Tunnel and shaft solutions
Issue 3
Contents
3
3-pin precast arches
19
Applications
3
Applications
19
Product range
3
Features and benefits
19
Features and benefits
3
Product range
20
Joint and connection details
4
Arch system components
21
Circle joints
4
Box culverts
22
Cross joints
5
Applications
22
6
Features and benefits
22
Caulking grooves and sealing grooves
6
Jacking pipes
23
Grout socket assembly
6
The jacking technique (microtunnelling)
23
Benefits of pipe jacking
24
Segmental tunnel linings
Innovative features
Packings
6
Special rings
6
Technical
24
Tunnel construction methods
6
Safety
24
Segmental and one piece shafts
7
Economic
24
Applications
7
Environmental
24
Features and benefits
8
Steel reinforced concrete pipes (SRCP)
25
Cost savings
8
Benefits of reinforced concrete jacking pipes
25
Safer work environment
8
Fixed steel collar pipes
26
Minimal environmental impact
8
Loose steel collar pipes
31
Innovative design
8
Selection of jacking pipes
32
Vitrified clay pipes
35
Product range
8
Construction methods
9
Features and benefits
35
9
Product range
37
Connection to standard pipes and
access chambers
40
Caisson method
Underpin method
10
Combination of the caisson and
underpin methods
11
Typical ring configuration
12
One piece shafts
12
Segmental shafts
14
Precast solutions
42
Contact information
43
2
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Segmental tunnel linings
Humes’ trapezoidal segments use the latest technology
to deliver a smooth bore, single pass tunnel, which can
withstand the increasing demands of modern tunnel
Features and benefits
• Cost effective installation.
boring machines and poor ground conditions.
-- Non-ferrous self locking, self-aligning connectors
reduce internal bolt recesses.
-- Segments are provided with a fast coarse thread
Applications
plastic grout socket assembly at the centroid for
lifting and grouting.
• Utility tunnels
-- Segments are designed to be machine handled with
• Traffic tunnels (road and rail)
a rotating arm erector.
• Water pipelines
• Three segment types for curved or straight
• Desalination structures
construction. Curved alignments are easily
• Escape tunnels
accommodated by altering the ring orientation (refer
to Figure 6 on page 6).
• Single pass finish for permanent structures.
Product range
• The elimination of cruciform joints.
• The trapezoidal joint arrangement assists with a good
Humes produces segmental linings measuring
ring build and helps maintain the ring shape prior
2 m to 5.3 m (internal) diameter. Other sizes may be
to grouting.
produced on request (refer to Table 1 below).
Table 1 – Segmental tunnel linings details
Internal
diameter
(m)
External
diameter
(m)
Maximum
segment width
(mm)
Minimum
segment width
(mm)
2.07
2.43
1,010
990
2.44
2.80
1,007
2.85
3.21
2.90
Weight per
segment
(kg)
Ring
weight
(tonnes)
Bolts per ring
No. x dia. x length
(mm)
520
3.10
12 x M16 x 295
993
600
3.60
12 x M16 x 355
1,007.5
992.5
700
4.19
12 x M16 x 365
3.26
1,005
995
710
4.27
12 x M16 x 365
3.00
3.35
1,210.5
1,189.5
856
5.13
12 x M16 x 365
3.35
3.71
1,010
1,000
820
4.89
12 x M16 x 400
3.38
3.84
1,083
1,051
1,200
6.80
12 x M20 x 490
3.84
4.24
1,015
985
1,040
6.20
12 x M20 x 410
5.30
5.80
1,522
1,478
2,090
16.67
12 x M20 x 440
Note:
These specifications and details may change, please contact Humes for confirmation.
Humes offer segmental tunnel linings in partnership with Buchan Concrete Solutions Limited (UK).
Tunnel and shaft solutions 3
Joint and connection details
• The system is tolerant of a dirty environment and
allows for the initial misalignment of segments to
compensate for tapered joints and gaskets.
Circle joints
• Highly durable connection with no corrodible parts.
A self-locking plastic connector provides a robust joint
fixing for tunnel linings.
• The rigid dowel action of the coupler re-aligns the
segment and minimises the stepping of joints.
• Self-locking and self-aligning.
The connector is manufactured from a high strength
durable plastic. It combines the advantages of a bolted
connection with the speed, economy and alignment
characteristics of a dowel.
• No circle joint pockets to fill, thus reducing
finishing time.
• Suitable for use with all types of sealing systems,
including Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)
compression gaskets and hydrophilic seals.
The system has been developed in conjunction with
• Does not induce bursting forces in the concrete.
major tunnelling contractors and is suitable for use in
• Fully compatible with elastic compression gasket. The
traditional open face shields or with the latest full face
elastic performance of the connection compliments
tunnel boring machines.
the behaviour of the gasket, which means that it can
be used with a stiff gasket and copes with varying
The self-locking connector offers many benefits:
joint gap.
• The dowels allow a very fast ring erection sequence.
• They are designed to reduce lipping between segments.
Figure 1 – Circle joint detail
Movable plastic
anchors allow segment
to be located when
imperfectly aligned
Shield ram thrust
High strength dowel
giving self alignment and
good shear connection
Threaded screw
connection which
allows a push fit
4
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Figure 2 – Circle joint connector interaction
Water pressure
Gasket compression
Self-locking
plastic
connector
extension
Joint gap
25
30o
60o
22.5
30 o
20
ter
12.5
nal
Interna
Stiff EPDM gasket compression characteristic
dia
me
ter
ter
15o
l diame
10
Bituminous packing
to all longitudinal joints
o
Ex
15
30 o
60
Load (KN)
17.5
Buclock connectors
7.5
Elevation on ringSelf-locking plastic connector extension characteristic
5
2.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
A resultant joint gap of 1.5 mm @ equilibrium.
Gasket sealing performance remains unaffected.
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Joint gap (mm)
1 No Plastic grout/Lifting socket
Cross joints
Typical circle joint detail
12 no. equally spaced
Figure 3 – Cross joint detail
Radiused
Curved boltbolt
Sealing
Sealinggroove
groove
Cross joint connections are made by passing a curved
The bolts are made for grade 8.8 steel and have a
nominal ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 800 N/mm2
(or Mpa) and a nominal yield strength of 640 N/mm2
1000 (Nominal)
M16 threaded bolt through a pocket in each segment.
(or Mpa). The segments are cast with bolt hole recesses
Caulking groove
groove
Caulking
designed to accommodate gel impregnated grommets.
Typical cross joint detail
Inner face of typical segment
All raw materials comply with current Australian
standards. Manufacturing is carried out in
Figure 4 – Curved bolts used for cross joints
accordance with the requirements of our quality
management system.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 5
Innovative features
Caulking grooves and sealing grooves
All segments are cast with caulking grooves on the
Right:
Attaching a grout
plug to a grout/
lifting socket
circumferential and longitudinal sides. Sealing grooves
for either hydrophilic strip or elastomeric compression
gaskets can be incorporated at the time of casting.
