Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Practice
Problems
1. A lamp is moved from 30 cm to 90 cm above the pages of a book. Compare the illumination on the
book before and after the lamp is moved.
3. A 64-cd point source of light is 3.0 m away from a painting. What is the illumination on the painting in
lux?
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: 4. A screen is placed between two lamps so that they
illuminate the screen equally, as shown in
Figure 9.The first lamp emits a luminous flux of
1445 lm and is 2.5 m from the screen. What is the distance of the second lamp from the screen if the
luminous flux is 2375 lm?
2. Draw a graph of the illuminance produced by a lamp
with a luminous flux of 2275 lm at distances from 0.50 m to 5.0 m.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: 3. A 64-cd point source of light is 3.0 m away from a painting. What is the illumination on the painting in
lux?
5. What is the illumination on a surface that is 3.0 m below a 150-W incandescent lamp that emits a
luminous flux of 2275 lm?
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6. A public school law requires a minimum illuminance
of 160 lx at the surface of each student’s desk. An
Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
5. What is the illumination on a surface that is 3.0 m below a 150-W incandescent lamp that emits a
luminous flux of 2275 lm?
SOLUTION: 6. A public school law requires a minimum illuminance
of 160 lx at the surface of each student’s desk. An
architect’s specifications call for classroom lights to
be located 2.0 m above the desks. What is the minimum luminous flux that the lights must produce?
SOLUTION: 7. Challenge Your local public library is planning to
remodel the computer lab. The contractors have
purchased fluorescent lamps with a rated luminous
flux of 1750 lm. The desired illumination on the keyboard surfaces is 175 lx. Assume a single lamp illuminates each keyboard. What distance above the
surface should the lights be placed to achieve the
desired illumination? If the contractors had also
already purchased fixtures to hold the lights that
when installed would be 1.5 m above the keyboard surface, would the desired illuminance be achieved?
If not, would the illuminance be greater or less than
desired? What change in the lamp’s luminous flux
would be required to achieve the desired illuminance?
SOLUTION: Where should the lights be hung?
7. Challenge Your local public library is planning to
remodel the computer lab. The contractors have
purchased fluorescent lamps with a rated luminous
flux of 1750 lm. The desired illumination on the keyboard surfaces is 175 lx. Assume a single lamp illuminates each keyboard. What distance above the
surface should the lights be placed to achieve the
desired illumination? If the contractors had also
already purchased fixtures to hold the lights that
when installed would be 1.5 m above the keyboard surface, would the desired illuminance be achieved?
If not, would the illuminance be greater or less than
desired? What change in the lamp’s luminous flux
would be required to achieve the desired illuminance?
= 0.892 m above the keyboard
If hung at 1.5 m, the illuminance
would be
= 62 lx, which is far too dim.
To get 175 lx from 1.5 m, you need
SOLUTION: Where should the lights be hung?
= 5.0×103 -lm bulbs.
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Section 1 Illumination: Review
Page 2
8. MAIN IDEA What evidence have you observed
= 5.0×103 -lm bulbs.
Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Review
8. MAIN IDEA What evidence have you observed
that light travels in a straight line?
SOLUTION: Possible answers may include sunlight through
a window made visible by dust particles and the
fact that your body blocks light, creating a
shadow.
2
2
E1 = P / (4πr1 ) and E2 = 2P / [4π(2r1) ], so E2 =
(1/2)E1.
11. Luminous Intensity Two lamps illuminate a screen
equally from distances shown in Figure 12. If
lamp A is rated 75 cd, what is lamp B rated?
SOLUTION: 9. Use of Material Light Properties Why might you
choose a window shade that is translucent? Opaque?
SOLUTION: You would use a translucent window shade to
keep people from looking in or out, while still
allowing daylight in. You would use an opaque
window shade to keep the daylight out.
10. Illuminance Does one lightbulb provide more or
less illuminance than two identical lightbulbs at twice
the distance? Explain.
SOLUTION: One lightbulb provides an illuminance that is
twice as large as two of the lightbulbs at twice
the distance, because 2
2
E1 = P / (4πr1 ) and E2 = 2P / [4π(2r1) ], so E2 =
12. Distance of a Light Source A lightbulb illuminating
your computer keyboard provides only half the
illuminance that it should. If it is currently 1.0 m away, how far should it be to provide the correct
illuminance?
