Types of meaning
traditional approach
 lexical (denotative, connotative)
 grammatical
 lexico-grammatical
Seven types of meaning according to G. Leech
1.
Conceptual meaning or sense – logical, cognitive, or denotative
content.
2.
Connotative meaning – what is communicated by virtue of what
language refers to.
3.
Stylistic meaning – what is communicated of the social
circumstances of language use.
4.
Affective meaning – what is communicated of the feelings and
attitudes of the speaker/writer.
5.
Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with
another sense of the same expression.
6.
Collocative meaning – what is communicated through association
with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
7.
Thematic meaning – what is communicated by the way in which the
message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.
Types of meaning of a polysemantic word according V.V. Vinogradov
 Nominative bar (barrier)
 nominative-derivative bar (barrister)
 colligationally conditioned Keep smiling!
 collocationally conditioned I’d love to meet them.
 phraseologically bound to pin one’s hopes on smth
Types of connotations
 the connotation of degree or intensity
 the connotation of duration
 emotive connotation
 the evaluative connotation
 the causative connotation
 the connotation of manner
 the connotation of attendant circumstances
 the connotation of attendant features
 stylistic connotation
Types of semantic change of meaning
 generalization (widening)
 specialization (narrowing)
 metaphor
 metonymy
 hyperbole
 litotes (understatement)
 irony
 amelioration (elevation)
 pejoration (degradation)

euphemism
Classification of homonyms
western approach
 homonyms proper (bank-bank)
 homophones (night – knight)
 homographs (row [rou] – row [rau])
according to A.I. Smirnitsky
full homonyms
partial homonyms
 simple lexico-grammatical
 complex lexico-grammatical
 partial lexical
full homonyms (bank-bank)
partial homonyms
 simple lexico-grammatical (found-founded-founded, find-found-found)
 complex lexico-grammatical (rose (noun)-rose (verb from rise-rose-risen)
 partial lexical (lie-lay-lain, lie-lied-lied)
SYNONYMS
 Absolute (total) noun – substantive
 Ideographic
like – love – adore – worship
 Stylistic
meal – snack – bite
ANTONYMS
Structural classification
 Root or absolute love – hate
 Derivational
married – unmarried
Semantic classification
 Contrary
hot – warm – cold
 Contradictory
dead – alive
LOAN WORDS OR BORROWINGS
1. completely assimilated loan words (cheese, street, wall, wine)
2. partially assimilated loan words
 not assimilated semantically (sari, sombrero, rickshaw)
 not assimilated grammatically (phenomenon-phenomena, formulaformulae, index-indices)
 not assimilated phonetically (machine, cartoon, police)
 not assimilated graphically
(ballet, buffet, café, cliché)
3. unassimilated loan words or barbarisms (addio, ciao, ad libitum)
WORD-BUILDING
Classification of suffixes
Classification of prefixes
Functional
Derivational
 part of speech
 semantics (meaning)
 productivity
 productivity
 origin
 origin
 frequency
 frequency
Composition (structural aspect)
neutral compounds
morphological compounds
 simple shop-window
handicraft
 derivational music-lover
 contracted T-shirt
Composition (semantic aspect)
 Idiomatic
lady-killer
 Non-idiomatic
bed-room
Shortening
Clipping
1. Initial
phone
2. Final
doc
3. Middle maths
4. mixed
fridge
syntactic compounds
mother-in-law
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
1. L.P .Smith (thematic or etymological)
2. V.V. Vinogradov
 phraseological combinations be good at something
 unities to lose one’s heart to smb.
 fusions to come a cropper
3. Structural principle
 Verbal to run for one’s (dear) life
 Substantive dog’s life
 Adjectival safe and sound
 Adverbial high and low
 Interjectional My God!
4. A.I. Smirnitsky
A. One-summit units
 verbal-adverbial units to give up
 units equivalent to verbs to be tired
 prepositional-substantive units by heart
B. Two-summit and multi-summit units
 attributive-substantive two-summit units black art
 verbal-substantive to take the floor
 phraseological repetitions equivalent to adverbs now and never
 adverbial multi-summit units every other day
5. A.V. Koonin
 Nominative phraseological units wear and tear, ships that pass in the night
 Nominative-communicative phraseological units to break the ice – the ice is
broken
 Interjectional phraseological units My God!
 Communicative phraseological units (proverbs and sayings) Can the
leopard change his spots?