Grout socket assembly
Figure 5 – Grout socket assembly
Each segment is fitted with a plastic grout socket
Threaded
grout
plug
assembly which includes a non-return valve. The socket is
used to inject grout to permanently secure the rings.
Sealing washer
Non-return valve
Packings
Grout/Lifting socket
Bituminous felt packing of 3 mm nominal thickness
should be used on all longitudinal joints and can be
supplied if required. Circumferential packings made from
Figure 6 – Segment orientation for curved and
straight alignments
3 mm bituminous felt or 3 mm or 6 mm timber can also
be supplied if required.
Special rings
The rings currently available have a taper across one
axis. Non standard tapers can be manufactured to the
purchaser’s specific requirements.
Tunnel construction methods
Rings in same orientation
for curved alignment
Rings in same orientation
for curved alignment
The rings consist of three different segment types.
Segments are supplied to the erector in a predetermined
sequence dependant upon the alignment required.
The ring orientation is altered by erecting segments in a
different order (refer to Figure 6).
Rings rotated at 120° for
Rings in same orientation
for curved alignment
6
Tunnel and shaft solutions
straightrotated
alignment
Rings
at 120o
for straight alignment
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Segmental and one piece shafts
Applications
Humes’ precast concrete shafts are an economical
and safe solution for permanent and temporary
underground structures. They are ideal for a variety of
applications including:
• ventilation shafts
• escape shafts
• launch and receival shafts for pipe jacking applications
• storage overflow and pump stations (sewerage)
• water harvesting and reuse.
The shaft system suits a variety of soil conditions, and
provides a soil and watertight solution.
Humes offer segmental shafts in partnership with Buchan Concrete
Solutions Limited (UK).
Tunnel and shaft solutions 7
Features and benefits
Innovative design
Precast shafts provide installation contractors with a
• The shaft can be installed accurately due to the
number of significant benefits over traditional shaft
high degree of control over the rate and direction
construction methods; greater installation efficiencies,
of installation.
cost benefits, and a safer work environment. Humes’
• No bracing is required due to its structurally efficient
precast shafts also help to reduce the environmental
circular shape. The shaft gains structural stability from
impact of construction.
the surrounding soil so tie-backs or ring-beams are not
required to support the segments.
• Suited to a variety of soil conditions.
Cost savings
• Extensive diameter range with full range of
ancillary products.
• Installation time is significantly reduced as excavation
and ring placement can be on a continuous cycle.
• The precast concrete segments provide a one-pass
finished shaft, so no further concrete work is required
• A soil and watertight solution.
• A unique external fixing is used to join the segments,
eliminating the need for specialist trades, like welders,
on site.
to finish the structure.
• There is no requirement for specialist labour and a
small team should be capable of managing the entire
Product range
installation process.
Humes is proud to announce the expansion of our range
of precast concrete shafts; we now offer the following
Safer work environment
sizes in one piece and segmental shafts:
• 2.4 m one piece shaft
Humes’ precast shafts enable contractors to provide a
• 3 m one piece shaft
safer environment for their workers:
• 3.6 m one piece shaft
• The majority of work can be carried out above ground
• 4.5 m segmental shaft
(caisson method).
• Overhead services hazards are minimised as no large
cranes are required.
• The system has a built-in safety barrier created by the
installation of the top ring.
• 6 m segmental shaft
• 7.5 m segmental shaft
• 9 m segmental shaft
• 10.5 m segmental shaft
• 12.5 m segmental shaft
• 15 m segmental shaft
• Sizes up to 25 m are also available, please contact
Minimal environmental impact
An efficient design means shafts have minimal impact
on project sites and the surrounding environment:
• Noise and ground vibration are virtually eliminated as
no hammering is required.
• The excavation and site storage areas are minimal, as
the precast units are relatively compact at less than
2.5 m wide.
• Shaft installation does not require the use of water or
wet concrete (except for the base and collar).
8
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Humes for availability.
Top:
Caisson method of
shaft installation
showing hydraulic
jacks (gallows)
There are three techniques available to install a precast
concrete segmental shaft. These are the caisson method,
Bottom:
Bottom/choker
ring with steel
cutting edge
underpin method and the last method is a combination
of the two. The design of caisson and underpin shafts
requires specialist skills and should be executed by a
designer experienced with these construction methods.
Caisson method
The caisson method is generally used in softer soils with
or without the presence of ground water. Caisson are
either installed as a ‘wet caisson’ where the water level
inside the caisson is slightly higher than the external
ground water level, or as a ‘dry caisson’ where the inside
of the caisson is open to the atmosphere. In the caisson
method, the precast concrete elements are erected at
the surface and are then lowered into the ground whilst
excavation progresses.
There are a number of common features unique
to Humes' caisson shaft systems which facilitate
installation. These are:
• In-situ cast concrete collars
These collars act as a guide ring to keep the caisson
shaft vertical and, in larger diameter shafts, resist the
force from the hydraulic jacks.
• Hydraulic jacks (gallows)
These are installed to both steer the shaft and to add
to the vertical force in addition to the self weight
of the shaft lining (generally not required for one
fluid in the annulus above the ring is retained. The
piece rings).
choker segments are also designed to bolt the steel
cutting edge to the shaft and connect the underpin
• Excavation should be slightly larger in diameter than
segment. Refer to combination method on page 11.
the precast concrete shaft
The annulus between the shaft and the excavated
• A steel cutting edge underneath the
ground should be filled with suitable fluid (usually
bottom/choker ring
bentonite with additives as required to suit the ground
The steel cutting edge literally cuts through the
conditions) which acts both as a lubricant but also
ground. An additional function is that it acts
supports the ground during installation.
• The bottom/choker ring is wider than the standard
as a stiffener.
• All caisson units are provided with grout sockets
ring and the same diameter as the excavation
This allows the exterior annulus to be filled with a
The choker ring is designed to provide a seal diameter
cementitious grout at completion of the installation.
between the shaft and excavated ground so that the
Tunnel and shaft solutions 9
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Construction methods
Underpin method
Top:
Underpin method
of shaft installation
Bottom:
Segment lifting
frame for underpin
method
The underpin method can be used in self supported soil
where caisson installation is not possible. In this method,
the precast concrete elements are progressively installed
at the base of the excavation. Segmental rings are built
and the annulus between their outside perimeter and
the excavated ground is immediately grouted.
The recommended installation procedure is as follows:
• Secure the first installed ring by casting a concrete
collar around it prior to excavating underneath
to construct the next ring. Shear connection may
be required.
• Always excavate, install and grout one ring at a time.
This reduces the risk of overloading the upper rings
which could pull down the whole ring build, due to
lack of ground friction.
