International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 77-81. Article ID: IJMET_10_04_010
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
STATE OF THE ART ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF ADDITIVELY
MANUFACTURED LATTICE STRUCTURES
Kiran Kumar Dama
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, AP, INDIA.
P Imran Khan, K V Dheeraj, Sk Jani Basha, G Mahesh
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, AP, INDIA.
ABSTRACT
Cellular lattice structures are low dense and highly porous in nature, mainly these
are effective in strength to weight ratio. Due to strength to weight ratio, cellular lattice
structures can sustain at high compressive loads and exhibits better mechanical
properties. These lattice structures are manufactured through Additive Manufacturing
(AM) technology. The AM is cutting edge technology to manufacture complex
structures, which cannot possible through traditional manufacturing methods such as
casting, forming, machining etc. This paper presents an over view on Automated
Properties of Additively Manufactured Matrix Arrangements. This includes Overview
of Additive Manufacturing, Overview of Lattices and the summary of mechanical
properties of various lattice structures are also added.
Keywords: Lattice structures, Additive Manufacturing, Additively Manufactured
Lattice Structure, Mechanical Properties of AM Lattice Structures.
Cite this Article: Kiran Kumar Dama, P Imran Khan, K V Dheeraj, Sk Jani Basha and
G Mahesh, State of the Art on Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured
Lattice Structures, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,
10(4), 2019, pp. 77-81.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=4
1. OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Additive Manufacturing is the process of joining materials layer upon layer fashion by utilizing
3D CAD data. It simplifies producing 3D objects by arranging number of 2D layers (with
predefined thickness or 21/2 D). The term additive manufacturing came in to picture to designate
a manner for rapidly generating a system or part before last proclamation. This technology came
into picture because of complexity and customization in the product where it is not possible by
conventional manufacturing processes (subtractive manufacturing i.e. forming and Machining).
Additive manufacturing has synonyms like rapid prototyping, 3D printing, free form
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
77
editor@iaeme.com
Kiran Kumar Dama, P Imran Khan, K V Dheeraj, Sk Jani Basha and G Mahesh
fabrication, digital manufacturing and layer manufacturing. It has various advantages like mass
customization, no tool requirement, less material waste, several parts built in one time, and net
shape process. It has market perspectives like consumer goods, energy, tooling and
transportation. This process can produce prototypes and functional components with highly
complex geometries, as well as it shorts the manufacturing cycle time and reduce the production
cost and increase the competitiveness.
Models were quickly employed to “3 Fs” of AM called Form, Fit, and Function. AM
addressed two major difficulties faced by any manufacturing Industry: (i) Substantial reduction
in product cycle time (ii) Improvement in flexibility for manufacturing products in variety of
types of products. And also, we can achieve design or geometrical freedom with this
technology.
The basic flow diagram of additive manufacturing process has showed in Fig 1.
Figure 1 Flow diagram of AM
2. OVERVIEW OF LATTICES
The term “lattice” follow-on after ancient French “latte” then it is well-definite as a assembly
lying of strips of firewood otherwise metallic crossed and combined composed with FCC or
rhombus formed spaces left among. A cellular lattice arrangement is an body that can be
fabricated from tools of variable densities, possessing inner micro structures that reinforce and
strengthen the objective. They utilize tessellating repeated unit cells to fill a desired volume.
These are made from any form of restating form and they join to create 3D object. To each unit
cell is mainly labelled by three factors to get its volume; (a) length (b) breadth (c) height.
Cellular structures have large cavities within and in-between cells, and then here will be
significant material fall. Large amount of energy consumption reduction is directly dependent
on the surface area of fused part compared to solid block of identical volume. Lattice structures
are light in weight, porosity and having sufficient strength to bear the load. Lattice structure
composed of unit form unit cells. Lattice structure states in the form of sandwich cellular
resources that have a truss like arrangement with nodes and interrelated struts in a 3D (ThreeDimensional) space. Equaled to extra cellular like foams and honeycombs these structures will
exhibit better mechanical performance. Lattice arrangements can be recycled as energy
fascinating material for safety of impact compressive loads. These structures are depending on
unit cell size and geometry.
3. APPLICATIONS OF LATTICES
Due to these outstanding features lattice assemblies are used in industrial applications include
ultra-light structures, energy absorbers, little thermal extension structures and conformal
freezing channels. Apart from these applications such kind of structures used in orthopaedic
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
78
editor@iaeme.com
State of the Art on Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures
and tissue engineering. Lattice structures are mainly used in automotive, biomedical and
aerospace industries where we can save reasonable amount of mass that leads to less material
consumption and improving in functionality.
