١
ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد
قﺮﺑ هوﺮﮔ
: سرد دﺎﺘﺳا
نﺎﻳرﺎﻔﺻ ﺎﺿﺮﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﺘﻛد
1391 1394

٢

٣

۴
ﻒﻳرﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
هﺪﻴﺠﻨـﺳ نآ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ طﺎﻘﻧ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ژﺎﺘﻟو ﻪﻛ ﻲﻜﻳﺮﺘﻜﻟا راﺪﻣ رد ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ : ﻲﻜﻳﺮﺘﻜﻟا ﻦﻴﻣز
.
ﺖﺳا ﻦﻴﻣز قﺎﻤﻋا رد ﺮﻔﺻ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ،ترﺪﻗ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ رد .
ﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻜﻳﺮﺘﻜﻟا ﻦﻴﻣز دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ
ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ تاﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ زا ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ( لﻮﻧ ) ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز ،رﻮﻈﻨﻣ : ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز
.
ﺖﺳا راﺬﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز يور ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫرﻮﺗاﺮﻧژ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫﺮﻣرﻮﻔﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
ﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز ياﺮﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ درﻮﻣ ﻞﻳﺎﺳو و تﻻﺎﺼﺗا زا يا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ : ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
.
ﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ار ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻳ و اﺰﺠﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺎﻳ
زا يﺎﻨﺜﺘـﺳا ﻪـﺑ ﻦﻴـﻣز ﻪـﺑ يﺪـﻤﻋ لﺎﺼﺗا نوﺪﺑ ﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ ﺎﻳ ،راﺪﻣ ،ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻚﻳ : هﺪﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﺲﻧاﺪﭙﻣا ﺎﺑ تاﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ ﺮﮕﻳد ﺎﻳ و يﺮﻴﮔ هزاﺪﻧا تاﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ ﺎﻳ ژﺎﺘﻟو هﺪﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻞﻳﺎﺳو ﻖﻳﺮﻃ
.
ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ هﺪﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻚﻳ ار

ﻒﻳرﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﻚﻳ ﺎﻳ
يﺪﻤﻋ
و يدﺎﻫ
ترﻮﺻ
ﻚﻳ
ﻪﺑ
ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ
( رﻮﺗاﺮﻧژ ﺎﻳ
نآ رد ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫ يدﺎﻫ
رﻮﺗﺎﻣرﻮﻔﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
لاﺮﺗﻮﻧ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﺎﻳ
ﻚﻳ
ﻲﻧﺎﻴﻣ
: هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
يدﺎﻫ
.
ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ
) ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﻦﻴﻣز
ًﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ
و ﻦﻴﻣز
ﻪﻛ
ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ
يا ﻪﻄﺳاو
: (Solidly Grounded)
ﺲﻧاﺪﭙﻣا ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﻛ
ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻲﺗرﻮﺻ
.
ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻣز
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
دﻮﺟو
لﺎﺼﺗا
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻚﻳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﺖﻴﺻﺎﺧ
ﺖﻴﺻﺎﺧ
ﻪﻛ
ﻪﻛ
ﺲﻧاﺪﭙﻣا
ﺲﻧاﺪﭙﻣا
ﻚﻳ
ﻚﻳ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪﻛ
ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ :
. ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ
هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﺖﺳا
ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﺐﻟﺎﻏ نآ ﻲﺘﻣوﺎﻘﻣ
ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ : ﺲﻧﺎﺘﻛوﺪﻧا ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
. ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﺖﺳا ﺐﻟﺎﻏ نآ ﻲﻔﻠﺳ
۵
ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ : (Effectively Grounded) ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﺰﻴﻧ
.
و 3
ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ
زا ﺮﺘﻤﻛ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ
نآ X
0
/X
1
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻪﻛ ﻲﺴﻧاﺪﭙﻣا
،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ 1 زا
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
ﺮﺘﻤﻛ
ﺲﻧاﺪﭙﻣا
و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ نآ
ﻚﻳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
R
0
/X
0
ﻪﻛ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ

