Unit
Fur seal on
the beach,
Antarctica
Boy selling
fish, Samoa
722
Australia,
Oceania,
and Antarctica
ustralia, Oceania, and
Antarctica are grouped
together more because of
their nearness to one another
than because of any similarities among their peoples.
These lands lie mostly in
the Southern Hemisphere.
Australia is a dry continent
that is home to unusual
wildlife. Oceania’s 25,000
tropical islands spread out
across the Pacific Ocean.
Frozen Antarctica covers the
earth at the South Pole.
A
+ Lone tree in the outback,
Australia
NGS ONLINE
www.nationalgeographic.com/education
723
REGIONAL ATLAS
Focus on:
Australia, Oceania,
and Antarctica
LYING ALMOST ENTIRELY in the Southern Hemisphere,
this region includes two continents and thousands of islands
scattered across the Pacific Ocean. Covering a huge portion
of the globe from the Equator to the South Pole, the region
includes landscapes ranging from polar to tropical.
The Land
Both a continent and a single country,
Australia is a vast expanse of mostly flat land. A
chain of hills and mountains known as the Great
Dividing Range runs down the continent’s eastern edge. Between this range of mountains and
the Pacific Ocean lies a narrow strip of coastal
land. West of the Great Dividing Range lies
Australia’s large—and very dry—interior. Here in
the Australian “outback” are seemingly endless
miles of scrubland, as well as three huge deserts.
Along Australia’s northeastern coast lies the
Great Barrier Reef. This famous natural wonder
is the world’s largest coral reef, home to brilliantly colored tropical fish and underwater
creatures.
Across the Tasman Sea from Australia lies
New Zealand, made up of two main islands—
North Island and South Island—and many
smaller ones. Both North Island and South Island
have sandy beaches, emerald hillsides, and snowtipped mountains. Plateaus and hills dominate
the rest of New Zealand’s landscape.
724
Oceania
North and east of New Zealand is
Oceania. Its roughly 25,000 islands lie scattered
across the Pacific Ocean on both sides of the
Equator. Some of these islands are volcanic.
Others are huge formations of rock that have
risen from the ocean floor. Still others are lowlying coral islands surrounded by reefs.
Antarctica
The frozen continent, Antarctica
covers and surrounds the South Pole. It is
almost completely buried under an enormous
sheet of ice. The ice is as much as 2 miles
(3.2 km) thick in places and holds 70 percent
of the world’s freshwater.
The Climate
Australia is one of the driest continents in
the world. Its eastern coast does receive rainfall
from the Pacific Ocean. Mountains block this
moisture from reaching inland areas, however.
Much of Australia’s outback has a desert climate.
No place in New Zealand is more than
80 miles (129 km) from the sea. This country
has only one climate region: marine west coast.
UNIT 9
UNIT
▼ Sheep grazing near Mount
Egmont, New Zealand
▼
Emperor penguins, Antarctica
725
REGIONAL ATLAS
This means that New Zealand has mild temperatures and plentiful rainfall throughout the year.
The islands of Oceania have mostly tropical
climates, with warm temperatures and distinct
wet and dry seasons. Rain forests cover many of
the islands.
Antarctica is one of the coldest and windiest
places on the earth, as well as one of the driest.
It receives so little precipitation that it is considered a desert—the world’s largest cold desert.
The Economy
Mines dot the Australian landscape. Its
ancient rocks and soils are rich in minerals such
as uranium, bauxite, iron ore, copper, nickel, and
gold. Little of Australia’s land is good for growing
crops. Instead, vast cattle and sheep ranches—or
stations, as the Australians call them—spread
across much of the country. The worst drought
in almost 100 years occurred in 2002–2003,
which had a negative impact on the economy.
Sheep far outnumber people in New Zealand,
where pastures are lush and green almost yearround. New Zealand is one of the world’s leading
producers of lamb and wool. New Zealand’s
main crops include wheat, barley, potatoes,
fruits, and vegetables.
The people of Oceania depend primarily on
fishing and farming. Across much of Oceania,
the soil and climate are not favorable for widespread agriculture. Islanders generally raise only
enough food for themselves. Yet some larger
islands have rich volcanic soil. In such places,
cash crops of fruits, sugar, coffee, and coconut
products are grown for export.
Antarctica is believed to be rich in mineral
resources. To preserve Antarctica for research
and exploration, however, many nations have
agreed not to mine this mineral wealth. In fact,
43 nations signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 to
commit to peace and science. They even agreed
to share their scientific observations and results.
The People
The first settlers in this region probably came
from Asia thousands of years ago. Australia’s first
inhabitants, the ancestors of today’s Aborigines,
may have arrived more than 40,000 years ago.
Not until about A.D. 1000, however, did seafaring
peoples reach the farthest islands of Oceania.
The British colonized Australia and New
Zealand in the 1700s and 1800s. These two
countries gained their independence in the
early 1900s. Many South Pacific islands were
not freed from colonial rule until after
World War II. Today Australia and Oceania
are a blend of European, traditional
Pacific, and Asian cultures.
▼
Girl selling fruit, French Polynesia
UNIT 9
UNIT
Despite its vast size, this is the least populous of all the world’s regions. It is home to
only about 32 million people. More than half
of these live in Australia, where they are found
mostly in coastal cities such as Sydney and
Melbourne. Roughly 4 million people live in
New Zealand, which also has large urban
populations along its coasts. Oceania is less
urbanized. Antarctica has no permanent human
inhabitants at all. Groups of scientists live and
work on the frozen continent for brief periods
to carry out their research.
Australia
Data Bits
VOTE
▼ The city of Melbourne, along the
southeastern coast of Australia
Automobiles per 1,00
0 people
485
Television sets per
1,000 people
716
Democratic election
s
Yes
Ethnic Makeup
Asian 7%
Aboriginal and Other
World Ranking
1%
1st
50th
GNP per
capita
in US $
18th
$20,650
Life
expectancy
8th
78 years
100th
Caucasian 92%
150th
Population: Urban
vs. Rural
91%
9%
Sources: World Des
k Reference, 2000;
World Development
Indicators; The Wo
rld Almanac, 2004.
Region
Exploring the
1. Which two continents lie in this
region?
2. Why is Antarctica considered
a desert?
3. Why is so little of Australia’s land
good for farming?
4. Where do most of the region’s
people live?
727
REGIONAL ATLAS
Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
Physical
130°E
140°E
150°E
160°E
170°E
180°
30°N
CHINA
PACIFIC
TROPIC OF CANCER
20°N
A
130°W
OCEAN
N
E
W
S
E
S
I
EQUATOR
A
N
N
New
Guinea
140°W
Y
L
150°W
L
0°
E
N
160°W
O
M
O
170°W
P
M I
C R
10°N
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
120°E
E
E
S
10°S
I
40°S
INDIAN
OCEAN
S
A
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
in g Range
ivid
Da
North
Mt. Kosciuszko
NEW Island
7,310 ft.
ZEALAND
Southern
(2,228 m)
Alps
Mt. Cook
Tasmania
Tasman 12,316 ft.
(3,754 m)
Sea
South
Island
tD
Great
Australian
Bight
Murray R.
I
Fiji
Islands
New
Caledonia
f
Gibson
Great Artesian
Desert AUSTRALIA Basin
R.
Great Victoria
ng
Lake
Desert
r li
Eyre
A
Coral
Sea
Macdonnell
Ranges
20°S
30°S
t ee
ea R
G rr i e r
r
Ba
Great Sandy
Desert
a
G re
40
°E
100°E
nd
°S
80
La
s
S
ke
70
°
il
12
0°E
60
°S
W
E
0°
14
°E
Ellsworth
Land
160
0 km
1,000
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
1,000
S.
