Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry
Ren Sen Zeng · Azim U. Mallik · Shi Ming Luo
Editors
Allelopathy in Sustainable
Agriculture and Forestry
123
Editors
Ren Sen Zeng
South China Agricultural University
Guangzhou, Guangdong
China
Azim U. Mallik
Lakehead University
Thunder Bay, Ontario
Canada
Shi Ming Luo
Institute of Tropical & Sub-tropical Ecology
South China Agricultural University
Guangzhou, Guangdong
China
ISBN: 978-0-387-77336-0
e-ISBN: 978-0-387-77337-7
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Preface
The idea of putting together this volume stemmed from a successful International
Symposium on Allelopathy Research and Application held in Sanshui, Guangdong,
China during April 27–29, 2004. The symposium was supported by several agencies:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (30410303040), Department of
Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, Sanshui Municipal Government
and South China Agricultural University. Eighty five researchers from eight
countries working on various aspects of allelopathy attended the symposium. The
National Natural Science Foundation of China (30424006) encouraged and
supported the book publication. Selected papers presented at this symposium and
some additional invited chapters constitute this volume. Several edited books and
reviews on allelopathy have appeared at the turn of the last century. Why another
book on allelopathy? It is largely because the discipline has been experiencing
extraordinary growth in research and there is a great deal of interest in seeking
alternative environmentally friendly methods of weed control in agriculture, ways to
deal with replant problems and soil sickness in horticulture, and competition control
in young plantations. Research and application of allelopathy can help find some of
the desirable alternatives. Our understanding in allelopathy mechanisms has
increased significantly with use of recently developed sophisticated tools and
techniques in biochemistry, molecular biology and genetic engineering. Researchers
in allelopathy are taking advantage of these rapidly expanding fields of molecular
biology in understanding the complex plant–plant and plant-microbe interactions in
seeking solutions to agricultural problems. We felt that it is timely to collect and
synthesize the latest developments on allelopathy research with special emphasis on
its application in sustainable agriculture and forestry. We divided the contents of the
book into three sections: (i) past and recent history of allelopathy, (ii)
allelochemicals and allelopathic mechanisms, and (iii) application of allelopathy in
agriculture and forestry. We thank the authors who responded to our call and
contributed to these topics. Most importantly we are grateful to the reviewers for
spending their valuable time in making critical comments on these chapters. Shekhar
Biswas was helpful in editing some figures and putting together all the chapters in
the appropriate format. We thank Springer for accepting our proposal for this book,
especially Jinnie Kim for keeping faith in us despite the long delay in completing
this volume.
Ren Sen Zeng
Shi Ming Luo
South China Agricultural University
Azim U. Mallik
Lakehead University
Participants of the International Symposium on Allelopathy Research and Application held in Sanshui,
Guangdong, China during April 27– 29, 2004
Contents
List of Contributors....................................................................................................ix
List of Reviewers.....................................................................................................xiii
Introduction: Allelopathy Research and Application in Sustainable
Agriculture and Forestry............................................................................................. 1
Azim U. Mallik
Part 1 History
1 Historical Examples of Allelopathy and Ethnobotany
from the Mediterranean Region .......................................................................... 11
Giovanni Aliotta, Azim U. Mallik and Antonio Pollio
2 Allelopathy: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities....................................... 25
Azim U. Mallik
3 Allelopathy in Chinese Ancient and Modern Agriculture .................................. 39
Ren Sen Zeng
Part 2 Allelochemicals and Allelopathic Mechanisms
4 Allelochemicals in Plants.................................................................................... 63
Terry Haig
5 Allelopathy: Full Circle from Phytotoxicity to Mechanisms of Resistance...... 105
Tiffany L. Weir and Jorge M. Vivanco
6 Allelopathic Mechanisms and Experimental Methodology .............................. 119
Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer
7 Indirect Effects of Phenolics on Plant Performance
by Altering Nitrogen Cycling: Another Mechanism
of Plant–Plant Negative Interactions ................................................................ 137