Additive Manufacturing allows price and time saving in the fabrication of intricate
structures, it has a great advantage in the manufacturing of complex cellular lattice structures
which are of light weight. By optimizing structural strength, we can fabricate such type of
structures that means strength to weight ratio improving. These structures are not possible by
casting, machining and forming because it takes longer time and specific tooling for fabrication.
Structures with mechanically heterogeneous parts can be manufactured using AM with desired
and varying properties in the case of Biomedical Scaffolds. It will become expensive and time
consuming for fabrication of a smaller number of products i.e. for mass production it suits very
well.
3. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE
M.R. Karamooz Ravari et al. studied using finite elemental analysis for a given lattice structure
by compression testing to predict effect of strut diameter on the young’s modulus and other
mechanical properties. Mathematical prototypes are capable to forecast the automated
possessions of lattice structures, can drop the new capacities as well as trade charge. Now this
particular study author proposed two methodologies called unit cell and supper cell. These are
to determine the automated performance of porous materials. Results were obtained that the
beam determinate part prototypical is harder than the rock-hard [1].
Guoying Dong et al. was proposed that lattice structure in a sandwich construction subjected
to sloping cut and solidity masses. Paralleled to honeycombs, lattice erection consumes great
possible to develop compressive plus shear powers when it was intended to fastening. Lattice
structure can be recycled as energy fascinating material for protection from power and shock
loads. It was noticed that lattice construction suggestions further flexibility in making reaction
to impulse loads than the conservative tools. It can too remain used as biofriendly material to
restoration material, cartilage and bone. This is having flexibility to fulfil easygoing
imperfection geometry and organic structures along with automatic effects [2].
Jie Niu et al. investigation has done on plastic cellular structures which were made by
selective laser sintering. They have designed three altered forms of lattice arrangements which
consists part cells called trilateral prism, tetragonal prism and hexagonal prism. In this particular
study validation of numerical simulation results were validated with experimental test results.
Material used in the fabrication of specimens is nylon. Each specimen was tested for three
periods to get the regular Elastic Modulus. He observed that Simulation effects illustration that
lattice creations with three-sided prism achieve better than additional two types of prisms in
positions of Young’s Modulus. And also, it was noticed that tensile test experimental values
were good conformance with numerical simulation values [3].
Recep M. Gorguluarslan et al. suggested a combined outline for the plan and assembly of
lattice built cellular constructions. In this case non-linear FEA effects were compared through
experimental density values to measure load carrying capacity. He proposed an optimization
algorithm for lattice created cellular assemblies which were made-up by improver engineering.
And also it was determined that selection of proper plans for such arrangements is actual
interesting due to random complexity and simulation cost. 3D solid prototypical of the lattice
arrangements is important to be made by means of 3D dense element, which can characterize
material non-linear behaviour [4].
Tino Stankovic et al. considered the result of anisotropy on the optimization of additively
developed lattice arrangements. In this particular study he noticed that size alignment is one of
the greatest influent causes on material belongings in additive manufactured portions. The
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
79
editor@iaeme.com
Kiran Kumar Dama, P Imran Khan, K V Dheeraj, Sk Jani Basha and G Mahesh
emphasis of this research is to study the effect of anisotropy made through manufacture on the
automated properties and building location of arrangements [5].
I. Maskery et al. observed that how the cell size and post manufacture heat treatment
affected on mechanical properties and energy absorption in double gyroid structures which were
made by Al-Si10-Mg material. And also he examined two types of lattice structures called BCC
and BCCz (reinforced variant). To find out the deformation and energy absorption in both
graded structures, non-graded structures. In this particular study it was observed that BCCz
lattices provide high modulus and plastic collapse strength than BCC. BCCz provides more
anisotropy in mechanical properties while BCC is possessing isotropy nature [6].
Christiane Beyer et al. studied that AM has abundant possible in the fabrication of tools and
light parts by embedment of cellular lattice assemblies that ingest a smaller amount material
and cost by compromising structural strength. In this research he found experimental analysis
for various types of lattice structures fabricated by additive manufacturing, i.e. both
compression and flexural tests. Several lattice structures developed in cubic and hexagonal
designs in two sets. In the first set it was observed that a cell with vertical trusses in cube type
of design was close to the standard solid block, hexagonal designs were resulted in higher yield
strength. From the second set they have taken three types of structures called square pyramidal,
tetrahedral and kagome derived structure, kagome structure is closest to solid one [7].