0°W
0 mi.
12
180°
4,000 m
2,000 m
EAST
ANTARCTICA
MT
728
6,000 m
WEST
ANTARCTICA
T
AR
ar
ie
B
L a yrd
nd
ROSS ICE
SHELF
PACIFIC
OCEAN
IC
GREAT
ARTESIAN
GIBSON
BASIN
DESERT
MACDONNELL
INDIAN
RANGES
6,562 ft. OCEAN
CORAL
SEA
Sea level
13,123 ft.
100°W
160
°W
500
8,000 m
CT
0 km
500
M
19,685 ft.
0 mi.
60
South
Pole
AN
26,247 ft.
Enderby
Land
80°E
NS
m Australia
INDIAN
OCEAN
I
LE
RC
CI
80°W
Ma
Queen ud Land
TRA
ANTARCTICA
CT
Vinson Massif
16,067 ft.
(4,897 m)
ANTARCTIC
PENINSULA
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
AN
TA
R
C
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
60
°W
RONNE ICE
SHELF
0 km
1,500
Miller Cylindrical projection
Mountain peak
W
60°S
1,500
20°E
20°
°W
40
0 mi.
0°
°E
50°S
UNIT
Political
140°E
160°E
180°
30°N
CHINA
PA C I F I C
OCEAN
TROPIC OF CANCER
20°N
NORTHERN
MARIANA IS.
U.S.
PHILIPPINES
GUAM
U.S.
10°N
Koror
PALAU
Palikir
FEDERATED STATES
OF MICRONESIA
0°
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
Port
Moresby
20°S
A U S
WESTERN
30°S AUSTRALIA
140°W
HAWAII
U.S.
N
W
Perth
Tarawa
EQUATOR
Yaren
NAURU
FRENCH
POLYNESIA
Fr.
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN PITCAIRN I.
U.K.
SOUTH
AUSTRALIA NEW SOUTH
AUSTRALIAN
CAPITAL
WALES Sydney
TERRITORY
Canberra
VICTORIA
40°S
E
S
KIRIBATI
SAMOA
Funafuti
TOKELAU N.Z.
Honiara
TUVALU
SOLOMON
ISLANDS WALLIS AND Apia AMERICAN
SAMOA
VANUATU FUTUNA Fr.
U.S. COOK
Suva
Port-Vila
ISLANDS
NORTHERN
N.Z.
Coral NEW
TONGA
TERRITORY
CALEDONIA
FIJI
Sea
Fr.
QUEENSLAND
ISLANDS
NIUE N.Z.
T R A L I A
Nuku‘alofa
INDONESIA
10°S
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
Majuro
160°W
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
120°E
INDIAN
OCEAN
NEW Auckland
ZEALAND
Tasman
Sea
Wellington
TASMANIA
1,500
0 km
Miller Cylindrical projection
40
°E
BR
IT
AR ISH
GE
CL
A
°W
AN
TA
R
CT
INDIAN
OCEAN
I
LE
RC
CI
60
National capital
ATLANTIC
M
AI
OCEAN CL NE
TI
L AI M
C
60°S
0°
NORWEGIAN C
W
°W
40
1,500
20°
0 mi.
20°E
50°S
80°W
0°E
AUSTRALIAN
CLAIM
°E
Z E A L A N D C L AI M
0 km 500
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
FRENCH
CLAIM
E
0°
14
NEW
180°
500
12
W
°W
PACIFIC
OCEAN
160
°
0 mi.
100°E
Unclaimed
14
0
0°W
12
80°E
IA N C L A I M
A N T A R C T I C A
100°W
160
2 What is the capital of the Fiji
Islands?
South
Pole
CHILEAN
CLAIM
1 What body of water separates
Australia from Melanesia?
TRAL
MAP STUDY
°S
80
ANTARCTICA
°E
AUS
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
70°S
60
°S
70
N IM
REGIONAL ATLAS
Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
onments
ir
v
n
E
d
e
r
e
g
n
a
d
En
120°E
130°E
140°E
150°E
160°E
170°E
180°
170°W
160°W
150°W
Contiguous
130°W
United States and
Australia, Oceania,
and Antarctica:
Land Comparison
140°W
30°N
CHINA
PA C I F I C
OCEAN
TROPIC OF CANCER
HAWAII
20°N
U.S.
NORTHERN
MARIANA IS.
PHILIPPINES
U.S.
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
GUAM
U.S.
10°N
PALAU
FEDERATED STATES
OF MICRONESIA
EQUATOR
0°
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
NAURU
KIRIBATI
SAMOA
TOKELAU N.Z.
INDONESIA
10°S
Coral
Sea
TUVALU
SOLOMON
ISLANDS WALLIS AND
VANUATU FUTUNA Fr.
NEW
CALEDONIA
20°S
Fr.
A U S T R A L I A
AMERICAN
SAMOA
COOK
ISLANDS
FRENCH
POLYNESIA
U.S.
Fr.
N.Z.
TONGA
FIJI
ISLANDS
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
30°S
U.K.
N
0 mi.
W
20°
0°
°W
AN
TA
R
LE
RC
CI
°
70
°
80
South
Pole
A N T A R C T I C A
100°W
100°E
PACIFIC
OCEAN
12
E
0°
14
°E
160
0 km 500
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
0°E
180°
500
160
°W
°W
14
0
0°W
12
0 mi.
2 What do the penguins symbolize on the
map of Antarctica?
80°E
S
80°W
ANTARCTICA
1 What is the risk status of most of Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park?
°E
60
S
Source: United Nations Environment Program –
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, U.K.
MAP STUDY
INDIAN
OCEAN
CT
I
C
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
°E
Area protected by
the Antarctic Treaty
Endangered Marine Environments
Mangroves
Coral Reef Status
High
Medium
Low
Risk
Risk
Risk
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
70°S
S
Tasman
Sea
1,500
1,500
0 km
Miller Cylindrical projection
40
60°S
E
40
INDIAN
OCEAN
W
20°E
NEW
ZEALAND
40°S
50°S
PITCAIRN I.
NIUE N.Z.
GREAT BARRIER REEF
MARINE PARK
UNIT 9
UNIT
Geo Extremes
1 HIGHEST POINT
Vinson Massif (Antarctica)
16,067 ft. (4,897 m) high
2 LOWEST POINT
Bently Subglacial Trench
(Antarctica)
8,366 ft. (2,550 m)
below sea level
4 LARGEST LAKE
Lake Eyre (Australia)
3,600 sq. mi.
(9,324 sq. km)
COMPARING POPULATION:
United States and Selected
Countries of Australia, Oceania,
and Antarctica
UNITED STATES
5 LARGEST HOT DESERT
Great Victoria (Australia)
134,650 sq. mi.
(348,742 sq. km)
AUSTRALIA
3 LONGEST RIVER
Murray-Darling (Australia)
2,310 mi. (3,718 km) long
6 LARGEST COLD DESERT
Antarctica
5,100,000 sq. mi.
(13,209,000 sq. km)
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
= 15,000,000
NEW ZEALAND
Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003.
5
4
POPULATION GROWTH:
Australia, 1958–2008
3
1
2
6
Population (millions)
24
21
20
18.8
16.5
16
14.4
12
12
9.8
8
GRAPHIC STUDY
1 The largest cold desert in this region is also
the largest desert in the world. What is it?
1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008*
Year
*projected
Source: Australian Demographic Statistics, 2003.
2 By how much is Australia’s population
expected to have grown between 1958
and 2008?
Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
731
REGIONAL ATLAS
Country Profiles
KIRIBATI
AUSTRALIA
POPULATION:
19,900,000
7 per sq. mi.