Eva Castells
viii
Contents
8 Genomic Approaches to Understanding Allelochemical Effects on Plants ...... 157
Stephen O. Duke, Scott R. Baerson, Zhiqiang Pan, Isabelle A. Kagan, Adela
Sánchez-Moreiras, Manuel J. Reigosa, Nuria Pedrol and Margot Schulz
9 Allelopathy from a Mathematical Modeling Perspective ................................. 169
Min An, De Li Liu, Hanwen Wu and Ying Hu Liu
Part 3 Application of Allelopathy in Agriculture and Forestry
10
Progress and Prospect of Rice Allelopathy Research ..................................... 189
Kil-Ung Kim and Dong-Hyun Shin
11 Rice Allelopathy Research in China ............................................................... 215
Lihua Shen, Jun Xiong and Wenxiong Lin
12 Recent Advances in Wheat Allelopathy ......................................................... 235
Hanwen Wu, Min An, De Li Liu, Jim Pratley and Deirdre Lemerle
13
Sorghum Allelopathy for Weed Management in Wheat................................. 255
Zahid A. Cheema, Abdul Khaliq and Muhammad Farooq
14 Allelochemicals in Pre-cowing Soils of Continuous Soybean
Cropping and Their Autointoxication ............................................................. 271
Fei Yan and Zhenming Yang
15
Autotoxicity in Agriculture and Forestry........................................................ 283
Ying Hu Liu, Ren Sen Zeng, Min An, Azim U. Mallik and Shi Ming Luo
16
Black Walnut Allelopathy: Implications for Intercropping ............................ 303
Shibu Jose and Eric Holzmueller
17 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Mycorrhizal
Fungi in Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry ............................................... 321
Muhammad A.B. Mallik and Robert D. Williams
18 Utilization of Stress Tolerant, Weed Suppressive Groundcovers
for Low Maintenance Landscape Settings ...................................................... 347
Leslie A. Weston and Seok Hyun Eom
19 Allelopathy in Forested Ecosystems ............................................................... 363
Azim U. Mallik
Index ....................................................................................................................... 387
List of Contributors
Abdul Khaliq, Weed Science Allelopathy Laboratory, Department of Agronomy,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan. khaliquaf@yahoo.com
Adela Sánchez-Moreiras, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department
of Biochemistry, Jena, Germany. asanchez@ice.mpg.de
Antonio Pollio, Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Plant Biology,
University of Caserta Frederico II, Caserta, Italy. anpollio@unina.it
Azim U. Mallik, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay,
Ontario, Canada. azim.mallik@lakeheadu.ca; azim.mallik@gmail.com
Deirdre Lemerle, E.H. Graham Center for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt
University, Wagga Wagga, Australia. Deirdre.lemerle@dpi.nsw.gov.au
De Li Liu, E.H. Graham Center for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University,
Wagga Wagga, Australia. de.li.liu@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Dong-Hyun Shin, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences, Kyungpook National University of Daegu (Taegu), Republic of Korea.
dhshin@knu.ac.kr
Eric Holzmueller, School of Forest Resources, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA. eholzmue@ufl.edu
Eva Castells, Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Edaphology,
University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. e.castells@ub.edu
Fei Yan, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
feiyan@jluhp.edu.cn
Giovanni Aliotta, Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples,
Caserta, Italy. giovanni.aliotta@unina2.it
Hanwen Wu, E.H. Graham Center for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga
Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, Australia. hanwen.wu@dpi.nsw.gov.au
x
List of Contributors
Isabelle A. Kagan, ARS, FAPRU, USDA, USA. ikagan@ars.usda.gov
Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer, Department of Chemistry, Ashland University, Ashland,
Ohio, USA. jweiden@ashland.edu
Jim Pratley, Graham Center for Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Charles
Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia. jpratley@csu.edu.au
Jorge M. Vivanco, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture,
Colorado State University of Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
j.vivanco@colostate.edu
Jun Xiong, State Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian
Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; School
of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
xj_x0347@163.com
Kil-Ung Kim, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
Kyungpook National University of Daegu (Taegu), Republic of Korea.
kukim@knu.ac.kr
Leslie A. Weston, Charles
leslieweston20@gmail.com
Sturt
University,
Wagga
Wagga,
Australia.