۶
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ رد ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻲﻠﻛ ترﻮﺻ ود
( Equipment Grounding ) ﻞﻳﺎﺳو ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز
( Neutral Grounding ) ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ لﻮﻧ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز
: ﻞﻳﺎﺳو ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻲﻠﺻا فﺪﻫ
ﻞﻨﺳﺮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺮﮔ قﺮﺑ ﺮﻄﺧ ندﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ زا و ﻲﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻆﻔﺣ
ژﺎﺘﻟو ءﺎﻘﻟا ﺮﺛا رد ﺎﻳ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻞﺻو ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ زﺎﻓ ﻚﻳ و دﻮﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻪﻠﻴﺳو ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﺮﮔا
.
ﺪﻫد ﻲﻣ خر ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺮﮔ قﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺺﺨﺷ سﺎﻤﺗ ﺮﺛا رد ،ﻪﻧﺪﺑ رد
( Touch Voltage )
ﺪﺸﻛ ﻲﻣ ار نﺎﺴﻧا ﺐﻠﻗ زا ﺮﭙﻣآ ﻲﻠﻴﻣ 20 رﻮﺒﻋ
دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ژﺎﺘﻟو زا ﻦﻴﻣز ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا نﺎﻳﺮﺟ رﻮﺒﻋ ﺎﺑ
دﻮﺷ هﺪﻧﺎﺳر ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻚﻳ يﺎﻫﺎﭘ ﻦﻴﺑﺎﻣ ژﺎﺘﻟو راﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﭘ رد
( Foot Voltage )

٧
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
: ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ لﻮﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻲﻠﺻا فﺪﻫ
( ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا ) ژﺎﺘﻟو ﻦﺘﻓر ﻻﺎﺑ زا يﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ
ﻦﻴﻣز لﺎﺼﺗا ﻞﺤﻣ ندﺮﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ نﺎﺳآ
ﻦﻴﻣز لﺎﺼﺗا ياﺮﺑ يراﺬﮔ ﻪﻟر ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ نﺎﻳﺮﺟ دﻮﺟو
.
١
.
٢
.
٣
: ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ لﻮﻧ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز ﺐﻳﺎﻌﻣ
ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا اﺬﻟ ، ( زﺎﻓ ﻪﺳ هﺎﺗﻮﻛ لﺎﺼﺗا ﺪﺣ رد ﻲﻫﺎﮔ ) نرﺎﻘﺘﻣﺎﻧ يﺎﻫﺎﻄﺧ نﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا
...
و ﺎﻫﺮﻜﻳﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻛ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ
ﻦﻴﻣز ﻪﺑ لﺎﺼﺗا ﻦﻴﻟوا عﻮﻗو ترﻮﺻ رد ﻲﻫد ﺲﻳوﺮﺳ ﻊﻄﻗ
.
١
.
٢
: ﻲﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻞﺣ هار
ﺲﻧاﺪﭙﻣا ﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ لﻮﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز
ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻬﻳﺪﻨﻣزﺎﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز عﻮﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا
.
١
.
٢

٨
ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
( Lightning ) ﻪﻘﻋﺎﺻ ﺮﺛا رد ارﺬﮔ ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا .
١
( Switching ) ﻲﻧزﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺮﺛا رد ارﺬﮔ ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا .
٢
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻄﺧ زوﺮﺑ ﺮﺛا رد رﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا
( Sustained Overvoltage )
.
٣
دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺮﻴﮕﻗﺮﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ارﺬﮔ ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ود .
دراد ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ لﻮﻧ نﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز هﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ رﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا
: يﺪﺣ
( Isolated Neutral ) ﻪﻟوﺰﻳا لﻮﻧ
( Solidly Grounded Neutral ) هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣز ﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ لﻮﻧ
.I
.II

٩
ﻢﻟﺎﺳ يﺎﻫزﺎﻓ رد ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا

١٠
ﻢﻟﺎﺳ يﺎﻫزﺎﻓ رد ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا

رﻮﺗﺎﻣرﻮﻔﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻳﻮﻧﺎﺛ و ﻪﻴﻟوا لﺎﺼﺗا ﺮﺛا رد ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا
This type of fault can occur several ways:
1) a high-to-low fault within the transformer
2) a broken primary wire falling into the secondary on overhead circuits

١٢
نزﺎﺧ و ﻒﻠﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ تاراﺪﻣ رد ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا

١٣
نزﺎﺧ و ﻒﻠﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ تاراﺪﻣ رد ژﺎﺘﻟو دﺎﻳدزا

ﻦﻴﻣز و زﺎﻓ ﻚﻳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻒﻠﺳ ﻚﻳ لﺎﺼﺗا ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
Three-phase distribution transformers
١۴
Accidental connections of reactances to ground that may cause high overvoltages on ungrounded systems.

