ISSN 1651-0852
FIEF Working Paper Series 2005
No. 203
Happy Birthday! You are Insured
- Differences in Work Ethics Between
Female and Male Workers
By
Peter Skogman Thoursie*Ψ
Abstract
In this paper information on individual birth dates is used as a natural experiment when
estimating potential cheating behavior within the Swedish sickness insurance program.
In the psychological literature there are theories why men and women react differently
to ethical situations. Results in this paper are in line with these theories. The results
indicate that only younger male workers cheated which supports the idea that men have
lower work ethics. But additional findings also suggest that younger male workers do
have some shame since they reported sick to a significant less extent the week before
they had their birthday. In fact the net change in reporting sick is zero.
Keywords: Reporting sick; Cheating; Work ethics; Natural experiment
JEL classification: J22, J29
March 14, 2005
______________________________
* Department of Economics, Stockholm University and Trade Union Institute for
Economic Research (FIEF , Sweden. Corresponding address: Department of Economics,
Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: peter.thoursie@ne.su.se
Ψ
I would like to thank Per Pettersson-Lidbom and Anna Thoursie for comments.
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Working Paper Series/Arbetsrapport
FIEF Working Paper Series was initiated in 1985. A complete list is available from FIEF upon request.
Information about the series is also available at our website: http://www.fief.se/Publications/WP.html.
2001
166. Hansson, Pär, “Skill Upgrading and Production Transfer within Swedish Multinationals
in the 1990s”, 27 pp.
167. Arai, Mahmood and Skogman Thoursie, Peter, “Incentives and Selection in Cyclical
Absenteeism”, 15 pp.
168. Hansen, Sten and Persson, Joakim, “Direkta undanträngningseffekter av
arbetsmarknadspolitiska åtgärder”, 27 pp.
169. Arai, Mahmood and Vilhelmsson, Roger, ”Immigrants’ and Natives’ Unemploymentrisk: Productivity Differentials or Discrimination?”, 27 pp.
170. Johansson, Sten och Selén, Jan, ”Arbetslöshetsförsäkringen och arbetslösheten (2).
Reformeffekt vid 1993 års sänkning av ersättningsgraden i arbetslöshetsförsäkringen?”, 39 p.
171. Johansson, Sten, ”Conceptualizing and Measuring Quality of Life for National Policy”,
18 pp.
172. Arai, Mahmood and Heyman, Fredrik, “Wages, Profits and Individual Unemployment
Risk: Evidence from Matched Worker-Firm Data”, 27 pp.
173. Lundborg, Per and Sacklén, Hans, “Is There a Long Run Unemployment- Inflation
Trade-off in Sweden?”, 29 pp.
174. Alexius, Annika and Carlsson, Mikael, “Measures of Technology and the Business
Cycle: Evidence from Sweden and the U.S.”, 47 pp.
175. Alexius, Annika, “How to Beat the Random Walk”, 21 pp.
2002
176. Gustavsson, Patrik, “The Dynamics of European Industrial Structure”, 41 pp.
177. Selén, Jan, “Taxable Income Responses to Tax Changes – A Panel Analysis of the
1990/91 Swedish Reform”, 30 pp.
178. Eriksson, Clas and Persson, Joakim, “Economic Growth, Inequality, Democratization,
and the Environment”, 21 pp.
179. Granqvist, Lena, Selén, Jan and Ståhlberg, Ann-Charlotte, “Mandatory EarningsRelated Insurance Rights, Human Capital and the Gender Earnings Gap in Sweden”, 21 pp.
180. Larsson, Anna, “The Swedish Real Exchange Rate under Different Currency Regimes”,
22 pp.
181. Heyman, Fredrik, “Wage Dispersion and Job Turnover: Evidence from Sweden”, 28 p.
182. Nekby, Lena, “Gender Differences in Recent Sharing and its Implications for the
Gender Wage Gap”, 22 pp.
183. Johansson, Sten and Selén, Jan, “Coping with Heterogeneities in the Difference in
Differences Design”, 13 pp.
184. Pekkarinen, Tuomas and Vartiainen, Juhana, “Gender Differences in Job Assignment
and Promotion in a Complexity Ladder of Jobs”, 27 pp.
185. Nekby, Lena, “How Long Does it Take to Integrate? Employment Convergence of
Immigrants and Natives in Sweden”, 33 pp.
186. Heyman, Fredrik, “Pay Inequality and Firm Performance: Evidence from Matched
Employer-Employee Data”, 38 pp.
187. Lundborg, Per and Rechea, Calin, “Will Transition Countries Benefit or Lose from the
Brain Drain?”, 18 pp.
2003
188. Lundborg, Per and Sacklén, Hans, “Low-Inflation Targeting and Unemployment
Persistence”, 34 pp.
189. Hansson, Pär and Lundin,Nan Nan, “Exports as an Indicator on or Promoter of
Successful Swedish Manufacturing Firms in the 1990s”, 39 pp.
190. Gustavsson, Patrik and Poldahl, Andreas, “Determinants of Firm R&D: Evidence
from Swedish Firm Level Data”, 22 pp.
191. Larsson, Anna and Zetterberg, Johnny, “Does Inflation Targeting Matter for Labour
Markets? Some Empirical Evidence”, 38 pp.
192. Lundin, Nan Nan, “Has Import Disciplined Swedish Manufacturing Firms in the
1990s?”, 28 pp.
2004
193. Heyman, Fredrik, “The Employer Age-Wage Effect: Evidence from Matched
Employer-Employee Data”, 31 pp.
194. Karpaty, Patrik and Lars Lundberg, “Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity
Spillovers in Swedish Manufacturing”, 28 pp.
195. Lundin, Nan Nan, “Import Competition, Product Differentiation and Mark-Ups Microeconomic Evidence from Swedish manufacturing in the 1990s”, 33 pp.
196. Lundin, Nan Nan and Lihong Yun, “International Trade and Inter-Industry Wage
Structure in Swedish Manufacturing – Evidence from matched employer-employee data”, 25
pp.
197. Selén, Jan and Ann-Charlotte Ståhlberg, "Wage and Inequality - How Different?", 21
pp.
198. Arai, Mahmood and Fredrik Heyman, “Microdata Evidence on Rent-Sharing”, 27 pp.
199. Heyman, Fredrik, Fredrik Sjöholm and Patrik Gustavsson Tingvall, “Is there Really
a Foreign Ownership Wage Premium?”, 24 pp.
200. Poldahl, Andreas, “Domestic vs. International Spillovers: Evidence from Swedish Firm
Level Data”, 22 pp.
201. Bandick, Roger, “Do Workers Benefit from Foreign Ownership? Evidence from
Swedish Manufacturing”, 27 pp.
2005
202. Antelius, Jesper och Johnny Zetterberg, "Intelligens och personlighetsdrag som
förklaring till inkomst(löne-)skillnader mellan individer", 22 pp.
203. Skogman Thoursie, Peter, ”Happy Birthday! You are Insured. Differences in Work
Ethics Between Female and Male Workers”, 7 pp.