• Excavation of the next ring below can commence once
the grout reaches it recommended strength.
• The underpin segments are designed to be installed
using a specialised handling/lifting frame. The
segment will be secured into the frame via the plastic
grout socket assembly. If you wish to hire a frame,
contact Humes for assistance.
10
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Left:
Combination
method of shaft
installation
A combination of both methods can be used if the
soil condition varies. Installation commences with
the caisson method (using a special choker ring) and
then shifts to the underpin method when the hard
soil ground is reached.
A special choker/transition ring must be used to enable
the shift to the underpin construction method. Once
the caisson rings have been completely grouted and the
steel cutting edge removed. The underpin method can
commence as previously described
With some ground conditions it may be necessary or
cost effective to stop the caisson at a certain depth.
After grouting the exterior annulus, it may be possible
to remove the cutting edge and then continue the shaft
construction using the underpin method.
Figure 7 – Combination method details
Caisson rings
Tie rod
Choker ring
Underpin rings
Double eye bolt
Tunnel and shaft solutions 11
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Combination of the caisson and
underpin methods
Typical ring configuration
One piece shafts
One piece caisson units are ideally suited for construction
of sewage pump station wet wells, access chambers for
large diameter pipelines and jacking launch or receival
shafts for small diameter microtunnelling. One piece
shafts can be supplied in a range of diameters but
standard sizes are as detailed in Table 2 below.
Table 2 – Standard one piece caisson units*
Nominal
diameter
(DN)
Internal
diameter
(mm)
External
diameter
(mm)
Height of
standard units
(mm)*
Mass of standard
units
(tonnes)
Number of tie
rod couplers
2,400
2,374
2,782
1,000
4.3
6
3,000
3,060
3,460
1,000
5.2
8
3,600
3,600
4,000
1,000
6.0
9
Note:
* Dimensions are subject to change. Contact Humes for confirmation.
Figure 8 – One piece shaft used in a pump station application
Detail – Panelled ring with recesses
Vertical tie rod
Cutting edge
12
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Special units
Horizontal joints between one piece caisson units are
Special units include the following:
sealed with both a hydrophilic rubber seal near the
external surface and a butyl mastic rubber seal near the
• Panelled rings which include recesses, are designed
to provide a shear connection between the precast
internal surface. For temporary installations, a single
concrete shaft and an in-situ cast concrete plug,
butyl mastic seal is likely to be sufficient. In addition,
installed to prevent flotation. Either single or multiple
units come complete with a groove on the inside face
panelled rings are particularly effective for wet
which allows caulking of the internal surface.
Horizontal joints between one piece caisson rings are
connected with vertical tie rods that are mainly provided
caissons where the connection plug will be cast prior
to de-watering.
• Rings with corrosion protection linings (either High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Plastiline® - Polyvinyl
for temporary loads during installation. These rods are
normally made from galvanised steel. For permanent
installations, it is recommended that approximately half
Chloride (PVC)) for added corrosion resistance.
• Soft eye rings are applied to small diameter
(DN600 or less) microtunnelling applications. Rings
of these rods and couplers be replaced with stainless
can be provided with either reduced or no steel
steel so that the hydrophilic seal is confined during the
life of the structure.
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Joint and connection details
reinforcement at pipe penetrations.
• Cover slabs incorporating openings and/or lids as
required. The joint and connection details for the
standard rings are included with these cover slabs.
Tunnel and shaft solutions Left:
One piece shaft
Right:
Cover slab
13
Segmental shafts
Figure 9 – Installing tapered segments to close the ring
Where shaft diameters exceed the size of the one piece
Tapered left
segment
ring '3.60 m ID', the segmental shaft system comes
Tapered right
segment
Ordinary
segment
into its own so that shafts of almost any diameter
can be constructed.
A ring consists of a series of ordinary segments which
have four edges that are perpendicular to each other
and two tapered segments (left and right) which have
one tapered end which allows for closing of the ring
by simply lowering the last (tapered right) segment
into position.
Number of segments per ring varies depending on the
shaft diameter (refer to Table 3 below).
Table 3 – Standard segmental shaft details
Internal
diameter
(m)
External
diameter
(m)
Height
(m)
Segments per ring
Tapered
Mass per ring
(tonnes)
Mass per
segment
(kg)
Ordinary
4.50
4.90
1.00
5
2
7.36
1,050
6.00
6.45
1.00
7
2
10.78
1,200
7.50
7.95
1.00
8
2
13.37
1,340
9.00
9.50
1.00
12
2
17.80
1,270
10.50
11.00
1.00
12
2
25.40
1,820
12.50
13.15
1.00
14
2
32.80
2,050
15.00
15.75
1.00
16
2
44.50
2,500
Note:
Diameters up to 25 m are also available, contact Humes for availability.
14
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Top:
Curved bolt fitting caisson installation
A unique external fixing is used to join the smooth
Bottom:
Curved bolt
fitting - underpin
installation
segmental shaft. The strong connection bolts together
the segments to form a ring. Subsequently, the rings
come together to form a shaft. The system retains
all the benefits of strength, flexibility and speed of
erection whilst providing the client with a safer shaft
construction system.
• Cross joints
Segments are connected across this joint using curved
bolts (refer to Figure 10 below) which are installed
from the outside for caisson installation and from the
inside for underpin installation (see photos).
Figure 10 – Curved bolts used for cross joints
Tunnel and shaft solutions 15
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Joint and connection details
• Circle joints
Caisson segmental rings are connected using vertical
Figure 11 – Jointing details (caisson segment)
Conduit for tie rod
tie rods that extend through the full length of the
Grout socket
assembly
segments (refer to Figure 11 and 12).
Underpin segmental rings are connected using a
double eye bolt arrangement that allows the joint
to be tightened from inside the shaft (refer to
Figure 13 below).
All bolts used with segmental shaft construction are
made from galvanised steel and are only necessary
to support the shaft during the installation. Once
Curved bolt hole recess
segmental shafts have been grouted into position the
bolts are redundant.
Figure 12 – Tie rod connection used for caisson
installations
Tie rods
Hexagonal couplers
Washer
Gel grommets
Tie rods
Figure 13 – Double eye bolt used for underpin
installations
Top:
Tie rod
Bottom:
Adjusting the
double eye
bolt - underpin
installation
16
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Top:
Panelled ring
Special rings and/or segments can also be supplied in
Bottom:
Segment packing
addition to the standard segmental shaft caisson rings:
• Panelled rings
Recesses can be included in both standard rings and
choker rings as required. As with the one piece caisson
rings these are intended to provide a shear connection
between an in-situ cast plug or base slab and the
segmental shaft. It is recommended that complete
panelled ring(s) are installed.