3 per sq. km
LANGUAGE:
English
MAJOR EXPORT:
Coal
MAJOR IMPORT:
Machinery
FEDERATED STATES
of MICRONESIA
Canberra
CAPITAL:
Canberra
LANDMASS:
2,988,888 sq. mi.
7,741,220 sq. km
Tarawa
Palikir
POPULATION:
100,000
426 per sq. mi.
164 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
English, Local
Languages
MAJOR EXPORT:
Fish
MAJOR IMPORT:
Foods
FIJI ISLANDS
POPULATION:
900,000
123 per sq. mi.
47 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
English, Fijian,
Hindi
MAJOR EXPORT:
Sugar
MAJOR IMPORT:
Machinery
CAPITAL:
Palikir
LANDMASS:
270 sq. mi.
699 sq. km
Suva
CAPITAL:
Suva
LANDMASS:
7,054 sq. mi.
18,270 sq. km
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
POPULATION:
100,000
791 per sq. mi.
305 per sq. km
Majuro
LANGUAGES:
English, Local
Languages
MAJOR EXPORT:
CAPITA
Coconut Products Maj L:
uro
MAJOR IMPORT:
LANDMASS:
Foods
69 sq. mi.
179 sq. km
POPULATION:
100,000
348 per sq. mi.
134 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
English, Gilbertese
CAPITAL:
MAJOR EXPORT:
wa
Coconut Products Tara
SS:
DMA
LAN
T:
MAJOR IMPOR
282 sq. mi.
Foods
730 sq. km
NEW ZEALAND
NAURU
POPULATION:
4,000,000
38 per sq. mi.
15 per sq. km
LANGUAGE:
English
MAJOR EXPORT:
Wool
MAJOR IMPORT:
Machinery
POPULATION:
Yaren
10,000
1,412 per sq. mi.
km
545 per sq.
LANGUAGES:
Nauruan, English
CAPITAL:
MAJOR EXPORT:
Yaren
Phosphates
DMASS:
LAN
MAJOR IMPORT:
9 sq. mi.
Foods
23 sq. km
Wellington
CAPITAL:
Wellington
LANDMASS:
104,452 sq. mi.
270,531 sq. km
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
PALAU
POPULATION:
20,000
113 per sq. mi.
44 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
English, Palauan
MAJOR EXPORT:
Fish
MAJOR IMPORT:
Machinery
Koror
CAPITAL:
Koror
LANDMASS:
178 sq. mi.
461 sq. km
POPULATION:
5,500,000
31 per sq. mi.
12 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
English, Local
Languages
MAJOR EXPORT:
Gold
MAJOR IMPORT:
Machinery
SAMOA
Port
Moresby
CAPITAL:
Port Moresby
LANDMASS:
178,703 sq. mi.
462,841 sq. km
POPULATION:
200,000
157 per sq. mi.
61 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
Samoan, English
MAJOR EXPORT:
Coconut Products
MAJOR IMPORT:
Foods
Apia
CAPITAL:
Apia
LANDMASS:
1,097 sq. mi.
2,841 sq. km
POPULATION:
500,000
44 per sq. mi.
17 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
English, Local
Languages
MAJOR EXPORT:
Cocoa
MAJOR IMPORT:
Machinery
Honiara
CAPITAL:
Honiara
LANDMASS:
11,158 sq. mi.
28,899 sq. km
Countries and flags not drawn to scale
732
UNIT 9
UNIT
For more information on countries in this region, refer to
the Nations of the World Data Bank in the Appendix.
TONGA
POPULATION:
100,000
370 per sq. mi.
143 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
Tongan, English
MAJOR EXPORT:
Squash
MAJOR IMPORT:
Foods
TUVALU
Nuku‘alofa
CAPITAL:
Nuku‘alofa
LANDMASS:
290 sq. mi.
751 sq. km
VANUATU
POPULATION:
10,000
1,000 per sq. mi.
385 per sq. km
LANGUAGES:
Tuvalu, English
MAJOR EXPORT:
Coconut Products
MAJOR IMPORT:
Foods
Funafuti
CAPITAL:
Funafuti
LANDMASS:
10 sq. mi.
26 sq. km
POPULATION:
200,000
45 per sq. mi.
17 per sq. km
Port-Vila
LANGUAGES:
Bislama, English,
French
MAJOR EXPORT:
CAPITA
Coconut Products Por L:
t-Vila
MAJOR IMPORT:
LANDMASS:
Machinery
4,707 sq. mi.
12,191 sq. km
Voting
Nearly all eligible voters participate in elections in
Australia. All citizens over 18 years old are required to vote in all
local, state, and national elections. If they don’t vote, they can be
fined up to 50 Australian dollars. To make it easier, elections are
held on Saturdays and voting is done at schools, churches, and
other convenient locations. In the United States, only about half
of eligible people vote in the presidential elections.
Why do so many people in the United States not exercise their
right to vote?
WRITE ABOUT IT
Voting and participating in political activities are important parts
of belonging to a democratic society. Yet in the United States, most
people do not vote. Imagine you are the head of elections for your
city and it is your responsibility to encourage people to vote in
upcoming elections for mayor and the city council. Design a flyer
that will be mailed to all households to encourage people to vote.
This woman is exercising
her right to vote. ▼
Australia
26 and New
Zealand
pter
a
h
C
To learn more about the people and
places of Australia and New Zealand,
view The World and Its People
Chapter 27 video.
734
Socia l Stu die s
Chapter Overview Visit The World and Its
People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and
click on Chapter 26—Chapter Overviews
to preview information about Australia and
New Zealand.
An Isolated Region
Australia and New Zealand have
been called “the last places on
Earth” because they are so far from
other lands. Within Australia, some
farmers in the remote outback
region often have to drive several
hours on unpaved roads to reach a
distant rural town. Yet despite its
isolation and distance from other
countries, Australia has a prosperous
economy that ties it very closely to
the rest of the world.
▼
▼
Ayers Rock in central Australia
Making Predictions Make this foldable to record information about
Australia and New Zealand. You will then use it to make predictions about
the future of the countries.
Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half
Step 2 Fold it in half again, from side to
from top to bottom.
side.
Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Sketch
Step 4 Cut along the fold of the top flap
an outline of Australia and New Zealand
across the front tabs and label your
foldable as shown.
only.
New Zealand
New Zealand
Australia
This cut will
make two tabs.
Australia
Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write what
you learn about these countries under the appropriate tabs of your
foldable. Then use that information to make predictions about the
future economic growth and development of these countries.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Both a continent and a
country, Australia has
many natural resources
but relatively few
people.
1 Australia–Land
Down Under
Terms to Know
•
•
•
•
•
•
coral reef
outback
station
marsupial
boomerang
bush
Reading Strategy
Create a chart like this
one. Then fill in two
facts about Australia
for each category.
Signs along Australia’s lonely
outback warn drivers that
they may meet camels,
wombats, or kangaroos.
This road stretches for
800 miles (1,287 km)
between Western and
South Australia. With
only 11 rest stops
Land
History
along the way,
perhaps meeting a
Climate
Government
kangaroo would be a
good thing. It might
Economy
People
make the drive seem
less lonely.
A
ustralia, the sixth-largest country in the world, is also a continent.
It is sometimes referred to as the “Land Down Under” because it is
located in the Southern Hemisphere.
Australia’s Landscape
Plateaus and plains spread across most of Australia. The map on
page 742 shows you that the country has low mountain ranges as well,
including the Great Dividing Range. The island of Tasmania is also
part of Australia. The Great Barrier Reef lies off the country’s northeastern coast. Here, coral formations have piled up for millions of years
to create a colorful chain that stretches 1,250 miles (2,012 km). A coral
reef is a structure formed by the skeletons of small sea animals.