SOLUTION: (1/2)E1.
11. Luminous Intensity Two lamps illuminate a screen
equally from distances shown in Figure 12. If
lamp A is rated 75 cd, what is lamp B rated?
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13. Distance of Light Travel How far does light travel
in the time it takes sound to travel 1 cm in air at 20°
C?
SOLUTION: Page 3
Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
13. Distance of Light Travel How far does light travel
in the time it takes sound to travel 1 cm in air at 20°
C?
SOLUTION: 15. Critical Thinking Use the correct time taken for
light to cross Earth’s orbit, 16.5 min, and the diameter
11 of Earth’s orbit, 2.98×10 m, to calculate the speed
of light using Roemer’s method. Does this method
appear to be accurate? Why or why not?
SOLUTION: This method appears to be accurate because it
results in a value close to the accepted value of
8
the speed of light (3.00×10 m/s).
Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:
Practice Problems
14. Distance of Light Travel The distance to the
Moon can be found with the help of mirrors left on
the Moon by astronauts. A pulse of light is sent to the
Moon and returns to Earth in 2.562 s. Using the measured value of the speed of light to the same
precision, calculate the distance from Earth to the
Moon.
16. Oxygen can be made to produce light with a
wavelength of 513 nm. What is the frequency of this light?
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: 15. Critical Thinking Use the correct time taken for
light to cross Earth’s orbit, 16.5 min, and the diameter
11 of Earth’s orbit, 2.98×10 m, to calculate the speed
of light using Roemer’s method. Does this method
appear to be accurate? Why or why not?
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This method appears to be accurate because it
results in a value close to the accepted value of
17. A hydrogen atom in a galaxy moving with a speed of
6 6.55×10 m/s away from Earth emits light with a
14 frequency of 6.16×10 Hz. What frequency of light
from that hydrogen atom would be observed by an
astronomer on Earth?
SOLUTION: The relative speed along the axis is much less
than the speed of light. Thus, you can use the
observed light frequency equation. Because the
astronomer and the galaxy are moving away
from each other, use the negative form of the
observed light frequency equation.
Page 4
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
17. A hydrogen atom in a galaxy moving with a speed of
6 6.55×10 m/s away from Earth emits light with a
14 frequency of 6.16×10 Hz. What frequency of light
from that hydrogen atom would be observed by an
astronomer on Earth?
SOLUTION: The relative speed along the axis is much less
than the speed of light. Thus, you can use the
observed light frequency equation. Because the
astronomer and the galaxy are moving away
from each other, use the negative form of the
observed light frequency equation.
19. Challenge An astronomer is looking at the
spectrum of a galaxy and finds that it has an oxygen
spectral line of 525 nm, while the laboratory value is measured at 513 nm. Calculate how fast the galaxy would be moving relative to Earth. Explain whether
the galaxy is moving toward or away from Earth and
how you know.
SOLUTION: 18. A hydrogen atom in a galaxy moving with a speed of
6 6.55×10 m/s away from Earth emits light with a
wavelength of 486 nm. What wavelength would be observed on Earth from that hydrogen atom?
SOLUTION: The relative speed along the axis is much less
than the speed of light. Thus, you can use the
observed Doppler shift equation. Because the
astronomer and the galaxy are moving away
from each other, use the positive form of the
Doppler shift equation.
19. Challenge An astronomer is looking at the
spectrum of a galaxy and finds that it has an oxygen
spectral line of 525 nm, while the laboratory value is eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
measured at 513 nm. Calculate how fast the galaxy would be moving relative to Earth. Explain whether
the galaxy is moving toward or away from Earth and
Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:
Review
20. MAIN IDEA Describe the relative motions of
objects when light is redshifted and when light is
blueshifted. Answer using the term Doppler effect.
SOLUTION: Red-shifted light is shifted to longer
wavelengths. When a light source and an
observer are moving away from each other, the
observed light is red-shifted. Blue-shifted light
is shifted to shorter wavelengths. When a light
source and an observer are moving toward each
other, the observed light is blue-shifted. This
shift in the apparent wavelength is called the
Doppler effect.
Page 5
21. Addition of Light Colors What color of light must
be combined with blue light to obtain white light?
Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:
Review
20. MAIN IDEA Describe the relative motions of
objects when light is redshifted and when light is
blueshifted. Answer using the term Doppler effect.