• Soft eye rings
Standard segments are reinforced with steel reinforcing
bars. It is possible to provide rings with some segments
manufactured using fibre reinforcement located at
pipes penetrations for microtunnelling applications. For
the caisson method, a complete ring of fibre reinforced
Figure 14 – Grout socket assembly
segments is not recommended.
Threaded grout plug
Sealing washer
Innovative features
• Grout socket assembly
Non-return valve
Each segment and ring is fitted with a plastic grout
socket assembly which includes a non-return valve.
Grout/Lifting socket
The assembly is used to introduce bentonite slurry
between the caisson ring and the soil, to lubricate and
reduce friction force while jacking rings into the ground.
The same socket is used to inject grout to permanently
secure the rings. For underpin installations the socket
is also used to secure the segment into the underpin
lifting frame (refer to page 10).
• Packing
Bituminous felt packing of 3 mm nominal thickness is
used on all longitudinal joints. The packing is designed
to prevent direct contact between concrete surfaces
as a result from compressed forces imposed by the
surrounding soil.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 17
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Special units
Watertightness
Top and middle:
Watertightness
testing
All Humes shaft segments are supplied with Ethylene
Propylene Diene Manomer (EPDM) gaskets fitted
into purpose designed grooves cast around the full
Bottom:
EPDM gasket
placement and
detail
circumference of each segment. In addition, each
segment is cast with caulking grooves on the internal
circumferential and longitudinal sides to meet the specific
requirements of the sealing system.
Humes conducted experiments to determine the
watertightness of our segmental shafts to water ifiltration.
The experiments concluded that the EPDM gasket seals
were successful up to 350 kPa (the testing apparatus
pressure limit). This demonstrated that the seals are
capable of withstanding the effects of pore water pressure
to a depth in excess of 12m depending on soil conditions.
This is in standing with laboratory testing which indicates
the seals are capable of withstanding pressures in excess
of 600 kPa.
In the event that assembly tolerances can’t be achieved
during construction, there is a rectification solution that
has been researched and successfully implemented. This
method involves removing the concrete in the location
of the gap using a masonry drill and injecting a mastic
sealant such as SikaFlex 11-FC into the area.
6.5
Gap
10 mm
offset
26
30
18
Tunnel and shaft solutions
6.5
7.5
10.25
Detail
Tunnel and shaft solutions
3-pin precast arches
Features and benefits
Humes' precast arch system is a high performance and
cost effective tunnel solution. A large range of custom
designed 3-pin arches have been developed which are
• Designed to meet the mine’s designated design life
ideal for a variety of complex heavy loading criteria and
and can exceed 100 years.
internal envelopes.
• Delivered in segments to suit light cranes.
• Require minimal maintenance since:
A wide range of 3-pin arches have been used for reclaim
- the combination of backfill and overfill protects the
tunnels in mining applications. They are designed to suit
arch element
coal and other mineral stockpiles up to 45 metres.
- it has no exposed metal nor bolting system.
• Openings for ventilation, escape accesses and intake
The 3-pin arch is a soil-structure interaction system
valves can be easily accommodated.
where the backfill of the specified zone contributes to
• Grades and curved tunnels can be achieved using the
the load carrying capacity of the arch and becomes part
same type arch profile.
of the structure. Its optimised geometry and the unique
• A unique jointing system without any overlapping,
pinned joint allows it to bear and pass heavy load to
staggering, bolting or cast in-situ joints.
the foundation.
• Self supported during installation, does not require
scaffolding or support of backfill.
• Easy to clean and maintain as conveyor belts can be
Applications
attached to the internal soffit of the arch allowing
sufficient clearance for service vehicles to pass beneath.
• Reclaim tunnels
• Fewer units are required for installation as most arch
• Conveyor tunnels
units are 1.8 m to 2.5 m wide.
• Escape tunnels
• Arches can be installed with minimum disruption to
• Underpasses
conveyor operation.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 19
Product range
Humes 3-pin arches are custom-made to suit specific
project requirements. They are designed to accommodate
the defined envelope, where the function of the tunnel
and loads are applied.
Humes in-house design team can assist in choosing
the most economical 3-pin arch profile (some standard
profiles are shown in Figure 17 below). We will conduct
both linear and non-linear 3D analysis to define
structure suitability, an example of this is shown in
Figure 18 below.
Figure 17 – 3-pin arch profiles
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
mm
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
mm
Figure 18 – 3D design analysis
20
Tunnel and shaft solutions
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
0
Top:
Arch system with
spandrel wall and
wing walls
A range of precast concrete products are usually provided
Middle:
Spandrel wall
as part of the arch structure along with a selection of
retaining wall structures including:
Bottom:
Wing walls
• precast concrete feeder chambers to fit intake valves
• spandrel walls which run parallel to the arch, retaining
the backfill at each end of the tunnel. They are
designed to match the arch profile.
• wing walls which are placed at each end of the
spandrel wall to retain the backfill and support the
spandrel walls.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 21
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Arch system components
Box culverts
Top and bottom:
Construction
of a box culvert
mine portal
Humes manufactures extra large span box culverts with
Opposite page:
Jacking pipe
also available.
spans and leg heights up to 6 metres. For additional
strength, prestressed units and post-tensioning are
A complete precast base and crown unit can be supplied
for fast and easy installation. This will minimise the
need for cast in-situ concrete, especially for remote
mining sites.
Box culverts can also be jacked underneath railways and
roads or slid into a pre-excavated tunnel.
Applications
• Portal entries - provide safe ingress and egress for mine
and construction sites
• Conveyer tunnels
• Escape tunnels
• Railways and roads
• Drainage for haul roads
Features and benefits
• Designed to withstand explosion loads and impact
from rock that may fall from a cut face.
• Designed to take heavy mining vehicle loads.
• Blast doors can be fitted into units as required.
• Custom made to suit project specific envelopes.
• Easy to install, no backfilling or jointing of units is
required for structure stability.
• Can be installed to meet site grade condition.
• Conveyor belts are easily attached to the internal
surface of the crown.
22
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Jacking pipes
Humes leads the industry and develops world class
jacking pipes ideally suited for use with modern, closed
faced microtunnelling systems.
We provide a comprehensive range of both steel
reinforced concrete and vitrified clay jacking pipes. They
are available in a variety of sizes, classes and joint types
to suit various applications and installation methods.
Our jacking pipes are available in the following ranges;
Steel reinforced concrete pipe from DN300 to DN3600
and vitrified clay pipe from DN150 to DN1200.
Reinforced concrete pressure pipes are designed for the
combined effects of the external load and internal (in
service) pressure. Australian/New Zealand Standard
AS/NZS 4058:2007 Precast Concrete Pipes (Pressures
and Non-Pressure) gives a minimum requirement for
factory test pressure of 120% of working pressure in the
pipeline. Steinzeug Keramo vitrified clay jacking pipes
are manufactured and inspected in accordance with
European Standard EN 295.