١۵
ﻦﻴﻣز سﻮﻗ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ

١۶
ﻦﻴﻣز سﻮﻗ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ

١٧
ﻦﻴﻣز سﻮﻗ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ
The switch is opened when the current flowing through it drops to a low value (nearly 0)

ﻦﻴﻣز سﻮﻗ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ
1- A phase to ground fault was applied at point (A).
2- Phase’s capacitor discharge through circuit inductance, dropping to zero and then toward the opposite polarity (B) at a rate defined by the ringing (resonant) frequency established by the system inductance and capacitance.
3- The line to ground capacitance discharges until current through that capacitor reaches zero at which point the arc extinguishes (C). The current extinguishes at a voltage maximum.

١٩
ﻦﻴﻣز سﻮﻗ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ

زﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺗﺎﻣرﻮﻔﺴﻧاﺮﺗﻮﺗا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ رﻮﺗﻮﻣ يزاﺪﻧا هار
: ژﺎﺘﻟو ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﺮﮕﻳد دراﻮﻣ
Just Prior to Closing
Line Breaker Beaker
(Autotransformer
Starting)
Max. Transitory Voltages to
Ground:
(Motor Terminals)
TERMINAL B – 2.50 pu
TERMINALS A8C -3.25 pu
٢٠

ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ لﻮﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز يﺎﻬﺷور
٢١
3
Small X
N
3
Large X
N
3
System neutral circuits and methods of grounding

هﺪﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ رد ﻦﻴﻣز ﻪﺑ زﺎﻓ ود لﺎﺼﺗا
Double line-to-ground faults on ungrounded system result in outages of two circuits and
٢٢ high-level fault currents which can cause severe damage to equipment

هﺪﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻣز ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ رد ﻦﻴﻣز ﻪﺑ زﺎﻔﻜﺗ يﺎﻄﺧ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ
٢٣
Ungrounded low-voltage system with single line-to-ground fault in one circuit.

ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ لﻮﻧ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز يﺎﻬﺷور
٢۴
Methods of solidly grounding the neutral of three-phase systems

گرﺰﺑ ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز رد ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ژﺎﺘﻟو ماﺮﮔﺎﻳد
A) System Neutral
Ungrounded
B) System Neutral
Grounded by Resistor
System voltage diagrams during single line-to-ground faults. (All voltages at operating frequency-transient voltages not shown.
٢۵

ﻦﻴﻣز لﺎﺼﺗا هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ سﻮﻗ نﺪﺷ شﻮﻣﺎﺧ
٢۶
Ground-fault neutralizer
Ground-fault-current pattern in a system grounded by means of a ground-fault neutralizer

ﻦﻴﻣز ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ و ﻦﻴﻣز لﺎﺼﺗا هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ حﺮﻃ
٢٧
Three-current transformers and ground relay required for each circuit in special ground-fault-neutralizer application

گاﺰﮕﻳز ﻦﻴﻣز رﻮﺗﺎﻣرﻮﻔﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
NEUTRAL LEAD
(A) WINDING
SHOWN ON CORE
٢٨
(B) SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
OF CONNECTIONS
Zigzag grounding transformer arrangement

گاﺰﮕﻳز ﻦﻴﻣز رﻮﺗﺎﻣرﻮﻔﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
The zig-zag transformer distributes the ground current I
G equally between the three phases.
٢٩
The zig-zag transformer provides a path for the neutral current, splits it in among the three phases and effectively compensates the neutral current that may flow toward the source neutral point.

گاﺰﮕﻳز ﻦﻴﻣز رﻮﺗﺎﻣرﻮﻔﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
Phase Relation of Terminal Designations for 3-Phase Transformers
If the connection is Y-Y, ∆ ∆ , ZZ∆ , or ∆ -ZZ, the phase of H 1 and X 1 coincides.
If the connection is Y-
٣٠
∆ , ∆ -Y, Y-ZZ, or ZZ-Y, then the phase of X 1 lags that of H 1 by 30 °

٣١
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ لﻮﻧ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز يﺎﻬﺷور
System Characteristics with Various Grounding Methods

( يﺮﺳاﺮﺳ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ) يﺮﻬﺷ و ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ يﺎﻫ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ رد ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز توﺎﻔﺗ
Industrial vs. Utility Grounding Practice
٣٢

ژﺎﺘﻟو ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز
Each voltage level is grounded independently.
٣٣

٣۴
رﺎﺑ ﻞﺤﻣ رد ﻪﻧ ناﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺤﻣ رد ندﺮﻛ ﻦﻴﻣز

ﺖﻟو 600 زا ﺮﺘﻤﻛ
AC
لﺮﺘﻨﻛ يﺎﻬﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ رد ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ندﺮﻜﻧ ﻦﻴﻣز ﺮﺛا
٣۵
Control circuit on ungrounded system without control power transformer.