SOLUTION: Red-shifted light is shifted to longer
wavelengths. When a light source and an
observer are moving away from each other, the
observed light is red-shifted. Blue-shifted light
is shifted to shorter wavelengths. When a light
source and an observer are moving toward each
other, the observed light is blue-shifted. This
shift in the apparent wavelength is called the
Doppler effect.
21. Addition of Light Colors What color of light must
be combined with blue light to obtain white light?
SOLUTION: yellow (a mixture of the other two primaries,
red and green)
22. Light and Pigment Interaction What color will a
yellow banana appear to be when illuminated by each
of the following?
a. white light
b. green and red light
c. blue light
SOLUTION: a. yellow
b. yellow
c. black
23. What are the secondary pigment colors and why do
they give objects the appearance of those colors?
SOLUTION: The secondary pigment colors are red, green,
and blue. Objects appear these colors because
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the pigments
theybycontain
of light while absorbing others. For example,
red pigments absorb green and blue light, so
b. yellow
c. black
23. What are the secondary pigment colors and why do
they give objects the appearance of those colors?
SOLUTION: The secondary pigment colors are red, green,
and blue. Objects appear these colors because
the pigments they contain reflect those colors
of light while absorbing others. For example,
red pigments absorb green and blue light, so
only red is reflected.
24. Combination of Pigments What primary pigment
colors must be mixed to produce red? Explain your
answer in terms of color subtraction for pigment
colors.
SOLUTION: Yellow and magenta pigments are used to
produce red. Yellow pigment subtracts blue and
magenta pigment subtracts green, neither
subtracts red so the mixture would reflect red.
25. Polarization Describe a simple experiment you
could do to determine whether sunglasses in a store
are polarizing.
SOLUTION: See if the glasses reduce glare from reflective
surfaces, such as windows or roadways.
26. Polarizing Sunglasses Use Figure 24 to
determine the direction the polarizing axis of
polarizing sunglasses should be oriented to reduce
glare from the surface of a road: vertically or
horizontally? Explain.
SOLUTION: The polarizing axis should be oriented
vertically, since the light reflecting off the road
will be partially polarized in the horizontal
direction. A vertical polarizing axis will filter
Page 6
horizontal waves.
SOLUTION: See if the glasses reduce glare from reflective
Chapter
16 Practice
and Assessment
surfaces,
such as Problems,
windows orReview,
roadways.
26. Polarizing Sunglasses Use Figure 24 to
determine the direction the polarizing axis of
polarizing sunglasses should be oriented to reduce
glare from the surface of a road: vertically or
horizontally? Explain.
SOLUTION: The polarizing axis should be oriented
vertically, since the light reflecting off the road
will be partially polarized in the horizontal
direction. A vertical polarizing axis will filter
horizontal waves.
27. The speed of red light is slower in air and water than
in a vacuum. The frequency, however, does not
change when red light enters water. Does the
wavelength change? If so, how?
SOLUTION: 28. Critical Thinking Astronomers have determined
that our galaxy, the Milky Way, is moving toward
Andromeda, a neighboring galaxy. Explain how they
determined this. Can you think of a possible reason
why the Milky Way is moving toward Andromeda?
SOLUTION: The spectral lines of the emissions of known
atoms are blue-shifted in the light we see
coming from Andromeda. We would be moving
toward Andromeda due to gravitational
attraction. This gravitational attraction could be
due to the mass of the Milky Way or other
objects located near the Milky Way.
Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Mastering
Concepts
29. What are some useful applications of measuring
light?
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toward Andromeda due to gravitational
attraction. This gravitational attraction could be
due to the mass of the Milky Way or other
objects located near the Milky Way.
Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Mastering
Concepts
29. What are some useful applications of measuring
light?
SOLUTION: Answers may include: desired brightness in
buildings and parks can be achieved and
distances can be calculated by using light’s
travel time.
30. Distinguish between a luminous source and an
illuminated object.
SOLUTION: A luminous source emits light. An illuminated
object is one on which light falls and is
reflected.
31. Look carefully at an ordinary, frosted, incandescent
bulb. Is it a luminous source or an illuminated object?
SOLUTION: It is mainly illuminated. The filament is
luminous; the frosted glass is illuminated. You
barely can see the hot filament through the
frosted glass.