Narrow plains run along the south and southeast of Australia. These
fertile flatlands hold the best farmland and most of the country’s people. Two major rivers, the Murray and the Darling, drain this region.
736
CHAPTER 26
Australians use the name outback for the inland regions of their
country. Mining camps and cattle and sheep ranches called stations
dot this region. One cattle station is almost twice as large as Delaware.
Water is scarce in Australia. In the Great Artesian Basin, however,
water lies in deep, underground pools. Ranchers drill wells and bring
the underground water to the surface for their cattle. Australia’s western plateau is even drier. Most people who cross the deserts and
ranges on this vast plateau do so by airplane.
Soci al Stu dies
Web Activity Visit
The World and Its
People Web site at
twip.glencoe.com and
click on Chapter 26—
Student Web
Activities to learn
more about the Great
Barrier Reef.
Unusual Animals About 200 million years ago, the tectonic plate
upon which Australia sits separated from the other continents. As a
result, Australia’s native plants and animals are not found elsewhere in
the world.Two well-known Australian animals are kangaroos and koalas.
Both are marsupials, or mammals that carry their young in a pouch.
Turn to page 740 to read more about some of Australia’s animals.
Where do most of Australia’s people live?
Australia’s Economy
Australia has a strong, prosperous economy. The country is a treasure chest overflowing with mineral resources. These riches include
iron ore, zinc, bauxite, gold, silver, opals, diamonds, and pearls. Australia
GREAT MOTHER SNAKE
Aboriginal Legend
Aboriginal
bark painting
▼
Literature
Most cultures developed stories to help explain their beginnings. In
this Aboriginal legend, the Great Mother Snake is credited with
creating Australia as well as all of its human and animal inhabitants.
. Then finally She awoke and brought from the womb on
“the. .Earth
itself, man and woman. And they learned from the
Mother Snake how to live in peace and harmony with all these creatures
who were their spiritual cousins. . . . And man and woman were now the
caretakers of this land. And the Great Snake then entered a large water
hole where she guards the fish and other water creatures, so that when the
Aboriginal people fish they know to take only as much as they can eat,
because if someone should take more than they need through greed or
kills for pleasure, they know that one dark night, the Great Mother Snake
will come . . . and punish the one who broke this tribal law.
Source: Great Mother Snake, an Aboriginal legend.
”
Analyzing Literature
Why would it be important for people in this culture to take
from the earth only as much as they needed?
Architecture
The Sydney Opera House—one of the most
famous buildings in the world—stands on a
peninsula jutting out into the harbor of Sydney,
Australia. The soaring, shell-like roof and walls
are made of reinforced concrete covered with
gleaming white ceramic tiles. Inside are an opera
house, concert hall, theater, and other entertainment facilities. Completed in 1973, the Sydney
Opera House is regarded as a masterpiece of
modern architecture.
Looking Closer What do you think this building resembles?
also has energy resources,including coal,oil,and natural gas.Mineral and
energy resources make up more than one-third of Australia’s exports.
Australia’s dry climate limits farming. With irrigation, however,
farmers grow grains, sugarcane, cotton, fruits, and vegetables. The main
agricultural activity is raising livestock, especially cattle and sheep.
Australia is the world’s top producer and exporter of wool. Ranchers
also ship beef and cattle hides.
Manufacturing includes processed foods,transportation equipment,
metals, cloth, and chemicals. High-technology industries, service industries, and tourism also play a large role in the economy. Ocean shipping
enables Australia to export goods to distant markets. More than half go
to Asia. The United States is also an important market for exports.
Despite its huge area, Australia has only 19.9 million people. The
country has long needed more skilled workers to develop its resources
and build its economy. Thus, the government has encouraged immigration. More than 5 million immigrants have arrived in recent decades.
What is Australia’s main agricultural activity?
Australia’s History and People
h Aboriginal boomerang
738
Australia’s Aborigines (A•buh•RIHJ•neez) are the descendants of
the first immigrants who came from Asia at least 40,000 years ago.
For centuries, the nomadic Aborigines hunted, gathered plants, and
searched for water. They developed a weapon called a boomerang.
It is a flat, bent, wooden tool that hunters throw to stun prey. If the
boomerang misses, it curves and sails back to the hunter.
The Dutch were the first Europeans to travel to Australia in the late
1600s. In 1770 Captain James Cook reached Australia and claimed it for
Great Britain. At first the British government used Australia as a place
CHAPTER 26
to send prisoners. Then the British set up colonies, especially after
gold was discovered in the outback in 1851. Land was taken from the
Aborigines, and many died of European diseases. Today nearly 300,000
Aborigines live in Australia. Many are moving to cities to find jobs. In
1967 the Australian government recognized the Aborigines as citizens.
The Government In 1901 the colonies united to form the
Commonwealth of Australia. Today Australia has a British-style parliamentary democracy. A prime minister is the head of government.
Australians still accept the British monarch as a ceremonial leader.
Many Australians, however, would like their country to become a
republic with an Australian president.
Like the United States, Australia has a federal system of government.
This means that political power is divided between a national government and state governments. The country has six states and two territories,the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.
Dreamtime
Danny Ahmatt and John
Meninga are Aborigines
who live in Australia’s
Northern Territory. They live
modern lives, but they also
have traditional Aborigine
beliefs. “We believe in
Dreamtime,” says Danny.
“This means that our ancestors do not die but instead
become part of nature. This
is why we learn to respect
our environment.”
City and Rural Life About 90 percent of Australians live in cities.
Sydney and Melbourne are the largest cities.Canberra, the capital,was
a planned city located inland to draw people into the outback. About
10 percent of Australians live in rural areas known as the bush. Many
rural people also live and work on the stations that dot the outback.
Australians speak English, but “Aussies,” as they call themselves,
have some different words. For example, Australians say “G’Day” as a
form of hello and cook beef on a “barbie,” or barbeque grill.
What kind of government does Australia have?
1
Assessment
Defining Terms
1. Define coral reef, outback, station, marsupial,
boomerang, bush.
Recalling Facts
2. History Why does Australia have animals that
are not found on other continents?
3. Economics What are four mineral resources
found in Australia?
4. History Who are the Aborigines?
Critical Thinking
5. Understanding Cause and Effect How
does climate affect agriculture in Australia?
6. Drawing Conclusions How does life in
Australia show that the country was once
a colony of the United Kingdom?
Australia and New Zealand
Graphic Organizer
7. Organizing Information Create a time
line like this one with at least four dates in
Australia’s history. Write the dates on one side
of the line and the corresponding event on the
opposite side.
Applying Social Studies Skills
8. Analyzing Maps Look at the physical/political
map on page 742. What mountain peak represents the highest elevation in Australia? What
mountain range is it part of?
739
ART
SCIENCE
CULTURE
TECHNOLOGY
Australia’s Amazing Animals
Australia is home to some fascinating and
unusual animals. In fact, many of Australia’s
animal species are found nowhere else in
the world.
Kangaroos
Ask people what comes to mind when they
think of Australian animals, and they will probably say the kangaroo. Kangaroos are marsupials—
mammals whose young mature inside a pouch on
the mother’s belly. The young kangaroo, called a
joey, stays there for months, eating and growing.
Australia is home to more than 50 species of kangaroo, ranging in size from the 6-foot (2-m) red
kangaroo to the 9-inch (23-cm) musky rat-kangaroo.
No matter what their size, all kangaroos have one
thing in common—big hind feet. Kangaroos
bound along at about 20 miles (32 km) per hour.
In a single jump, a kangaroo can hop 10 feet (3 m)
high and cover a distance of 45 feet (14 m).