The jacking technique
(microtunnelling)
Pipe jacking is a method of tunnel construction where
hydraulic jacks are used to thrust specially made pipes
through the ground behind a shield machine, from
launch shaft to receival shaft.
The term microtunnelling is also often used to describe
this method of pipe installation.
Pipe jacking is used to install conduits below ground for a
variety of applications including:
• sewerage pipelines
• stormwater pipelines
• road and rail culverts
• pressure pipelines
• as a sleeve pipe for other utility pipelines (water,
sewage, and electricity and communication cables)
• pipe replacement and relining
Tunnel and shaft solutions 23
Benefits of pipe jacking
Economic
• Less affected by weather condition
• Less risk of settlement
Technical
• Minimal surface disruption
• Inherent strength of lining.
• Minimal reinstatement
• Smooth internal finish giving good flow characteristics.
• Reduced requirement for utilities diversions in
urban areas
• No requirement for secondary lining.
• Considerably less joints than a segmental tunnel.
• Prevention of ground water ingress by use of pipes
Environmental
with sealed flexible joints.
• Provision of invert channels in larger pipes to contain
the dry weather flow of a sewer in a combined system.
There are substantial environmental benefits to be
gained by the use of pipe jacking techniques when
compared with the traditional open trench approach:
Safety
• Typically the trenchless method will reduce the
quantities of incoming and outgoing materials,
Pipe jacking is an inherently safer method than open
with a consequent reduction in tipping of spoil and
trench construction or when considering the risks
quarrying of imported stone fill. This in turn leads to
associated with deep, large section, open excavations:
reduced vehicle movements and subsequently less
• Major reduction in man-hours, opportunities for
associated disruption.
• Minimal surface disruption and reinstatement.
accidents to occur are less with pipe jacking.
• Trenchless will not harm existing vegetation.
• In busy urban centres, trenchless operation
• Noise, dirt and smell are minimised.
will not interfere with pedestrian and motor
traffic movements.
• There is significant reduction in the risk of injury as a
Source: An introduction to pipe jacking and microtunelling design
– Pipe Jacking Association UK
result of utility strikes and interface with the public.
• Less risk of settlement.
Figure 19 – Typical pipe jacking set up
Detail – Intermediate jacking station
Trail pipe
Rubber
rings
Jacking direction
Crane to
lower pipes
into position
Standard pipe
Lubrication port
Jacking direction
Launch shaft with hydraulic jacks
24
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Intermediate jacking station
to assist longer drives
Timber joint packer
Lead pipe (steel can)
Jacks
Thrust ring
Standard pipe
Working face with
jacking shield
Receival shaft
Humes is Australia’s leading manufacturer of SRCP.
We have a wide range of diameters, lengths and
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Steel reinforced concrete pipes
(SRCP)
Durable
Humes SRCP has a number of concrete properties that
influence long service life. These properties are:
• Ultimate compressive strength: Humes SRCP
strengths available. Our SRCP has a proven track record
compressive strength is usually in the range of up
and can be custom designed for applications such as
to 60 MPa and above. The strength of the pipe is
drainage, sewage, water supply and irrigation.
a result of the materials used in the concrete mix,
the mix design, manufacturing techniques and the
curing process.
A milestone was achieved when Humes' DN2100,
fixed steel collar pipes were jacked 1,030 m without
• Low water absorption, below 4%, due to the density
any intermediate shafts on the Northern Pipeline
and impermeability of the concrete used and
Interconnector – Stage 2, SEQ (refer to our case study on
manufacturing process. AS/NZS 4058-2007 specifies
this project for further details).
a maximum allowable absorption of 6% for all
concrete pipes.
• A low water/cement (W/C) ratio of below 0.35. The
Benefits of reinforced concrete jacking pipes
W/C ratio is considered a trademark for durable
concrete pipe, particularly as high compressive
strength is related to this criterion.
Optimal strength
• High alkalinity is controlled by cementitious content
Humes SRCP are manufactured and factory tested for
maintained by a proper mix design, material properties
quality to AS/NZS 4058:2007 "Precast concrete pipes
as well as the manufacturing and curing process.
(Pressure and Non-pressure)":
• Concrete pipe aggregates, both coarse and fine, meet
the requirements of AS 2758. Aggregates are a key
• A concrete pipe is a rigid pipe system that relies
element in producing quality concrete and in turn,
mostly on the strength of the pipe and is only slightly
quality pipe.
dependent on the strength derived from the soil
envelope. The inherent strength of concrete pipe can
Source: Concrete Pipe Facts, Concrete Pipe Association of
Australasia, www.cpaa.asn.au/concrete-pipe-facts.html
compensate for site problems not designed for, such as
construction shortcomings and higher fill heights and
trench depths.
• Concrete pipes are less susceptible to damage
during construction, and maintain their shape by
not deflecting.
• All concrete pipe strengths are standardised
by AS/NZS 4058 “Precast Concrete Pipes”. Concrete
pipes are strength-tested by the manufacturer to proof
loads, or test loads, as nominated by the standard for
particular diameter and class.
• Steel reinforcement in concrete pipes adds
significantly to their inherent strength. The steel
reinforcement is shaped into cages by automatic cage
welding machines. The machines ensure that the
reinforcement cages are dimensionally correct and
have tight enginereed tolerances.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 25
Fixed steel collar pipes
Elastomeric seal
A wide robust range is available from DN300 to DN3000
The elastomeric seal is located with the corrugated steel
inclusive. They are a custom designed reinforced concrete
collar in the S series, factory secured internally to the
jacking pipe incorporating a single wide jacking face
steel socket band with adhesive. While, in the J series the
including timber packers, a secure steel collar cast
seal is retained within the accurately formed recess on
onto the pipe and a flexible watertight joint. All these
the pipe spigot.
being essential for longer pipe jacks and unstable
ground conditions.
Both unique designs will ensure that the elastomeric seal
remains in place in compression even if joint deflection
occurs. The joint integrity remains intact when subjected
Applications
to either internal or external hydraulic pressure.
The fixed steel collar jacking pipes provides high axial
A muck ring is fitted within the J series joint; limiting the
load transfer capacity and a flexible watertight joint. This
ingress of soil into the joint during jacking. The muck ring
is the ideal jacking pipe for all stormwater, sewerage,
will be compressed by the end of the steel collar.
sleeve pipe and jacked low pressure pipeline applications.
Watertight joint – (External pressure testing)
Steel collar types
Humes have undertaken external pressure testing of
Humes offer two different types of fixed steel collar:
deflected joints with external hydrostatic pressures up
the S series which is fitted into pipes up to DN700 and
to 400 kPa without visible leaks. On this basis, fixed
the J series fitted into remaining sizes (mainly from
steel collar jacking pipes are rated for 250 kPa external
DN800 to DN3000). The steel collar bands are fabricated
pressure for the joint deflections shown in Figures 22
to high tolerances to ensure optimum joint performance.
and 23 on page 29. Humes can design pipes for higher
external pressure ratings if required.
