Presented By:
Alishba Khan
Aniqa Aurengzeb
Aiman Sharukh
Qualitative Research
 Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory
research. It is used to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It
provides insights into the problem or helps to
develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research
 Method
 Technique
 Analysis
 Areas
Processes of analysis
 Processes of analysis involved
 open coding, axial coding and selective coding.
 Open coding is based on the concept of data being “cracked open” as a means of
identifying relevant categories.
 Axial coding is most often used when categories are in an advanced stage of
development; and
 selective coding is used when the "core category", or central category that correlates all
other categories in the theory, is identified and related to other categories.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Of Qualitative Research
WHAT IS HISTORICAL RESEARCH ?
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH: A process of critical inquiry to past events systematically in order to provide
an accurate description and interpretation of past events. It involves examining past events to draw
conclusions and make predictions about the future.
 It may be a qualitative or quantitative research
 HR, finance and Marketing
 The important aims for conducting historical research are
a. to reveal or uncover the unkown;
b. to search and identity the relationship of past happenings and their links with the present;
c. to record and assess past activities and achievements of individuals, agencies and institutions
Field of study/ areas of historical study
 Cultural history: Combines approaches of anthropology and history
 Diplomatic history: Focuses on politics
 People history: Attempts to account for Historical events from the perspective of common
people.
 Gender history: Looks at the past from the perspective of gender
 Historiography: Study of History and methodology of the discipline of history
Asked Questions in
historical research
 Analytical historical questions: All
historical inquiry begins with a question
that asks why and how things
happened in the past.
 Descriptive historical questions: Who,
what, where, when questions are
important to establish context, but do
not offer deep or interesting historical
conclusions.
Data Collection
techniques
 Primary sources: first-person accounts
that involve the oral or written testimony
of eyewitnesses. (include documents,
observational notes, photographs,
recordings, diaries, journals, life histories,
drawings)
 Secondary sources: descriptions of
persons who are not eyewitnesses of
the event or who did not personally
know the person being studied
(biographies, scholarly articles,
reference books, textbooks, court
records, newspaper articles etc
 Historical evidence is derived from the historical data by the process of criticism which is
to types external and internal
Steps in historical research
 Step 1: Developing a paperwork management system.
 Step 2: Selecting a Topic.
 Step 3: Background Reading for Historical Context.
 Step 4: Narrowing Your Topic. ...
 Step 5: Gathering and Recording Information.
 Step 6: Analyzing and Interpreting Sources and the Topic's Significance in History. ...
 Step 7: Developing a thesis.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Disadvantages:
 Advantages:
 The main advantage of historical
research is that is permits the
investigation of topics that could
be studied in no other way.
 It is the only research method that can
study evidence from the past.
 The historical method is well suited for
trend analysis.
 Cannot control for threats to internal vali
dity
 Limitations are imposed due to the conte
nt analysis
 Researchers cannot ensure representation
of the sample.
 Bias in interpreting historical sources.
 Interpreting sources is very time consumin
g.
 Sources of historical materials may be pro
blematic
 Lack of control over external variables
Grounded theory (GT)
 The grounded theory approach is a qualitative research method that uses a systematic set
of procedures to develop an inductively derived grounded theory about a phenomenon”.
 It is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the construction of theories
through methodical gathering and analysis of data.
 It focuses on building theory and create meaning from the collected data.
 [Note] Data coding forms theory as GT is not focused on testing theory.
Grounded theory (GT)
 Grounded theory is a research methodology which operates inductively, in contrast to
the hypothetico-deductive approach(hypothesis is developed and then tested.
 A study using grounded theory is likely to begin with a question, or even just with the
collection of qualitative data.
 The, grounded theory is quite different from the traditional model of research, where the
researcher chooses an existing theoretical framework, and only then collects data to show
how the theory does or does not apply to the phenomenon under study.
Steps
 As researchers review the data
collected, repeated ideas,
concepts or elements become
apparent, and are tagged
with codes, which have been
extracted from the data. As more
data is collected, and re-reviewed,
codes can be grouped into
concepts, and then into
categories. These categories may
become the basis for new theory.
Advantages
Grounded theory offers many advantages, however because it is such a painstakingly precise
method of study, it requires high levels of both experience and acumen on the part of the
researcher. For this reason, novice researchers should avoid this method of study until they have
achieved the proper qualities needed to effectively implement the approach.
 Can use multiple types of data
 Provided in depth perspective
 new theories can emerge from coding the data into categories.
 Grounded theory can identify the situated nature of knowledge, as well as the contingent
nature of practice.
 Grounded theory produces a 'thick description that acknowledges areas of conflict and
contradiction.
 Grounded theory can respond and change as conditions that affect behavior change.
Disadvantages
 Takes time to gather data : Grounded theory methods tend to produce large amounts of
data, often difficult to manage.
 Researchers need to be skillful in using grounded theory methods.
 There are no standard rules to follow for the identification of categories
 Getting participants
 Next step can be unknown
 Researchers bias
Case study
 To
Data Analysis & Software
https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/top-qualitative-data-analysis-software/
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