Koalas
Because of their round face, big black nose,
large fluffy ears, and soft fur, people sometimes
call these animals koala bears. Yet they are not
bears at all. The koala is a marsupial. The female’s
pouch opens at the bottom. Strong muscles keep
the pouch shut and the young koalas, also called
joeys, safe inside. The koala is a fussy eater who
+
feeds only on leaves
of eucalyptus trees.
Although there are
over 600 species of
eucalyptus that grow
in Australia, koalas
eat only a few types.
h Koala and joey
The leaves also provide the animals with all the moisture they need.
Quiet, calm, and sleepy, koalas spend most of their
time in the trees.
Platypus and Emu
The odd-looking platypus is one of the
world’s few egg-laying mammals. Sometimes
called a duck-billed platypus, the animal has a
soft, sensitive, skin-covered snout. The platypus is
a good swimmer who lives in burrows along the
streams and riverbanks of southern and eastern
Australia. It uses its bill to stir the river bottom in
search of food.
After the ostrich, the Australian emu is the
world’s second-largest bird. Although the emu
cannot fly, its long legs enable it to run at
speeds of up to 30 miles (48 km) per hour.
Another interesting characteristic of the emu is
its nesting behavior. Although the female lays
the eggs, the male emu sits on them until they
are ready to hatch.
Kangaroo and joey
Emu
m
1. What are marsupials?
2. How far can a kangaroo hop in a single jump?
3. Making Comparisons Compare two different
animals that live in Australia. How are they alike?
How are they different?
740
CHAPTER 26
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
New Zealand is a small
country with a growing
economy based on
trade.
2 New Zealand
Terms to Know
•
•
•
•
•
geyser
manuka
fjord
geothermal energy
hydroelectric power
Reading Strategy
Create a time line like
this one with at least
four dates in New
Zealand’s history. Write
the dates on one side
of the line and the
corresponding event
on the opposite side.
Have you ever tasted a ripe green
kiwifruit (KEE•wee•FROOT)? If so,
it might have been grown on a
New Zealand farm like the
one shown here. After all,
New Zealand is one of
the world’s leading
producers of this tasty
fruit. The kiwifruit,
once known as the
Chinese gooseberry, is
now named for the kiwi
bird—New Zealand’s
national symbol.
N
ew Zealand lies in the Pacific Ocean about 1,200 miles (1,931 km)
southeast of its nearest neighbor, Australia. In contrast to Australia’s
flat, dry land, New Zealand is mountainous and very green. Its climate
is mild and wet. Both New Zealand and Australia are located in the
Southern Hemisphere, so their summer starts in December and their
winter starts in June.
New Zealand’s Land
New Zealand is about the size of Colorado. It includes two main
islands—North Island and South Island—as well as many smaller
islands. The Cook Strait separates the two main islands.
North Island A large plateau forms the center of North Island.
Three active volcanoes and the inactive Mount Egmont are located
here. You also find geysers, or hot springs that spout steam and water
through a crack in the earth.
Small shrubs called manuka grow well in the plateau’s fertile volcanic soil. Fertile lowlands, forested hills, and sandy beaches surround
741
North Island’s central plateau. On the plateau’s slopes, sheep and
cattle graze. Fruits and vegetables are grown on the coastal lowlands.
South Island The Southern Alps run along South Island’s western
coast. Snowcapped Mount Cook, the highest peak in New Zealand,
soars 12,316 feet (3,754 m). Glaciers lie on mountain slopes above
green forests and sparkling blue lakes. Long ago, these glaciers cut
deep fjords (fee•AWRDS), or steep-sided valleys, into the mountains.
The sea has filled these fjords with crystal-blue waters.
To the east of the Southern Alps stretch the Canterbury Plains.
They form New Zealand’s largest area of flat or nearly flat land.
Farmers grow grains and ranchers raise sheep here.
Plants and Animals New Zealanders take pride in their unique
wildlife. Their national symbol is a flightless bird called the kiwi.
Giant kauri (KOWR•ee) trees once dominated all of North Island.
About 100 years ago, European settlers cut down many of these trees,
using the wood to build homes and ships. Today the government protects kauri trees. One of them is more than 2,000 years old.
Which island of New Zealand has glaciers and fjords?
Australia and New Zealand: Physical/Political
120°E
130°E
140°E
I N D O N E S I A
Gulf
Carp of
ent
ari
a
t
Cape
York
Peninsula
Ba
Coral
Sea
rr
ie
r
20°S
ef
Great Australian
Bight
Adelaide
rra
Mu y R.
Melbourne
40°S
2. What is the capital of New Zealand?
Find NGS online map resources @
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
742
ge
ng
Mountain peak
Sydney
7,310 ft.
(2,228 m)
it
Stra
s
Bas
Tasmania
INDIAN
OCEAN
Hobart
Elevations
Feet
Meters
10,000
3,000
5,000
1,500
2,000
600
1,000
300
0
0
Newcastle
Canberra
t D Mt. Kosciuszko
Grea
Applying Map Skills
1. What mountain range lies near
Australia’s eastern coast?
r li
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Ran
Da
Nullarbor Plain
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
Brisbane
ng
e
g Rang
Great
Artesian
Basin R.
idi
rlin
Macdonnell
Ranges
Gibson
Desert A U S T R A L I A
Great Victoria Lake
Desert
Eyre
iv
Da
Perth
Re
Great Sandy
Desert
y
Ha m
Ra er s
ng le
e
30°S
180°
ea
Darwin
170°E
OCEANIA
Gr
INDIAN
OCEAN
160°E
Arafura
Sea
10°S
Timor
Sea
150°E
Auckland
NEW
ZEALAND
N
W
North
Island
E
Tasman
Sea
S
0 mi.
0 km
1,000
Miller Cylindrical projection
1,000
Mt. Cook
Wellington
12,316 ft.
s
Cook
(3,754 m) A l p
Strait
rn
e
Christchurch
South o u t h Canterbury
Island S
Plains
Dunedin
CHAPTER 26
New Zealand’s
Economy
On Location
New Zealand has a thriving
agricultural economy.Sheep are an
important agricultural resource.
New Zealand is the second-leading
wool producer in the world. Lamb
meat is another important export.
Apples,barley,wheat,and corn are
the main crops.
Trade with other countries
is an important part of New
Zealand’s economy. Its main
trading partners are Australia,
Japan, the United States, and the
United Kingdom. There are benefits and dangers due to New
Zealand’s dependence on trade.
If the economies of other countries are growing quickly, demand
for goods from New Zealand will
rise. If their economies slow,
however, these countries will buy
fewer products. This can cause
hardship in New Zealand. In
recent years, trade has increased,
and New Zealanders enjoy a high
standard of living.
Mining and Manufacturing New Zealand sits on top of the molten
rock that forms volcanoes. As a result, it is rich in geothermal energy,
or electricity produced from steam. The major source of energy,
however, is hydroelectric power—electricity generated by flowing
water. New Zealand also has coal, oil, iron ore, silver, and gold.
The country is rapidly industrializing. The main manufactured
items are wood products, fertilizer, wool products, and shoes. Service
industries and tourism also play large roles in the economy.
•
Maori
In recent years, the
Maori culture has
experienced a revival
in New Zealand. Some
Maoris dress in traditional costumes for
special celebrations.
History How did the
Maoris arrive in New
Zealand?
How does its dependence on trade with other countries
present both benefits and dangers to New Zealand?
New Zealand’s History and People
People called the Maoris (MOWR•eez) are believed to have arrived
in New Zealand between A.D. 950 and 1150. They probably crossed the
Pacific Ocean in canoes from islands far to the northeast. Undisturbed
for hundreds of years, the Maoris developed skills in farming, weaving,
fishing, bird hunting, and woodcarving.