32. Explain how you can see ordinary, nonluminous
classroom objects.
SOLUTION: Ordinary nonluminous objects are illuminated
by reflected light, allowing them to be seen.
33. Distinguish among transparent, translucent, and
opaque objects.
SOLUTION: A transparent object is a material through
which light can pass without distortion. A
translucent object allows light to pass but
distorts the light to the point where imagesPage
are 7
not discernable. An opaque object does not
allow light to pass through.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: Ordinary nonluminous objects are illuminated
Chapter
16 Practice
Review,
and
Assessment
by reflected
light,Problems,
allowing them
to be
seen.
33. Distinguish among transparent, translucent, and
opaque objects.
37. Light takes 1.28 s to travel from the Moon to Earth. What is the distance between them? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: A transparent object is a material through
which light can pass without distortion. A
translucent object allows light to pass but
distorts the light to the point where images are
not discernable. An opaque object does not
allow light to pass through.
34. What is the illumination of a surface by a light source
directly proportional to? What is it inversely
proportional to?
38. A three-way bulb uses 50, 100, or 150 W of electric power to deliver 665, 1620, or 2285 lm in its three settings. The bulb is placed 80 cm above a sheet of paper. If an illumination of at least 175 lx is needed on the paper, what is the minimum setting that should
be used? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: The illumination on a surface is directly
proportional to the intensity of the source and
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance of the surface from the source.
35. What was Ole Roemer the first to measure regarding
the propagation of light?
SOLUTION: Roemer was the first to measure the time that
it took for light to travel between two points.
Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Illumination: Mastering
Problems
36. Find the illumination 4.0 m below a 405-lm lamp.
(Level 1)
SOLUTION: 39. Earth’s Speed Ole Roemer found that the average
increased delay in the disappearance of Io from one
orbit around Jupiter to the next is 13 s. (Level 2)
a. How far does light travel in 13 s?
b. Each orbit of Io takes 42.5 h. Earth travels the distance calculated in part a in 42.5 h. Find the speed
of Earth in km/s.
c. Check to make sure your answer for part b is
reasonable. Calculate Earth’s speed in orbit using its
8 orbital radius, 1.5×10 km, and the period,1.0 y.
SOLUTION: a. 3.9×109 m
b. 37. Light takes 1.28 s to travel from the Moon to Earth. What is the distance between them? (Level 1)
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c. Page 8
Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
39. Earth’s Speed Ole Roemer found that the average
increased delay in the disappearance of Io from one
orbit around Jupiter to the next is 13 s. (Level 2)
a. How far does light travel in 13 s?
b. Each orbit of Io takes 42.5 h. Earth travels the distance calculated in part a in 42.5 h. Find the speed
of Earth in km/s.
c. Check to make sure your answer for part b is
reasonable. Calculate Earth’s speed in orbit using its
40. A student wants to compare the luminous flux of a
lightbulb with that of a 1750-lm lamp. The lightbulb
and the lamp illuminate a sheet of paper equally. The
1750-lm lamp is 1.25 m away from the sheet of paper; the lightbulb is 1.08 m away. What is the lightbulb’s luminous flux? (Level 3)
SOLUTION: 8 orbital radius, 1.5×10 km, and the period,1.0 y.
SOLUTION: a. 3.9×109 m
b. c. 41. Reverse Problem Write a physics problem with
real-life objects for which the following equation
would be part of the solution: 2
95 lx = 1100 lm / (4πr ). (Level 3)
40. A student wants to compare the luminous flux of a
lightbulb with that of a 1750-lm lamp. The lightbulb
and the lamp illuminate a sheet of paper equally. The
1750-lm lamp is 1.25 m away from the sheet of paper; the lightbulb is 1.08 m away. What is the lightbulb’s luminous flux? (Level 3)
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SOLUTION: Possible answer: How far from a 1100 lm lightbulb should you place a screen so that it
has an illuminance of 96 lx?
42. Suppose you try to measure the speed of light by
putting a mirror on a distant mountain, setting off a
camera flash, and measuring the time it takes the
flash to reflect off the mirror and return to you, as
shown in Figure 25. Without instruments, a person
can detect a time interval of about 0.10 s. How many
kilometers away would the mirror have to be?
Compare this distance to some known distances.