Lihua Shen, State Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian
Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.
slh1213chenry@yahoo.com.cn
Manuel J. Reigosa, Laboratorio Ecofisioloxia, Universidade de Vigo, Vexetal, Vigo,
Spain. mreigosa@uvigo.es
Margot Schulz, Institut fur Molekulare, Physiologie and Biotechnologie der Pflanzen
Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany. ulp509@uni-bonn.de
Min An, E.H. Graham, Center for Agricultural Innovation (a collaborative alliance
between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries),
Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia. man@csu.edu.au
Muhammad A.B. Mallik, Research and Extension, Langston University, Langston,
Oklahoma. mmallik@luresext.edu
Muhammad Farooq, Weed Science Allelopathy Laboratory, Department of
Agronomy,
University
of
Agriculture,
Faisalabad-38040,
Pakistan.
farooqcp@gmail.com
List of Contributors
xi
Nuria Pedrol, Laboratorio Ecofisioloxia, Universidade de Vigo, Vexetal, Serida,
Spain. npedrol@serida.org
Ren Sen Zeng, Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. rszeng@scau.edu.cn
Robert D. Williams, Research and Extension, Langston University, Langston,
Oklahoma, USDA, ARS, USA. robert.williams@ars.usda.gov
Scott R. Baerson, Natural Products Utilization Research, USDA, ARS, USA.
sbaerson@olemiss.edu
Seok Hyun Eom, Department of Molecular Bioscience, Kangwon National
University, South Korea. sheom@kangwon.ac.kr
Shibu Jose, School of Forest Resources, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
sjose@ufl.edu
Shi Ming Luo, Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural
University, Guangzhou, China. smluo@scau.edu.cn
Stephen O. Duke, Natural Products Utilization Research, USDA, ARS, USA.
sduke@olemiss.edu
Terry Haig, E.H. Graham Center for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt
University, Wagga Wagga, Australia. thaig@csu.edu.au
Tiffany L. Weir, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado
State University of Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
tweir@lamar.colostate.edu
Wenxiong Lin, State Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, School
of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
wenxiong181@163.com
Ying Hu Liu, Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural
University, Guangzhou, China. lake502@yahoo.com.cn
Zahid A. Cheema, Weed Science Allelopathy Laboratory, Department of Agronomy,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan. cheemaza@yahoo.com
Zhenming Yang, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
flyingy6968@tom.com
Zhiqiang Pan, Natural Products Utilization Research, USDA, ARS, USA.
zpan@olemiss.edu
List of Reviewers
Arthur Zangerl, Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A.
azangerl@life.uiuc.edu
Azim U. Mallik, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay,
Ontario, Canada. azim.mallik@lakeheadu.ca; azim.mallik@gmail.com
Deli Liu, E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a collaborative alliance
between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University),
Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia. de.li.liu@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Diomides Zamora, University of Minnesota Extension, Brainerd Regional Center,
322 Laurel St. Suite 21, Brainerd, MN 56401; zamor015@umn.edu
Eric Holzmueller, School of Forest Resources, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA. eholzmue@ufl.edu
Eva Castells, Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Edaphology,
University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. e.castells@ub.edu
George Waller, Department of Biochemistry. Oklahoma State University,
74078 Stillwater, Oklahoma. gwaller@biochem.okstate.edu
Giovanni Aliotta. Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples,
Caserta, Italy. giovanni.aliotta@unina2.it
Hanwen Wu, E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a collaborative
alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt
University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia. hanwen.wu@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Hwei-Hsien Cheng, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of
Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA. hcheng@umn.edu
Jamal R. Qasem, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University
of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. jrqasem@ju.edu.jo
Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer, Department of Chemistry, Ashland University, Ashland,
Ohio, USA. jweiden@ashland.edu
xiv
List of Reviewers
Jens Carl Streibig, Department of Agricultural Sciences The Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C. Denmark.