The first European explorers came to the islands in the mid1600s. Almost 200 years passed before settlers—most of them
Australia and New Zealand
743
British—arrived. In 1840 British officials signed a treaty with Maori
leaders. In this treaty, the Maoris agreed to accept British rule in
return for the right to keep their land. More British settlers eventually moved onto Maori land. War broke out in the 1860s—a war that
the Maoris lost.
In 1893 the colony became the first land to give women the right
to vote. New Zealand was also among the first places in which the government gave help to people who were elderly, sick, or out of work.
New Zealand became independent in 1907. The country is a parliamentary democracy in which elected representatives choose a
prime minister to head the government. Five seats in the parliament
can be held only by Maoris. Today about 10 percent of New Zealand’s
4 million people are Maoris. The rest are mostly descendants of British
settlers. Asians and Pacific Islanders, attracted by the growing economy, have increased the diversity of New Zealand’s society.
About 86 percent of the people live in urban areas. The largest
cities are Auckland, an important port, and Wellington, the capital.
Both are on North Island, where about 75 percent of the people live.
New Zealanders take advantage of the country’s mild climate and
beautiful landscapes. They enjoy camping, hiking, hunting, boating,
and mountain climbing in any season. They also play cricket and
rugby, sports that originated in Great Britain.
What group settled New Zealand about 1,000 years ago?
2
Assessment
Defining Terms
1. Define geyser, manuka, fjord, geothermal
energy, hydroelectric power.
6. Making Predictions With so many different
peoples settling in New Zealand, how do you
think the country’s culture might change?
Recalling Facts
2. Region How do New Zealand’s land and climate compare to Australia’s?
3. Economics What two animal products are
important exports for New Zealand?
4. History Most of New Zealand’s people are
descendants of settlers from what European
country?
Graphic Organizer
7. Organizing Information Imagine that you
are moving to New Zealand. Write a question
you would ask for each topic in the chart below.
Critical Thinking
5. Analyzing Information Why do you
think New Zealand’s government guarantees the Maoris a certain number of seats
in the parliament?
744
Physical features Economy
Recreation
Climate
Culture
Government
Applying Social Studies Skills
8. Analyzing Maps Look at the map on page 742.
Which New Zealand island has higher mountains? How can you tell?
CHAPTER 26
EXPLORING
Perspectives
WORLD
ISSUES
AFP/CORBIS
Closing the Gap
Symbol of Unity: New Zealand’s Natioanl
National Rugby Team
Compiled and adapted from TIME.
Perspectives
WORLD
ISSUES
DAVE E. HOUSER/
CORBIS
EXPLORING
In their ancestors’ clothes, Maoris do a fierce dance.
Land is sacred to Australia’s Aborigines (right).
The New World Down Under
hen Ngataua Omahuru was
five years old, he made a big
mistake. Ngataua (en • gah •
•
TOW ah) was a Maori, a native New
Zealander. He and his family lived in
the forest beneath Mount Taranaki, a
volcano on New Zealand’s North Island.
One day in 1869, Ngataua made the
mistake of wandering away from his
parents. A band of British soldiers kidnapped him.
New Zealand was a British colony
then. Europeans had been settling
there in great numbers for more than
40 years. They had moved onto Maori
land, paying nothing or very little for it.
Maoris who tried to protect their land
were often forced off it at gunpoint.
Ngataua ended up in the home of
William Fox, the head of the colony’s
government. Fox and his wife changed
Ngataua’s name to William Fox. They
sent him to English schools. They cut
all his links to the Maori world.
The British, called Pakehas (pa •KAY•
haws) by the Maoris, did not value
the Maori culture. The Pakehas were
ethnocentric, or convinced that no way
Maori Iwi Lands
North
Island
Traditional areas of
New Zealand’s 10 biggest
tribes (iwi)
NEW ZEALAND
0
50
About 200 years ago, New Zealand was
home to dozens of iwi, or tribes. This map
shows where 10 of them were located.
746
150
N
1
Major Iwi (2001 population)
W E
1 Ngapuhi (102,981)
S
2 Waikato (35,781)
Auckland
Tauranga
3 Ngati Maniapoto (27,168)
Gisborne
4 Te Atiawa (17,445)
Hamilton
2
5 Ngati Awa (13,044)
5
3
6
6 Ngati Porou (61,701)
7
New
Plymouth
7 Tuho (29,259)
8
9
4
8 Ngati Kahungunu (51,552)
Napier
Palmerston
8
9 Ngati Tuwaharetoa (29,301)
North
10 Ngai Tahu (39,180)
8
8
South
Island
Greymouth
Wellington
10
Tasman
Sea
10
Christchurch
South Pacific
Ocean
10
10
A Rich Culture
Through their religion, the Maoris
felt close to their ancestors and to
nature. They expressed themselves
through song, poetry, weaving, woodcarving, and even tattooing. They were
brave and clever warriors.
100
miles
10
10 Dunedin
Stewart Island
interpreting maps
Making Inferences Suppose you were
a Ngapuhi living 200 years ago. About how
far would you have had to travel to reach
the Ngai Tahu? What might have made
this trip difficult and dangerous?
of life was better than their own. They
believed the Maoris would be better off
leaving their ways behind.
That decision guided Pakeha thinking
for a century. The Maoris were taught
they had nothing in their culture to be
proud of. Cut loose from their traditions
but not fully accepted by whites, the
Maoris fell on hard times.
They are still trying to recover.
Compared with Pakehas, Maoris today
learn less and earn less. They die more
readily from cancer, diabetes, and heart
disease.
New Zealanders are trying to close
the gaps between the two groups. They
are doing it both to be fair and to keep
their nation strong. In 50 years, the
Maoris will make up almost one-fourth
of the country’s population.
Australia’s Ghosts
A similar issue haunts Australia,
1,200 miles (1,931 km) west of New
Zealand. Australia’s native people, the
Aborigines, make up about 1 percent of
the population. For tens of thousands
of years, all of Australia was theirs.
In 1788 British settlers arrived. They
began almost immediately to separate
the Aborigines from their culture. They
drove the Aborigines off land that they
greatly respected, or considered sacred.
The British killed many who resisted.
The Australian settlers repeated the
New Zealand settlers’ mistakes. They
Aborigine
Aborigine
Cathy
CathyFreeman
Freeman
lights
lightsthe
theOlympic
Olympic
flame
flamein
in2000.
2000.
ALBELLO —ALLSPORT
Women
Womenin
intraditional
traditionaldress
dress
perform
performMaori
Maoridances.
dances.
BETTINA A. STAMMEN
PAUL A. SOUDERS/CORBIS
JOHN VANHASSEL T—CORBISSYGMA
Maori
Maoriand
andPakeha
Pakehachildren
childrenplay
play
together.
together.The
Thegap
gapbetween
betweenthe
the
two
twogroups
groupsis
isclosing.
closing.
tried to make the first Australians more
like them.
Some of their methods were especially harsh. The government decided
that Aborigine children would be better
off in the hands of white families. So
from 1910 to 1971, as many as 100,000
Aborigine children were removed from
their parents. White families adopted
most of them. Few of the children ever
saw their birth mothers again.
Fighting for Maori Rights
Ngataua Omahuru got to see his
mother again. As a young lawyer, he
returned to his homeland on business.
His real family recognized him, and he
saw how badly they had been treated.
He devoted the rest of his life to helping the Maoris fight for their rights, or
benefits guaranteed by law.
It would take the Maoris almost a
century to get a fair hearing. By then,
Maori foods, words, art, and songs had
become part of New Zealand’s culture.
New Zealanders today realize just how
much they would lose if the Maori way
of life ever disappeared.