(Level 3)
Page 9
SOLUTION: Possible answer: How far from a 1100 lm lightbulb should you place a screen so that it
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
has an illuminance of 96 lx?
42. Suppose you try to measure the speed of light by
putting a mirror on a distant mountain, setting off a
camera flash, and measuring the time it takes the
flash to reflect off the mirror and return to you, as
shown in Figure 25. Without instruments, a person
can detect a time interval of about 0.10 s. How many
kilometers away would the mirror have to be?
Compare this distance to some known distances.
(Level 3)
obstacles approximately the same size as the
wavelength of the wave. We are more
accustomed to obstacles of the size that diffract
the much larger wavelengths of sound.
44. BIG IDEA What color of light has the shortest
wavelength?
SOLUTION: Violet light has the shortest wavelength.
45. Ranking Task Rank the following colors of light
according to frequency, from least to greatest: blue,
green, red, violet, yellow. Specifically indicate any
ties.
SOLUTION: red, yellow, green, blue, violet
SOLUTION: 46. What is the range of the wavelengths of visible light,
from shortest to longest?
SOLUTION: 400 nm to 700 nm
Chapter Assessment
Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:
Mastering Concepts
43. Why is the diffraction of sound waves more familiar
in everyday experience than is the diffraction of light
waves?
SOLUTION: Diffraction is most pronounced around
obstacles approximately the same size as the
wavelength of the wave. We are more
accustomed to obstacles of the size that diffract
the much larger wavelengths of sound.
44. BIG IDEA What color of light has the shortest
wavelength?
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SOLUTION: Violet light has the shortest wavelength.
47. Ranking Task Rank the following colors of light
according to how much they will diffract around the
edge of a piece of paper, from bending the most to
bending the least: blue, green, red, violet, yellow.
Specifically indicate any ties. Hint: Longer
wavelengths diffract more.
SOLUTION: Longer wavelengths will bend the most and so
the order from bending the most to bending the
least is
Red > Yellow > Green > Blue > Violet.
48. Of what colors does white light consist?
SOLUTION: White light is a combination of all the colors, or
at least the primary colors.
49. Can longitudinal waves be polarized? Explain.
SOLUTION: No. They have no vertical or horizontal
components.
50. If a distant galaxy were to emit light in the green
Page 10
region of the light spectrum, would the observed
wavelength on Earth shift toward red light or toward
SOLUTION: No. They have no vertical or horizontal
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
components.
50. If a distant galaxy were to emit light in the green
region of the light spectrum, would the observed
wavelength on Earth shift toward red light or toward
blue light? Explain.
52. Galactic Motion How fast is a galaxy moving
relative to Earth if light from hydrogen’s spectrum of
486 nm is red-shifted to 491 nm? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: Because the galaxy is distant, it is most likely
moving away from Earth. The wavelength
actually would shift away from the wavelength of
green light toward a longer red wavelength. If it
shifted toward the blue wavelength, the
wavelength would be shorter, not longer. This
would indicate the galaxy is getting closer to
Earth, and no galaxy outside the Local Group
has been discovered moving toward us.
Chapter Assessment
Section 2 The Wave Nature of Light:
Mastering Problems
51. Convert 700 nm, the wavelength of red light, to meters. (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 53. Suppose you are facing due east at sunrise. Sunlight
is reflected off the surface of a lake, as shown in
Figure 26. Is the reflected light polarized? If so, in
what direction? (Level 1)
52. Galactic Motion How fast is a galaxy moving
relative to Earth if light from hydrogen’s spectrum of
486 nm is red-shifted to 491 nm? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: The reflected light is partially polarized in the
direction parallel to the surface of the lake and
perpendicular to the path of travel of the light
from the lake to your eyes.
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54. Galactic Motion Light from hydrogen that is
known to be 434 nm is red-shifted by 6.50 percent in light coming from a distant galaxy. How fast is the
galaxy moving away from Earth? (Level 2)
Page 11
SOLUTION: The reflected light is partially polarized in the
direction parallel to the surface of the lake and
perpendicular to the path of travel of the light
from16
the
lake to Problems,
your eyes. Review, and Assessment
Chapter
Practice
54. Galactic Motion Light from hydrogen that is
known to be 434 nm is red-shifted by 6.50 percent in light coming from a distant galaxy. How fast is the
galaxy moving away from Earth? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: Possible answer: “… and is mounted on a
spaceship moving away from Earth at 30% the
speed of light. What wavelength would an
observer on Earth measure for the laser?” 56. Give an example of an unrealistic Doppler shift in
terms of wavelength for light from a galaxy moving
away from Earth. Why is it unreasonable? (Level 3)
SOLUTION: An unrealistic value would make the galaxy
seem to be moving away from us at a speed
close to or greater than the speed of light, v ≈ c.