Both steel collars include a water stop hydro-seal to
prevent ingress of water between the band and the
concrete pipe wall.
Bentonite or grout injection fittings
Pipes can be supplied with or without threaded sockets
and plugs, which are cast into the pipe wall in locations
to meet the project specific requirements for grout and/
or lubrication injection.
Figure 20 – S series joint profile
26
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Figure 21 – J series joint profile
Tunnel and shaft solutions
if required by the project designer for isolation of the
Inert thermoplastic linings
joint from the pipeline environment (see Figure 21 on
Humes are able to supply J series jacking pipes complete
page 26). The combination of mild steel collars with internal
with corrosion protection linings (either High Density
joint gap sealant can provide a cost effective solution in
Polyethylene (HDPE) or Plastiline®- Polyvinyl Chloride
certain ground conditions.
(PVC)) in accordance with Water Services Association of
Australia (WSAA) standard specification WSA113. These
linings are a proven method of concrete protection
Intermediate jacking stations
against H2S attack in trunk sewers.
Humes have standard designs for intermediate jacking
stations and these include trail and lead pipes for all
Secondary sealing recess
diameters DN1000 to DN2000. The arrangement of these
pipes at the intermediate jacking station is shown in
All J series steel jacking pipes are supplied with a recess
Figure 19 on page 24.
on the internal pipe ends which allows for locating a
flexible sealant, applied internally after installation,
Table 4 – Features and benefits
Features
Benefit to asset owner
Benefit to contractor
Elastomeric seal
Watertight joint
Prevents ingress or egress of water and soil
surrounding the pipes and allows pressure grouting
of the excavated annulus at the completion of
jacking (if required).
Flexibility
Allows joint rotation without damage to the
pipe joint.
Watertight joint
Lubrication fluids are retained in the excavated
annulus without loss of fluid or pressure.
Steel collar fixed to
pipe with in-built
water stop
Collar material
The designer has many options for the grade of
steel to suit the intended design life in the installed
environment of the pipe. Generally, mild steel is
considered suitable for in-ground conditions and a
non-aggressive environment.
Secure system
Steel collar will remain watertight and secured
in place during jacking, even in variable
ground conditions.
Efficient jointing
Rapid pipe jointing ensures operational efficiency in
the jacking pit.
Corrugated collar
recess (S series)
Deep spigot groove
(J series)
Permanent seal location
The seal remains in place throughout the design
life of the pipeline providing a long-term watertight
structure under external groundwater pressures or
ground movement.
Restrained seal
Ensures that the seal remains in place during
jointing and jacking with external pressure from
groundwater or lubrication injection.
Single wide
jacking face
Efficient construction
Long drives, lower construction costs and less
disturbance to above-ground activities.
Long drives
The wide face on the pipe end enables transfer of
high jacking forces through the centerline of the
pipe wall enabling accurate steering and long drives.
Muck ring
(J series)
Maintain watertight joint
After installation the muck ring protects the rubber
ring and the steel collar to maintain watertightness.
Maintain watertight joint
Prevents ingress of soil into joint during jacking.
Internal joint recess
Additional sealing options
The recess is shaped to allow retention of a flexible
sealant if secondary joint sealing is required.
No spalling
Prevents spalling of inside concrete face if the packer
is displaced during jacking.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 27
Optimal strength
Jacking design and forces
Humes fixed collar jacking pipes are designed with
The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA)
steel reinforcement placed for optimal strength, which
publication, Jacking Design Guidelines is a recommended
combined with the strength and durability of Humes
guide to calculate and define jacking forces. The guide
concrete pipes, provides an excellent jacking pipe.
can be downloaded by visiting;
Steel reinforced concrete jacking pipes are capable of
www.cpaa.asn.au/CPAA-Online-Shop.html
withstanding higher jacking loads.
Jacking forces and lateral displacement off line and
The jacking load capacity of standard pipes for a range of
level have to be recorded at regular intervals of jacking
joint deflections is illustrated in Figures 22 and 23 on the
distance (not exceeding 200 mm or every 90 seconds).
following page. Pipes with higher jacking loads and/or
joint deflections can be designed for specific projects.
Ensure that jacking forces are maintained within the
limits specified in Figures 22 and 23 on the following
page. If circumstances cause a jacking force/deflection
combination outside of these limits, hold the jacking
operation and contact Humes for assistance.
28
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Figure 22 – S series jacking pipes deflection curves
300
Maximum jacking force (tonnes)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.90
0.80
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
Maximum joint deflection (degrees)
DN300
DN350
DN400
DN450
DN500
DN600
DN700
Figure 23 – J series jacking pipes deflection curves
J Series Jacking Pipes
2500
2,500
2250
2,250
Maximum jacking force (tonnes)
Maximum Jacking Force (Tonnes)
2000
2,000
1750
1,750
1500
1,500
1250
1,250
1000
1,000
750
750
500
500
250
250
00
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
DN800
DN900
DN2700
DN3000
0.30
0.30
DN1000
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Maximum
Joint
Deflection
(Degrees)
Maximum joint deflection (degrees)
DN1100
DN1200
DN1350
DN1500
DN1650
0.900.90
DN1800
1.001.00
DN2100
1.101.10
DN2400
DN800
DN900
DN1000
DN1100
DN1200
DN1350
DN1500
DN1650
DN1800
DN2100
DN2400
DN2500
DN2700
DN3000
1.20 1.20
DN2500
Tunnel and shaft solutions 29
Table 5 – Fixed steel collar pipes dimensions, mass, jacking loads and deflections
Swiftlift® anchors
T
C
Detail
t
A
D
Pw
B
Pt
L
Nominal
diameter
Internal
diameter
'A'
(mm)
External
diameter
'B'
(mm)
Wall
thickness
'T'
(mm)
Effective
length
'L'
(mm)
Min.
joint
packer
'Pt/Pw'
(mm)
Steel
collar
Length
'C'
(mm)
ID
'D'
(mm)
Thickness
't'
(mm)
Pipe mass
(kg)
Max.
