant cycles
Annual: Completes its full life cycle in one season, it will grow, flower, set
seed and die in that one season
Perennial: Plant lives for three or more years
Biennial: Plant requires two growing seasons to mature
Plant parts
The basic parts of most plants are: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.
Roots:
The roots help support the plant by anchoring and absorbing water as well as
nutrients which are necessary for growth. They can also store sugars and
carbohydrates.
Plants can have two types of root systems, Taproot, and Fibrous.
Taproots are very thick and swollen and are good at keeping the plant anchored
as they can travel deep underground. This also allows it to reach up to 150 ft in
some cases in search of water, making it drought resistant.
Fibrous roots consist of groups of very fine roots and don’t have a primary root,
though they cannot reach as far as a taproot they possess a greater surface area
which they can reach in order to attain water. They are also quite good at
keeping the grounds together.
Stems:
Stems carry water and nutrients taken up by the roots to the leaves. The food
produced by the leaves moves to the other parts of the plants via the stem as
well through Xylem and Phloem cells. They also support the plant.
Xylem: Move water
Phloem: Move food
Leaves:
Leaves are made to catch light and have openings to allow air and water to
travel in and out. The outer surface of the leaf is protected by a waxy coating
called a waxy cuticle which also decreases water loss. Veins carry water and
nutrients within the leaf.
Petiole: Skeleton of the leaf
Leaves come in many different shapes and sizes such as simple and compound
leaves
Simple leaves are just the leaves attached to the stem
Compound leaves are those which are comprised of leaflets.
System
Skeletal/Muscular
Digestive
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Bones
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
Joints
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Anal canal
Excretory System
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Relationships
Support and movement
Blood cell production
Calcium storage
Endocrine regulation
Protects brain (skull)
Protects internal organs (ribs)
White and red blood cells made in bones
To break down food and
absorb nutrients that are used
by the body’s cells.
Immune system fights bacteria
Circulatory system provides energy by
pumping blood to the stomach
Excretory system gets of the rid of waste
 Blood vessels
 Heart
To pump oxygenated blood and Transports waste to kidneys for removal
nutrients around the body, as
though urine
well as transport waste.
Respiratory system provides oxygen
White blood cells for infections in the body
Pumps blood to everywhere
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs
To respire and provide oxygen
to the blood cells of the body.
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Excretion, the bodily process
of discharging wastes. The
Excretory system is responsible
for the elimination of wastes
produced by homeostasis.
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Function
Organ
Kidneys
Large intestines
Liver
Skin
Lungs
Oxygen is needed for all bodily functions