If this were the case, use of the low-speed
Doppler shift equation would give a wavelength
difference of
When solved,
this would give an apparent wavelength of
It would be twice as large as the
actual wavelength. So any apparent wavelength
close to or greater than twice the actual
wavelength would be unrealistic.
Chapter Assessment: Applying
Concepts
57. A point source of light is 2.0 m from screen A and 4.0 m from screen B, as shown in Figure 27. How
does the illuminance at screen B compare with the illuminance at screen A?
55. Problem Posing Complete this problem so that it
must be solved using the speed of light: “A laser
produces light of wavelength 655 nm…” (Level 2)
SOLUTION: Possible answer: “… and is mounted on a
spaceship moving away from Earth at 30% the
speed of light. What wavelength would an
observer on Earth measure for the laser?” 56. Give an example of an unrealistic Doppler shift in
terms of wavelength for light from a galaxy moving
away from Earth. Why is it unreasonable? (Level 3)
SOLUTION: An unrealistic value would make the galaxy
seem to be moving away from us at a speed
close to or greater than the speed of light, v ≈ c.
If this were the case, use of the low-speed
Doppler shift equation would give a wavelength
difference of
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When solved,
this would give an apparent wavelength of
It would be twice as large as the
SOLUTION: Illumination
The illumination at screen
B will be one-fourth that at screen A because it
is twice as far from the source.
58. Why are the insides of binoculars and cameras
painted black?
SOLUTION: The insides are painted black because black
does not reflect any light, and thus there is no
interference while observing or photographing
objects.
Page 12
59. Reading Lamp You have a small reading lamp that
is 35 cm from the pages of a book. You decide to Illumination
The illumination at screen
B will be one-fourth that at screen A because it
is twice as far from the source.
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
58. Why are the insides of binoculars and cameras
painted black?
and yellow light. Dark blue police cars would
not be very visible. If a community wants its
police cars to be visible, they should buy yellow
cars.
Refer to Figure 28 for problems 62 and 63.
SOLUTION: The insides are painted black because black
does not reflect any light, and thus there is no
interference while observing or photographing
objects.
59. Reading Lamp You have a small reading lamp that
is 35 cm from the pages of a book. You decide to double the distance.
a. Is the illuminance at the book the same?
b. If not, how much more or less is it?
SOLUTION: a. No.
b. Distance is doubled, so the illumination of the
page is one-fourth as great.
60. Eye Sensitivity The eye is most sensitive to
yellow-green light. Its sensitivity to red and blue light
is less than 10 percent as great. Based on this knowledge, what color would you recommend that
fire trucks and ambulances be painted? Why?
SOLUTION: Fire trucks should be painted yellow-green, 550
nm, because less light has to be reflected to the
eye for the fire truck to be seen.
61. Streetlight Color Some very efficient streetlights
contain sodium vapor under high pressure. They
produce light that is mainly yellow with some red.
Should a community that has these lights buy dark
blue police cars? Why or why not?
SOLUTION: Blue pigment of a police car will absorb the red
and yellow light. Dark blue police cars would
not be very visible. If a community wants its
police cars to be visible, they should buy yellow
cars.
Refer
to Figure 28
problems
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62 and 63.
62. What, if anything, happens to the illuminance at a
book as the lamp is moved farther away from the
book?
SOLUTION: Illuminance decreases, as described by the
inverse-square law.
63. What, if anything, happens to the luminous intensity
of a lamp as it is moved farther away from a book?
SOLUTION: No change; distance does not affect the
luminous intensity of the lamp.
64. Polarized Pictures Photographers often put
polarizing filters over camera lenses to make clouds
in the sky more visible. The clouds remain white,
while the sky looks darker. Explain this based on
your knowledge of polarized light.
SOLUTION: Light scattered from the atmosphere is
polarized, but light scattered from the clouds is
not. By rotating the filter, the photographer can
reduce the amount of polarized light reaching
the film.