jacking
load
(tonnes)
Collar
type
300
300
430
65
2,400
3/40
50
412
1.5
500
100
S
350
350
480
65
2,400
3/40
50
462
1.5
550
115
S
400
400
540
70
2,400
3/40
50
522
1.5
660
135
S
450
450
606
78
2,400
3/40
50
588
1.5
725
165
S
500
500
672
86
2,400
3/40
50
654
1.5
1,000
225
S
600
600
774
87
2,400
6/60
80
752
2
1,190
240
S
700
700
876
88
2,400
6/60
80
854
2
1,380
280
S
800
800
1,000
100
2,360
12/65
120
989
4
1,800
500
J
900
900
1,110
105
2,360
12/70
120
1,099
4
2,100
500
J
1,000
1,000
1,220
110
2,360
12/75
120
1,209
4
2,400
515
J
1,100
1,100
1,332
116
2,360
12/80
120
1,321
4
2,800
565
J
1,200
1,200
1,450
125
2,360
12/90
120
1,439
4
3,300
650
J
1,350
1,350
1,626
138
2,320
16/90
160
1,611
6
4,000
755
J
1,500
1,500
1,800
150
2,320
16/100
160
1,785
6
4,800
840
J
1,600
1,600
1,940
170
2,985
16/110
160
1,911
8
7,500
1,020
J
1,650
1,650
1,974
162
2,320
16/110
160
1,959
6
5,700
925
J
1,800
1,800
2,150
175
2,320
16/125
160
2,135
6
6,700
1,050
J
2,100
2,100
2,500
200
2,985
16/160
160
2,481
8
12,050
1,440
J
2,400
2,374
2,783
204
2,985
16/175
175
2,759
10
12,950
1,485
J
2,500
2,500
3,000
250
2,985
16/195
175
2,977
10
16,650
2,000
J
2,700
2,636
3,096
230
2,985
16/175
175
3,073
10
16,150
1,900
J
3,000
2,972
3,472
250
2,985
16/195
175
3,449
10
19,700
2,220
J
30
Tunnel and shaft solutions
In-wall joint pipes
Humes offer two types of loose steel collar SRCP jacking
In-wall joint jacking pipes are available from DN1200
pipes, butt joint and in-wall joint. They are available from
to DN3600 (standard range DN1200 to DN2100). In-wall
DN300 to DN3000 (standard range DN300 to DN2100).
joint jacking pipes incorporate a concrete socket formed
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Loose steel collar pipes
in the wall of the pipe, a rubber ring located on the pipe
The steel collar is not attached to the pipe (cast with)
spigot and timber packers on one or both joint faces
but rather is fitted onto the pipe before installation. The
(see Figure 25).
collars can be supplied by either Humes or the contractor.
• Applications
In-wall joint jacking pipes are an economical viable
alternative for typically short length applications
Butt joint pipes
where a flexible watertight joint is required, however,
Butt joint jacking pipes incorporate a single wide jacking
this type of joint can have limitations in jacking
face. External recesses at each end of the pipe allow for a
load transfer. A J series pipe should be specified in
rolled steel collar to be located between adjacent pipes,
these situations.
providing the necessary shear connection (see Figure 24).
• Applications
Butt joint jacking pipes can provide a cost effective
solution for typically short length applications
where only limited flexibility is required and a soil or
watertight joint is not required. This pipe is also suited
to sleeve pipe applications for road and rail crossings
where the annulus between the utility pipeline and
conduit is to be filled with grout after installation.
Refer to Table 7 – Selection of jacking pipes (page 33),
which provides a summary of capabilities for each
of the different types of jacking pipes for different
requirements and applications.
Figure 24 – Butt joint profile
Figure 25 – In-wall joint profile
Steel collar
Steel collar
Tunnel and shaft solutions 31
Table 6 – Loose steel collar pipe range
In-wall joint
Nominal
diameter
Internal
diameter
Butt joint
External
diameter
Internal
diameter
External
diameter
mm
DN300
280
362
DN375
363
445
DN475
438
534
DN525
518
616
DN600
586
698
DN675
653
781
DN750
730
864
DN825
790
946
DN900
875
1029
DN975
951
1,111
1,026
1,194
1,163
1,359
DN1350
1,324
1,524
DN1500
1,452
1,676
DN1650
1,596
1,842
DN1800
1,756
2,006
DN1050
DN1200
1,200
1,500
DN1950
1,920
2,220
1,930
2,198
DN2100
2,088
2,388
2,096
2,388
Notes:
1. Alternative internal diameters (and external diameters) may be available to suit project
specific requirements, contact Humes for assistance.
2. Standard range is equivalent to load class 4 pipes.
3.
Contact Humes for in-wall joint pipes in this range.
Selection of jacking pipes
In addition, jacking pipes may need to prevent ingress of
surrounding soil, groundwater, lubricants or grouts and
The most basic requirements for all jacking pipes is
provide a joint capable of withstanding internal pressure
that they must be capable of supporting the excavation
in sewerage or pressure pipeline applications.
(earth and traffic loads), transferring axial load, providing
a shear connection between adjacent pipes and joint
Jacking pipes must meet both the needs of the
flexibility that allows for each pipe to follow the path
contractor and asset owner who is usually represented
excavated in front of the shield.
by the pipeline designer. Table 7 opposite provides a
summary of the capabilities of each of our types of
jacking pipes for different requirements and applications.
32
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Stakeholder
Jacking pipe
requirements or
application
Asset owner
Standard size class
DN300 – DN700
DN800 – DN3000
DN300 – D2100
DN1200 – DN2100
Extended diameter
range*
DN800
Up to DN3600
DN2250 – DN3000
DN2250 – DN3600
Incorporation of inert
thermoplastic lining
N/A
Available
DN900 >
Available
External grouting
Suitable for short
lengths
Ideally suited
Not suitable
Limited suitability†
Internal pressure test
capability (kPa)‡
90
150§
N/A
90
Application of
internal secondary
sealants
N/A
Suitable
Not suitable
Limited suitability
Sewerage pipelines
Limited suitability||
Ideally suited
Not suitable
Suitable
Stormwater pipelines
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Limited suitability
Suitable
Road and rail culverts
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Limited suitability
Suitable
Sleeve pipe
applications
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Limited suitability#
Suitable
Length of jacked
pipeline (m)
0 – 50††
< DN1000: 0 – 150
DN1000 – DN3000:
no limit‡‡
0 – 50**
0 – 50
External pressure test
capability§§
90
250
N/A
90
Jacking force transfer
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Moderate
Intermediate jacking
stations pipes
N/A
Available DN900 –
DN3000
To be provided by
contractor
To be provided by
contractor
Open face shields
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Closed face pressure
shields
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Not suitable
Limited suitability
Lubrication along
length of pipeline
N/A
Ideally suited
Not suitable||||
Limited suitability
Asset
owners and
contractors
Contractors
Fixed steel collar
S series
Loose steel collar
J series
Butt joint
In-wall joint
Notes:
* Refer to Humes for availability.
† Grout pressures need to be carefully monitored.
‡ Test to AS/NZS 4058: 2007.
§ Higher pressures are possible with certain diameters – refer to Humes for advice if higher pressures are required.
|| If corrosive sewage gases are expected consider using vitrified clay jacking pipes distributed by Humes.
# The butt joint jacking pipe is suitable for short length drives in certain soil conditions if the annulus between the concrete sleeve pipe and the product pipe is grouted.
