LIGHTING 101
1. Common terminology
2. Sources & luminaires
3. Controls
DISCUSSION: COMMON LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY
1.
What are the definitions of the following lighting terms?
2.
Do you use these terms in professional practice?
3.
What other lighting terminology do you use on the job?
LUMINOUS FLUX • EFFICACY • FLUX • ILLUMINANCE • CCT
FOOTCANDLE • EFFICIENCY • LUMINOUS INTENSITY • CRI
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TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
Luminous flux: rate of flow of visible light
emitted from a light source over time,
measured in lumens (lm).
Lux: equal to one lumen per square meter.
Footcandle: equal to one lumen per
square foot (1 footcandle = 10 lux).
Illuminance: the amount of luminous
flux that covers a surface (measured in
lux or footcandles).
Luminous flux is analogous to the flow rate
of water, represented by gallons per hour.
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
Luminous Intensity: the concentration of light emitted
from a given source in a particular direction, measured
in candela (cd) (1 cd = 1 lm per steradian).
*Note: color represents intensity not CCT or CRI
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EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY
Luminous Efficacy compares the amount of light
produced by a lamp (lumens), to amount of power
consumed to produce it (watts).
A high-efficacy luminaire
provides a large amount
of light using little power.
Light Produced (lm)
Efficiency: the ratio between the useful output
of energy and the input of energy.
Output
Power consumed
Input
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(W)
EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY
Efficiency is usually dimensionless—
we compare the lumens exiting a fixture to
the lumens produced by the light source.
Efficacy is normally used where input and
output units differ. We compare the lumens
produced by an amount of wattage.
Which is more efficient?
Efficiency = miles/gallon (energy out, energy in)
Which has a higher efficacy?
Efficacy = fun/gallon
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CCT
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
A specification of the color appearance
of light emitted by a lamp, relating its
color to the color of light from a source
when heated to a particular temperature.
CCT rating for a lamp is a
general warmth or coolness
measure of its appearance.
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COOL
CCT EXAMPLES
Photo: Cree
Photo: Soraa
Photo: Cree
WARM
Photo: Soraa
Photo: Acuity Brands
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TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
DYNAMIC SPD LUMINAIRES
12000K, 65fc average
6000K, 100fc average
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3500K, 50fc average
SECTION 3
2900K, 50fc average
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
80 CRI
95 CRI
CRI
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Measures the ability of a light source to
reproduce the colors of various objects
compared with an ideal light source.
Photo: Soraa
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CRI
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
•
Color rendering is defined as “Effect of an illuminant on the color
appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious comparison
with their color appearance under a reference illuminant” (CIE 17.4–1987)
•
It is the only color rendering metric with wide spread acceptance
•
It is calculated by comparing the color appearance of the test source
to a reference source for 8 reflective samples (Score from 1–100)
CRI = 62
CRI = 93
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CRI = 80
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CRI = 92
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
LIGHTING FACTS LABEL
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TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
Energy Star
CA QUALITY STANDARD
The California Energy Commission adopted
a voluntary lighting quality specification for
LED replacement lamps. The new standard
requires LED lamps to meet certain performance
criteria in order to qualify for incentive programs
and rebates.
These criteria include:
•
CRI > 90
•
4-step MacAdam Ellipse
•
CCT 2700K or 3000K
•
Dimming
•
Flicker reduction
•
R9 > 50
•
5 year warranty
The specification was developed in collaboration
with the CPUC. The CPUC will direct the IOUs
to ensure their 2014 energy efficiency portfolios
only provide rebates for screw-based LED
products that meet the quality specification.