65. An apple is red because it reflects red light and
absorbs blue and green light.
a. Why does red cellophane look red in reflected
light?
b. Why does red cellophane make a white lightbulb
look red when you hold the cellophane between your
eye and the lightbulb?
c. What happens to the blue and green light? Page 13
SOLUTION: polarized, but light scattered from the clouds is
not. By rotating the filter, the photographer can
reduce the amount of polarized light reaching
the film.
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
65. An apple is red because it reflects red light and
absorbs blue and green light.
a. Why does red cellophane look red in reflected
light?
b. Why does red cellophane make a white lightbulb
look red when you hold the cellophane between your
eye and the lightbulb?
c. What happens to the blue and green light?
SOLUTION: a. Red cellophane reflects red light and absorbs
blue and green light.
b. Cellophane transmits red light.
c. Blue and green light are absorbed.
66. If you have yellow, cyan, and magenta pigments,
how can you make a blue pigment? Explain.
SOLUTION: Black; almost no light would get through
because the light transmitted through the first
filter would be absorbed by the second.
69. Traffic Violation Suppose that you are a traffic
officer and you stop a driver for going through a red
light. Further suppose that the driver draws a picture
for you (Figure 29) and explains that the light looked
green because of the Doppler effect when he went
through it. Explain to him using the Doppler shift
equation how fast he would have had to be going for
the red light (λ = 645 nm) to appear green (λ = 545 nm).
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: Mix cyan and magent
67. You put a piece of red cellophane over one flashlight
and a piece of green cellophane over another. You
shine the light beams on a white wall. What color will
you see where the two flashlight beams overlap?
SOLUTION: yellow
68. Put both the red and green cellophane pieces over
one of the flashlights in problem 67. If you shine the flashlight beam on a white wall, what color will you
see? Explain.
Chapter Assessment: Mixed Review
70. Streetlight Illumination A streetlight contains two
identical bulbs that are 3.3 m above the ground. If the
community wants to save electrical energy by
removing one bulb, how far from the ground should
the streetlight be positioned to have the same
illumination on the ground under the lamp? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: Black; almost no light would get through
because the light transmitted through the first
filter would be absorbed by the second.
69. Traffic Violation Suppose that you are a traffic
officer and you stop a driver for going through a red
light. Further suppose that the driver draws a picture
for you (Figure 29) and explains that the light looked
green because of the Doppler effect when he went
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through it. Explain to him using the Doppler shift
equation how fast he would have had to be going for
the red light (λ = 645 nm) to appear green 71. An octave in music is a doubling of frequency.
Compare the number of octaves that correspond to
the human hearing range to the number of octaves in
the human vision range. Hint: There are more Page
than14
seven octaves on a piano.
Chapter
16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
71. An octave in music is a doubling of frequency.
Compare the number of octaves that correspond to
the human hearing range to the number of octaves in
the human vision range. Hint: There are more than
seven octaves on a piano.
SOLUTION: Humans hear over a range of about nine or ten
octaves (20 Hz to 10,240 or 20,480 Hz);
however, human vision is less than one
“octave.”
fraction of a second (5.3 µs). The sound travels
about 340 m/s, which is about one-fifth of the
1.6 km every second, and takes about 4.7 s to travel 1.6 km.
73. Solar Rotation Because the Sun rotates on its axis,
one edge of the Sun moves toward Earth and the
other moves away. The Sun rotates approximately
once every 25 days, and the diameter of the Sun is 9 1.4×10 m. Hydrogen normally emits light of
14 frequency 6.16×10 Hz. What wavelengths of
hydrogen are observed from the receding edge? The
approaching edge? (Level 3)
SOLUTION: 72. Thunder and Lightning Explain why it takes 5 s to
hear thunder when lightning is 1.6 km away. (Level 2)
SOLUTION: The time for light to travel 1.6 km is a small fraction of a second (5.3 µs). The sound travels
about 340 m/s, which is about one-fifth of the
1.6 km every second, and takes about 4.7 s to travel 1.6 km.