Evangelos ptochos et al. determined Flexible modulus then possion’s ratio in micro lattice
assemblies by using logical, mathematical simulation plus homogenization techniques. In this
particular study they have used Bernoulli-Euler and Timoshenko beam theories in analytical
calculations of unit cell which is under complex loading. Investigated that simulation results of
structural behaviour have strongly influenced by strut cross section radius and unit cell shape.
In this case analytical results were perfectly correlated with numerical models. Homogenization
method might be useful in the control of mechanical behaviour of greater cellular arrangements
including BCC cellular centers [8].
R.A. Rahman Rashid et al. did a relative study of bending things of additive industrial
aluminum lattice buildings. Four types of lattice core geometries called Triangular, Hexagon,
circular and Solid were designed and invented by means of selective laser melting in demand
to decrease quantity of the part, which are mainly used in aerospace industry. Three-point
bending experiments were made on aluminum samples to find out the flexural power and
flexural modulus. It was noticed that all the build lattice arrangements are showing brittle failure
mode. Three-sided arrangement has the maximum flexural power and flexural modulus
compared to other three types of structures [9].
Biranchi panda et al. investigated on new and geometric modelling of automatic things of
additive manufactured honeycomb arrangements. These cellular lattice structures having
advantages like high power to mass ratio, thermal and acoustic isolation possessions. In this
particular study examination of experimental study has been done to get the properties of project
factors like wall depth and cell dimension. Further three kinds of numerical methods were
proposed to find out the mechanical properties in these structures. Whatever the results obtained
from three numerical simulation methods were compared with experimental values. Three types
of numerical methods called Inborn Software design, Robotic Neural System Exploration and
Rejoinder External Regression [10].
Sunil Bhandari et al. studied on finite element study of thermoplastic polymer extrusion
additive manufactured substantial for powered things characterization. Created interstellar
border lattice structure and finite part prototypical to get the right behaviour of tested forms
completed with modified polyetherimide material. These tested coupons were fabricated by
material extrusion process. Finite element models’ results were verified with values obtained
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
80
editor@iaeme.com
State of the Art on Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures
from mechanical experiments. From these results it was observed that 19.6% modification
between foretold and observed values [11].
5. CONCLUSION
These paper emphases on the state of the art on Mechanical Properties of Additively
Manufactured Lattice Structures, and presents an outline of Additive Manufacturing, overview
of lattices, applications of lattices. The summary of various studies involved in finding the
mechanical characterization of additively manufactured materials are also presented.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
M.R. KaramoozRavari, M.Kadkhodaei,M.Badrossamay,R.Rezaei, Numerical investigation
on mechanical properties of cellular lattice structures fabricated by fused deposition
modeling, International Journalof MechanicalSciences88 (2014)154–161.
Guoying Dong et.al, Optimizing process parameters of fused deposition
modeling by
Taguchi method for the fabrication of lattice structures, Additive Manufacturing 19 (2018)
62–72.
Jie Niu, Hui Leng Choo and Wei Sun, Finite element analysis and experimental study of
plastic lattice structures manufactured by selective laser sintering, Journal of Materials:
Design and Applications (2016) 1–8
Recep M. Gorguluarslan, A design and fabrication framework for periodic lattice based
cellular structures in additive manufacturing, Design Engineering Technical Conference,
2015.
Tino Stankovi´c, Jochen Mueller, Kristina Shea, The effect of anisotropy on the
optimization of additively manufactured lattice structures, Additive Manufacturing 17
(2017) 67–76.
Ian Maskery et.al,an investigation into reinforced and functionally graded lattice structures,
Journal of Cellular Plastics (2016) 1–15.
Christiane Beyer et.al, Design and Analysis of Lattice Structures for Additive
Manufacturing, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol. 138 (2016).
Evangelos Ptochos and George Labeas,Elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio
determination of micro-lattice cellular structures by analytical, numerical and
homogenisation methods, Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials, (2012)1–30
R.A. Rahman Rashid et.al, a comparative study of flexural properties of additively
Manufactured aluminum lattice structures, Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 8597–
8604.
Biranchi Panda, Suvash Chandra Paul, Ming Jen Tan, Anisotropic mechanical performance
of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material, Materials Letters 209
(2017) 146–149.
Sunil Bhandari, Roberto Lopez-Anido,Finite element analysis of thermoplastic polymer
extrusion 3D printed material for mechanical property prediction, Additive Manufacturing
22 (2018) 187–196
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp
81
editor@iaeme.com