Jens.C.Streibig@agsci.kvl.dk
Jorge M. Vivanco, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture,
Colorado State University of Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
j.vivanco@colostate.edu
Kil-Ung Kim, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
Kyungpook National University of Daegu (Taegu), Republic of Korea.
kukim@knu.ac.kr
Leslie A. Weston, Charles
leslieweston20@gmail.com
Sturt
University,
Wagga
Wagga,
Australia.
Muhammad A.B. Mallik, Research and Extension, Langston University, Langston,
Oklahoma. mmallik@luresext.edu
Michael Bannister, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of
Florida, FL 32611. mikebann@ufl.edu
Min An, E.H. Graham, Center for Agricultural Innovation (a collaborative alliance
between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries),
Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
Ren Sen Zeng, Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. rszeng@scau.edu.cn
Robert D. Williams, Forest and Livestock Production Unit, USDA-ARS-GRL.
robert.williams@ars.usda.gov
Scott R Baerson, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA, ARS,
University, MS 38677, USA. sbaerson@olemiss.edu
Shi Ming Luo, Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural
University, Guangzhou, China. smluo@scau.edu.cn
Shibu Jose, School of Forest Resources, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
sjose@ufl.edu
Singh Inderjit, Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems.
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India. inderjit@cemde.du.ac.in
Stephen O. Duke, Natural Products Utilization Research, USDA, ARS, USA.
sduke@olemiss.edu
Zhiqiang Pan, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA, ARS, University,
MS 38677, USA. zpan@olemiss.edu
Introduction: Allelopathy Research and Application
in Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry
Azim U. Mallik
Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
azim.mallik@lakeheadu.ca
The evolutionary history of agriculture is intimately associated with anthropogenic manipulation of plants and ecosystems in order to increase yield and quality of crops. Superior seed selection, hybridization and innovative cultural practices such as disease and
weed control, irrigation and soil fertility management by crop rotation, mulching and
manuring all have contributed significantly to increased agricultural production. The
dramatic increase in yield of selected food crops has been achieved in the second half of
the 20th century following the so called green revolution created by the development
and extensive use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation water and a wide
variety of agrochemicals as fertilizers, paste and weed control agents in highly mechanized farming system giving birth to a new form agriculture, the Industrial Agriculture.
However, the yield increase in this mode of agriculture came with a terrible cost of environmental degradation and this high-input, high-yield industrial agriculture has proven
to be unsustainable (Allison and Hobbs 2007).
The single most important attraction in this form of highly mechanized and high
input agriculture is increased productivity. Sustainable or not “more resources now”
draws instant attention in our world of over six billion people even if it is not sustainable in the long run. Ecological degradation resulting from this form of agriculture is extensive, expensive and often beyond repair. Industrialized agriculture is
performed in a business model where maximizing crop production at all costs is the
preoccupation just like maximizing profit is the preoccupation in business. In this
form of agriculture for the sake of increasing efficiency large tracts of land are
brought under a single farm by homogenizing diverse habitats that often cause loss
of soil organic matter, soil structure and above and belowground biotic diversity
(Drinkwater and Snapp 2007). Land degradation by salination and water logging are
common in intensively irrigated cropland across the world. In addition, farmer’s poor
FTT put them out of operation resulting in social decline (Allison and Hobbs 2007).
This “one size fits all” approach of industrial agriculture characterized by extensive
use of HYV seeds, capital intensive farm machineries, a large variety of agrochemicals and irrigation water does not take into account the unique ecological conditions
of the diverse habitats, sociological, cultural and economic standing of the farmers.
Inherent in this mode of agriculture is the false assumption that the use of genetically
modified seeds and agrochemicals will continue to maintain high productivity and
satisfy the increasing food demand. It assumes that the high external agricultural
inputs will replace the need for internal feedbacks of the soil system. Bluntly put, the