73. Solar Rotation Because the Sun rotates on its axis,
one edge of the Sun moves toward Earth and the
other moves away. The Sun rotates approximately
once every 25 days, and the diameter of the Sun is 9 1.4×10 m. Hydrogen normally emits light of
14 frequency 6.16×10 Hz. What wavelengths of
hydrogen are observed from the receding edge? The
approaching edge? (Level 3)
SOLUTION: Chapter Assessment: Thinking
Critically
74. Make and Use Graphs A 110-cd light source is
initially 1.0 m from a screen and then slowly moved away. Determine the illumination on the screen
originally and for every meter of increasing distance
up to 7.0 m. Graph the data.
a. What is the shape of the graph?
b. What is the relationship between illuminance and
distance shown by the graph?
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Page 15
Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
Chapter Assessment: Thinking
Critically
74. Make and Use Graphs A 110-cd light source is
initially 1.0 m from a screen and then slowly moved away. Determine the illumination on the screen
originally and for every meter of increasing distance
up to 7.0 m. Graph the data.
a. What is the shape of the graph?
b. What is the relationship between illuminance and
distance shown by the graph?
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: It was not precise enough. He was not able to
measure the small time intervals involved in a
terrestrial measurement.
Chapter Assessment: Writing in
Physics
76. Write an essay describing the history of human
understanding of the speed of light. Include
significant individuals and the contribution that each
individual made.
SOLUTION: Answers will vary. Much information can be
found in this chapter. Students should put this
information in their own words. Students can
also do further research to add to the
information provided.
77. Look up information on the SI unit candela (cd) and
explain in your own words the standard that is used
to set the value of 1 cd.
a. hyperbola
b. inverse square
75. Research Why did Galileo’s method for measuring
the speed of light not work?
SOLUTION: It was not precise enough. He was not able to
measure the small time intervals involved in a
terrestrial measurement.
Chapter Assessment: Writing in
Physics
76. Write an essay describing the history of human
understanding of the speed of light. Include
significant individuals and the contribution that each
individual made.
SOLUTION: Answers
vary.byMuch
information can be
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Manualwill
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found in this chapter. Students should put this
information in their own words. Students can
SOLUTION: Answers will vary. Begin with the element
thorium. Heat it to the melting point of
platinum. At this temperature, the thorium will
glow. Surround the thorium with an opaque
material that can take the high temperature.
Leave an opening that is one-sixtieth of a
square centimeter in size. The candela is
defined as the amount of steady flow of light
energy that is emitted by the thorium through
the opening under these conditions.
Chapter Assessment: Cumulative
Review
78. A 2.0-kg object is attached to a 1.5-m long string and
swung in a vertical circle at a constant speed of
12 m/s.
a. What is the tension in the string when the object is
at the bottom of its path?
b. What is the tension in the string when the object is
at the top of its path?
SOLUTION: a.
Page 16
square centimeter in size. The candela is
defined as the amount of steady flow of light
energy that is emitted by the thorium through
the opening
under
these conditions.
Chapter
16 Practice
Problems,
Review, and Assessment
Chapter Assessment: Cumulative
Review
78. A 2.0-kg object is attached to a 1.5-m long string and
swung in a vertical circle at a constant speed of
12 m/s.
a. What is the tension in the string when the object is
at the bottom of its path?
b. What is the tension in the string when the object is
at the top of its path?
3 79. A space probe with a mass of 7.600×10 kg is
traveling through space at 125 m/s. Mission control decides that a course correction of 30.0° is needed and instructs the probe to fire rockets perpendicular
to its present direction of motion. If the gas expelled
by the rockets has a speed of 3.200 km/s, what mass
of gas should be released?
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: a.
80. If 250 mL of water in a glass beaker is heated from room temperature to 65°C, what will the final water level be? If the water is then cooled to 5°C, what will
the resulting water level be? (Chapter 13)
SOLUTION: b.
3 79. A space probe with a mass of 7.600×10 kg is
traveling through space at 125 m/s. Mission control decides that a course correction of 30.0° is needed and instructs the probe to fire rockets perpendicular
to its present direction of motion. If the gas expelled
by the rockets has a speed of 3.200 km/s, what mass
of gas should be released?
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81. When a 60.0-cm-long guitar string is plucked in the
middle, it plays a note of frequency 440 Hz. What is the speed of the waves on the string?
SOLUTION: 82. What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a
frequency of 17,000 Hz in water at 25°C?
Page 17
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: Chapter 16 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
82. What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a
frequency of 17,000 Hz in water at 25°C?
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Page 18