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Applies To
CFLs + LEDs
Test Criteria
See documentation
Same as Energy Star
Omnidirectional <10:
55 lm/W
None
Omnidirectional >10:
60 lm/W
None
Directional <10:
40 lm/W
None
Directional >10:
45 lm/W
None
Decorative <10:
45 lm/W
None
Decorative >10:
50 lm/W
None
Luminous Efficacy
Lumen Maintenance
CA Standard
LEDs Only
80% of output at 40% of life
None
>91.5% of output
None
Elevated Temperatures
>90% of lumens
None
Center Beam Intensity
See documentation
Same as Energy Star
CCT
7-step M.E. of: 2700K, 3000K, 3500K,
4000K, 4100K, 5000K
4-step M.E. of:
2700K or 3000K
Color Consistency
None
None
CRI
>80
>90
R9
>0
>50
Color Maintenance
0.007 on CIE 1976; 0–6,000hrs
Same as Energy Star
Rapid Cycle Testing
5 on/5 off, 15,000 cycles
None
Transient Protection
7 strikes of 100 kHz ring wave
None
Lamp Toxics
See documentation
None
Thermal Requirements
Operate at < 0 deg. F
None
Color Uniformity
See documentation
Same as Energy Star
Dimmability
10-100% continuous
Same as Energy Star
Flicker
Flicker index <0.15 at 100Hz
None
Noise
<24 dbA
None
>25,000 hour rated life
Rated Life
Residential
>25,000 hrs
Same as Energy Star
Commercial
>35,000 hrs
Same as Energy Star
Decorative
>15,000 hrs
Same as Energy Star
Power Factor
All >0.7
All > 0.9
Lamp Labeling
Manufacturer, model number, CCT, wattage, lumen
output
Same as Energy Star
Lamp Packaging
See documentation
Same as Energy Star
Warranty
1 year
5 years
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TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
DISCUSSION: CCT & CRI
Balancing quality and efficacy
1. What are your preferred CCTs?
•
Home • Dining out
•
Work • Shopping
Photo: Eaton’s Cooper Lighting Business
Photo Credit: Cree
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TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
DISCUSSION: CCT & CRI
1. What could be the impacts of CRI or CCT
in an office lighting design?
2. What could be the impacts of CRI or CCT
in a retail lighting design?
3. What factors are there to consider for
these applications to balance energy use
and occupant needs?
Photo: Friendly Light
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BREAK
5 minute beverage refill and stretch
TWO MAIN STRATEGIES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
Efficacious luminaires
Controls
Lighting fixtures that are designed and built
to operate only energy-efficient light
sources, such as fluorescent T8 lamps,
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs
and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
Occupancy sensors, vacancy sensors,
motion sensors, and daylight sensors
are all devices that automatically turn
lights off (or dim them) in response to
conditions that they “sense” or “see.”
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SOURCES & LUMINIARES
Efficacious luminaires
Lighting fixtures that are designed and
built to operate only energy-efficient light
sources, such as fluorescent T8 lamps,
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs
and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
Photo: Cree
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LED Chip:
Lens
Determines raw brightness and efficacy
Phosphor system:
Determines color point and color point stability
Package / Lens:
•
Protects the chip and phosphor
•
Helps with light and heat extraction
•
Primary in determining LED lifetime
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LED Chip
SECTION 3
Phosphor
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
LEDS ARE A DIRECTIONAL SOURCE
Reflector
LED Light is directional and the thermal path is
accomplished by conduction (No IR, no UV in the light beam)
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SOLID STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE
Heat sink
Driver
LED array
Optical components
Photo: Cree
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LED LUMINAIRES
Photo: Philips
Photo Credit: Philips
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CONTROLS
Individual controls
Individual controls that are connected
only to the luminaires they control can
satisfy T-24 requirements.
Luminaire integrated controls
Fluorescent and LED-based luminaires
can be controlled with on-board sensors
that are either integrated into a larger
system or function alone.
Networked Lighting
The lighting industry has seen a
significant increase in systems on the
market to control groups of luminaires.
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
Photo: Lutron
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
SEC. 3
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TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
LUMINAIRES WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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EXTERIOR LUMINAIRES
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SYSTEMS
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SYSTEMS
SEC. 3
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
SEC. 3
SYSTEMS
UC Davis, April 24, 2012:
Preliminary data gathered from the pathway leading to the University’s Aggie
Stadium reports an average energy savings of 60% as compared to a static
installation of the same fixture.
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
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Photo Credit: Walmart
Photo: Wlamart