Exploring the issues
1. Making Inferences WhydoyouthinkBritish
settlersbelievedtheirwayoflifewasbest?
2. Problem Solving Ifyoucould,whattwo
thingswouldyouchangetoimprovethe
Maoris’lives?
747
Perspectives
Broken Promises
BETTMANN/CORBIS
round noon
on February
6, 1840, about
75 people stood under
a tent in the coastal
hamlet of Waitangi,
New Zealand. The gathering included Maori
chiefs, British settlers,
missionaries, and military men.
They were there to
sign a treaty. The treaty
gave Great Britain the
right to rule New
Zealand. It gave the
Maoris Great Britain’s promise to protect them and their land.
The deal made sense to the Maoris.
Shady businessmen had begun grabbing Maori land. The chiefs felt that
Britain’s military muscle was the only
thing that could stop the thefts.
Founding Charter
The Treaty of Waitangi became New
Zealand’s founding document. It is as
important to New Zealanders as the
U.S. Constitution is to Americans. It
granted British citizenship to the
Maoris. It also described how Maoris
and European settlers would share
responsibility for New Zealand.
But an agreement is only as strong as
the will to enforce it. Greedy settlers
took control of New Zealand’s government. They used small conflicts as
excuses to take over huge pieces of
Maori land.
748
▲
Maori children in traditional dress
The Maoris tried to embarrass the
Pakehas into living up to the treaty.
They plowed up the lawns of rich settlers who lived on stolen land. They
met Pakeha troops with singing children who offered the soldiers bread.
But in the end nothing, not even the
support of many white settlers, could
keep the Maoris from losing more land.
Waitangi Day is a national holiday in
New Zealand. Many Maoris refuse to
celebrate it, and few people wonder
why.
Exploring the issues
1. Explaining What does the sentence
1.
“An agreement is only as strong as the
will to enforce it” mean?
2. Making Inferences Why might it have
2.
been hard for Great Britain’s government
to live up to its side of the agreement?
C LO S I N G T H E G A P
ow do you fix a problem that
began some 200 years ago?
New Zealanders have three
answers. They hope to keep the Maori
culture alive. They want Maoris to have
the skills they need to succeed. And
they want to pay the iwi, or tribes, for
land their ancestors lost to the British
colonists.
Maoritanga, the Maori way of life, is
in trouble. Few people speak the Maori
language. To help more people learn it,
schools have begun to teach it. They
also teach Maori traditions, along with
Maori arts and crafts, music, and
dance. Maoris now have an “all-Maori”
TV channel too.
Prescription for Success
Equipping Maoris to succeed is
another challenge. The government
calls its solution “closing the gap”—in
skills, wages, housing, and health care.
Maoris are being encouraged to stay in
school longer, so that they can find and
keep good jobs.
The land issue is difficult. The government can’t return land to the Maoris
that it doesn’t own without hurting the
people who live on it now. The Maoris
will be paid for lost land and other lost
“treasures,” such as fishing rights.
By 2001, the Waitangi Tribunal had
awarded several iwi a total of $300 million. The tribunal, or claims court,
won’t finish its work until around 2012.
“The process [of sorting through
Maori claims] is about more than
money,” one panel member said. “It is
REUTERSNEWMEDIAINC/CORBIS
Closing the Gap
▲
ThisisNewZealand’sPrimeMinister
HelenClarkin2001.NewZealandwas
thefirstlandtoletallwomenvote.
about renewing a relationship that was
intended to be based on trust.”
That was the spirit of the Treaty of
Waitangi. This time, New Zealanders
are determined to make it work.
Exploring the Issue
1. Explaining Whatdoesthetitleofthis
articlemean?Whereisthegap,and
whydoyouthinkitexists?
2. Drawing Conclusions Whymight
someMaorisbeunhappywiththe
WaitangiTribunal’sdecisions?
749
Perspectives
Bridging the Gaps at Home:
What Can One Person Do?
PAUL A. SOUDERS/CORBIS
gataua Omahuru, the Maori
who was raised in the Pakeha
world, did a lot to help his people. He was successful in part because
he knew both worlds well.
Americans are fortunate to live in
a country that has many cultures. But
▲ Auckland, with 400,000 people,
is New Zealand’s largest city.
how many of us take the time to really
understand another culture? If we did,
we could help bridge the gaps that
often keep Americans apart.
Here’s one way to start. First, choose
an immigrant group that you would like
to learn more about. You’ll have a lot of
choices, because all Americans have
immigrant roots. And that includes
Native Americans, whose ancestors
came from Asia thousands of years ago.
Detective Work
Second, get together with a couple of
your classmates who share your interest
750
in this group. As a team, find out all you
can about it. One person could research
when members of the group came to
the United States in large numbers.
Another team member could look into
whether a particular event prompted
them to leave their homeland at that
time. Here are more questions for your
team to consider: How did Americans
view the newcomers? How have those
views changed? How do members of
this group see themselves today—as
members of an ethnic group, as
Americans, or as both? How has this
group changed the way Americans
define themselves?
Share your findings with the rest of
the class. Write an article that summarizes your findings for a school newspaper or a Web page. Create a poster
that depicts what you learned about
this immigrant group. Display the
poster at your school or local library.
By doing so, you will help others
appreciate the glittering mosaic of
American life.
Exploring the Issue
1. Making Generalizations In 2001,
one of every 10 Americans had been
born in another country. Why do you
think the United States looks attractive
to people from other countries?
2. Cause and Effect Write a new title
for this TIME Reports feature. Share it
with your classmates. Explain why you
think your title fits the story.
REVIEW AND ASSESS
UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE
1. Defining Key
Terms Write definitions for the following
terms: Maori, Pakeha,
ethnocentric, Aborigine,
sacred, rights, Treaty of
Waitangi, Waitangi Day, iwi,
Maoritanga.
2. Writing to Inform Write a
short article describing the
history of the Treaty of
Waitangi. Use at least five
of the terms listed above.
3. Writing to Persuade Why is
it important to respect other
cultures? Write a short article
to support your view, using the
experiences of New Zealand
and Australia as examples.
INTERNET RESEARCH ACTIVITY
4. With your teacher’s help, use
Internet resources to learn more
about New Zealand. Read
about the history of the Maori
language. Read about the Maori
Language Commission, and
what it does. How important is
language to a culture’s survival?
Write a short essay answering
that question, using facts you
find in your search.
5. With your teacher’s help, use
Internet resources to find information on Maori food. Try to
find specific sites that list Maori
recipes in particular. Browse
through the traditional recipes.
Then write a 250-word article
explaining how those recipes
provide clues to where the
Maoris live, how they cook,
and what foods their greatgrandparents ate.
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
6. Compare the map on
page 746 with the physical/
political map of New Zealand
on page 742. What does the
physical/political map tell
you about the land the
iwi occupied? In a short
essay, describe in general
The Making of a Multicultural Society
Australia has become one of
the world’s most successful
multicultural democracies.
BETTINA A.
STAMMEN
C LO S I N G T H E G A P
Total Number
250,000
of Immigrants
Where immigrants to Australia came
New Zealand,
Other Pacific
Islands
A banana leaf serves as a plate
for traditional Maori food.
terms what one iwi’s traditional
land may have looked like.
7. Visit your school or local
library to find books on the
Maoris or Aborigines. (A good
but long one is Peter Walker’s
The Fox Boy, which tells
Ngataua Omahuru’s story.)
Prepare an oral book
report to deliver in
class. Make sure to
note the author’s
point of view.
BUILDING graph
reading skills
200,000
1. Analyzing the Data In 2002 there
150,000
were about 89,000 immigrants.
Which two places did most
immigrants come from?
from, 1947–2002
Asia
▲
2. Making Inferences What might
100,000
Americas
Europe
Outside the
UK and Ireland
make people want to leave
their homelands and settle
in Australia?
50,000
United
Kingdom and
Ireland
162
19
67
-6
8
19
73
-7
4
19
79
-8
0
19
85
-8
6
19
91
-9
2
19
97
20 -98
01
-0
2
19
6
-5
19
19
49
55
-
0
56
0
Source:
Australian
Bureau
of Statistics
FOR UPDATES
UPDATES ON
ON
FOR
WORLD ISSUES
ISSUES GO
GO TO
TO
WORLD
www.timeclassroom.com/glencoe
751
Outlining
Outlining may be used as a starting
point for writing. The writer begins with the
rough shape of the material and gradually fills
in the details in a logical manner. You may
also use outlining as a method of note taking
and organizing information as you read.
Learning the Skill
There are two types of outlines—formal
and informal. An informal outline is similar to
taking notes—you write words and phrases
needed to remember main ideas. In contrast,
a formal outline has a standard format. Follow
these steps to formally outline information:
• Read the text to identify the main ideas.
Label these with Roman numerals.
• Write subtopics under each main idea.
Label these with capital letters.
• Write supporting details for each subtopic.
Label these with Arabic numerals.
• Each level should have at least two entries
that are indented from the level above.
• All entries should use the same grammatical form, whether they are phrases or
complete sentences.
Practicing the Skill
On a separate sheet of paper, copy the
following outline for Section 2 of this chapter. Then use your textbook to fill in the
missing subtopics and details.
I.
New Zealand’s
Land
A. North Island
1. Central plate
au surrounded
by fertile lowlan
2. Active volca
ds
noes and geyser
s
B. ____________
___________
1. Southern Al
ps on western co
ast
2. ____________
______________
C.Plants and An
imals
1. ____________
______________
2. ____________
______________
II. New Zealand
’s Economy
A. Agriculture
1. ____________
______________
__
2. ____________
______________
__
B. Trading Partn
ers
1. ____________
______________
____
2. ____________
______________
___
3. ____________
______________
__
4. ____________
______________
__
C. ____________
______________
______
1. ____________
______________
______
2. Wood produ
cts, fertilizer, wo
III. New Zealand
ol products, and
’s History and Pe
shoes
ople
A. ____________
______________
__________
B. ____________
______________
__________
m A huge sheep herd pours down a ravine
on New Zealand’s North Island.
Applying the Skill
Following the guidelines above, prepare
an outline for Section 1 of this chapter.
Practice key skills with Glencoe
Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook, Level 1.
752
CHAPTER 26
pter
a
Ch
Reading
Review
26
Section
Section 1
Australia—Land Down Under
Terms to Know
Main Idea
coral reef
outback
station
marsupial
boomerang
bush
Both a continent and a country, Australia has many natural resources
but relatively few people.
✓Place Dry plateaus and lowland plains spread across most of Australia.
✓History Because Australia has been separated from other continents for millions of years, unusual plants and animals developed here.
✓Economics Most of Australia’s wealth comes from minerals and the products
of its ranches. It is the world’s leading producer and exporter of wool.
✓Culture Australia has relatively few people, most of whom live along the coasts.
Australian ranchers
in the outback
#
Section
Section 2
New Zealand
Terms to Know
Main Idea
geyser
manuka
fjord
geothermal energy
hydroelectric power
New Zealand is a small country with a growing economy based on trade.
✓Place New Zealand has volcanic mountains, high glaciers, deep-cut fjords, fertile hills, and coastal plains. The climate is mild and wet.
✓Economics New Zealand’s economy is built on trade. Sheepherding is an
important activity, and wool and lamb meat are major exports.
✓History The people called the Maoris first came to New Zealand about
1,000 years ago.
✓Culture Most people live on North Island, where the country’s two main
cities can be found.
✓History New Zealand was the first land to allow women to vote.
Australia and New Zealand
753
Assessment
26 and Activities
pter
a
Ch
Using Key Terms
Reviewing the Main Ideas
Match the terms in Part A with their
definitions in Part B.
Section 1 Australia—Land Down Under
11. Location Why is Australia called the
“Land Down Under”?
12. Place For what is the outback used?
13. Economics What does Australia lead the
world in producing and exporting?
14. History What country colonized
Australia?
15. Culture What percentage of people live
in Australia’s cities?
16. Location Why was Canberra located
inland?
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6. manuka
7. marsupial
8. hydroelectric
power
9. coral reef
10. geyser
boomerang
bush
station
geothermal
energy
5. outback
B.
a. electricity produced from steam
b. flat, bent, wooden weapon that stuns prey
or returns to the thrower
c. mammal that carries its young in a pouch
d. hot spring that shoots hot water into the air
e. rural area in Australia
f. structure formed by the skeletons of small
sea animals
g. name for entire inland region of Australia
h. cattle or sheep ranch in Australia
i. electricity generated by flowing water
j. small shrub found in New Zealand
Section 2 New Zealand
17. Location On which island do most New
Zealanders live?
18. History When did New Zealand gain its
independence from Britain?
19. Economics What are two sources of electric power in New Zealand?
20. Culture How many New Zealanders have
Maori heritage?
21. Human/Environment Interaction What
leisure activities do New Zealanders enjoy
that are made possible by the country’s
climate?
Australia and New Zealand
Place Location Activity
N
W
On a separate sheet of paper, match the letters
on the map with the numbered places listed
below.
1. Auckland
6. Southern Alps
2. Sydney
7. Great Artesian Basin
3. Tasmania
8. Wellington
4. Great Barrier Reef
9. Canberra
5. Great Dividing Range
G
D
F
J
C
E
10. Melbourne
B
A
0 mi.
1,000
0 km
1,000
Miller Cylindrical projection
754
E
S
I
H
Socia l Stu die s
Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and Its
People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and
click on Chapter 26—Self-Check Quizzes
to prepare for the Chapter Test.
Comparing Regions Activity
24. Geography Choose one of the physical
features found in Australia or New Zealand.
You might choose the Great Barrier Reef
or the geysers or glaciers of New Zealand.
Then choose a physical feature in the
United States, such as Death Valley or the
Grand Canyon. Create a poster that includes
a map, photographs, and facts about each
feature. What conclusions can you draw
about similarities or differences between
the two features?
Mental Mapping Activity
25. Focusing on the Region Create a simple
outline map of Australia and New Zealand,
and then label the following:
•
•
•
•
North Island
South Island
Auckland
Tasman Sea
•
•
•
•
Wellington
Darling River
Great Artesian Basin
Cook Strait
Technology Skills Activity
Millions of pounds per year
New
Zealand
1,800
817
1,500
681
1,200
545
900
409
600
273
300
136
Millions of kilograms per year
22. Understanding Cause and Effect Why do
most Australians and New Zealanders live in
coastal areas?
23. Organizing Information Create two ovals
like these. In the outer ovals, write four facts
about each country under its heading. Where
the ovals overlap, write three facts that are
true of both countries.
H
Directions: Study the graph below, and then
answer the question that follows.
Leading Wool-Producing Countries
Critical Thinking
Australia
Standardized Test Practice
0
Australia
China
New Zealand
Uruguay
Russia
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1. How much wool does Australia produce
per year?
A 1,800 pounds
B 1,800,000 pounds
C about 1,700 pounds
D about 1,700,000,000 pounds
Test-Taking Tip: Remember to read the
information along the sides of the graph to
understand what the bars represent. In
addition, eliminate answers that you know
are wrong.
26. Using the Internet Use the Internet to find
out more about one of Australia’s or New
Zealand’s cities. Prepare a travel brochure
for a tourist who might visit the city.
Describe the city’s main attractions.
755