This grout should also flow into the annulus between the sleeve pipe and the excavated ground.
†† Intermediate jacking stations are not available and length is mainly limited by installation equipment. Some pipe jacking contractors may be able to achieve longer
lengths of individual drives in certain soil conditions. Refer to jacking pipe contractor for advice for longer drives.
‡‡ The maximum length will be controlled by installation equipment rather than pipe capability.
** Lack of joint flexibility largely controls maximum length. This could be extended in certain soil conditions.
§§ There is no published test method for external joint testing of reinforced concrete pipes. External pressures due to lubrication or grouting can be well in excess of
ground water pressures.
|||| For lubrication to be effective, the annulus between the external diameter of the pipe and the excavated soil needs to be filled. The butt joint pipe may not provide an
effective sealed joint.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 33
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Table 7 – Selection of jacking pipes
Load class
The higher value is recommended when the annulus
between the pipe and ground is grouted. Grouting
Jacking pipes, as opposed to pipes laid in open
of this annulus with a suitable cementitious grout is
excavations, are subjected to both jacking forces,
recommended in most installations as any voids could
external earth loads and life loads (permanent loads)
create a drainage path external to the pipeline which in
and all of these have to be considered when specifying
turn could lead to soil erosion, lowering of ground water
the pipes.
tables and, in aggressive soil conditions, an increased risk
of corrosion of pipe materials.
The effect of the jacking force on the pipe barrel is
small on account of the high compressive strength of
The axial loading from the pipe jacking is not directly
the concrete. The joint, however, must be considered
included in the selection of the pipe load class. Timber
because the joint cross-section is smaller, as a rule, than
packers are placed between the jacking faces of the
that of the barrel and the jacking force is transferred
concrete pipes to avoid high stresses that could result
eccentrically across the joint.
from direct concrete to concrete contact. The axial load
capacity of the concrete pipe is determined based on
The external earth load on the barrel is equal to or
the minimum pipe wall thickness, concrete strength,
smaller than the trench load on a pipe bedded in a
properties of the timber packers and the deflections that
trench of same width as the excavation (i.e. the outside
can be expected at pipe joints during installation.
diameter of the pipe plus a margin for over-excavation).
The jacking method of installation, therefore, is very
The allowable jacking forces and associated maximum
efficient from an external load point of view since the
joint deflections are calculated in accordance with
external earth load is smaller than both trench and
the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA)
embankment load on pipes of the same diameter under
publication, Jacking Design Guidelines.
the same height of fill.
Source: Jacking Design Guidelines, Concrete Pipe Association
of Australasia.
As such a minimum Class 4 pipe is usually recommended
although in some short length drives a Class 3 may
be suitable. The Class 4 pipe to Australian Standard
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 has very similar strength
Jacking design and forces
requirements to load classes specified for jacking pipes
in European and Japanese Standards.
The CPAA publication, Jacking Design Guidelines, is a
recommended guide to calculate and define jacking
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 outlines the technique for
forces. The guide can be downloaded by visiting;
determining the permanent vertical loads acting on
www.cpaa.asn.au/CPAA-Online-Shop.html
pipes installed using pipe jacking. The jacking pipe
is installed underground into undisturbed natural
Jacking force and lateral displacement off line and
ground where the soil’s natural cohesion contributes to
level have to be recorded at regular intervals of jacking
arching over the pipe. Where the calculation includes
distance (not exceeding 200 mm or every 90 seconds).
the effects of arching due to soil cohesion extensive soil
investigations should be carried out to determine the
Ensure that jacking forces are maintained within the
appropriate design soil properties.
specified limits. If circumstances cause a jacking force/
deflection combination outside of these limits, hold the
The jacking installation results in a recommended
bedding factor between two and three that is used to
determine the minimum suitable pipe class required due
to permanent loads.
34
Tunnel and shaft solutions
jacking operation and contact Humes for assistance.
Strength in the length direction is the most important
Humes vitrified clay jacking pipes are manufactured by
high jacking forces necessary to overcome the resistance
STEINZEUG-KERAMO (STEINZEUG Abwassersysteme
of the cutting face and the external pipe surface.
GmbH) and inspected in accordance with the European
According to the EN 295 standard, the longitudinal
standard for vitrified clay pipes, fittings and joints for
compressive strength of the surfaces that transfer the
drains and sewers - EN 295.
force between pipe sections must be at least 75 N/mm².
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Vitrified clay pipes
factor for jacking pipes, because they must withstand the
STEINZEUG-KERAMO guarantees a value of at least
100 N/mm². That is higher than the values stated for
Features and benefits
other types of current jacking material. It allows very
high jacking forces to be used, although this capability is
Watertightness
only partially utilised in practice. The glazed outer surface
of the pipe strongly reduces friction between the pipe
The joints are tested in accordance with EN 295, which
and the surrounding soil.
means that they are guaranteed to be watertight at
0.5 bar, including the angular deflections and radial
loads specified in the standard. They are also tested
High abrasion resistance
in accordance with ZPWN 2951 and ATV A142, with
guaranteed watertightness at 2.4 bar. Watertightness
Vitrified clay has high abrasion resistance, which
is also tested at an external pressure of 6 bar, which
is equally true for the glaze and the rest of the
provides a high level of security against penetration of
wall. Abrasion values encountered in the tests are
soil slurries and bentonite.
approximately 0.08 mm, which is much lower than
the typical abrasion values of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm after
100,000 load cycles measured using the Darmstadt test
Corrosion resistance
as specified in the EN 295 standard or the maximum
value of 0.25 mm in the ZPWN 295 standard. Abrasion
Vitrified clay material is resistant to all types of chemicals
does not accelerate even with extended load cycles, such
over the entire wall thickness. The resistance of the
as up to 400,000, in contrast to what is often suggested
vitrified clay material and seals is tested using chemicals,
in data sheets for competitive materials. The depth of
including sulphuric acid at pH 0 and NaOH at pH 14, in
abrasion remains limited to 0.3 - 0.8 mm after 400,000
conformance with EN 295 and ZPWN 295.
cycles. Compared with the large wall thicknesses of
vitrified clay jacking pipes, that represents a negligible
loss of wall thickness.
High mechanical strength
Vitrified clay jacking pipes generally have greater wall
1. ZPWN 295 is an internal manufacturer standard of
STEINZEUG-KERAMO.
thicknesses than corresponding standard vitrified clay
sewer pipes, that results in high crown pressure ratings
and high resistance to ground and traffic loads.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 35
Resistance to high-pressure cleaning
Right:
Vitrified clay jacking
pipe installation
The requirement included in the ZPWN 295 standard
is met (resistance with regard to a standardised
maintenance cleaning test at 120 bar and a deblocking
test at 340 bar). Here again, vitrified clay scores
considerably better than many other types of material.
Temperature resistance
Pipes and seals are tested at up to 70 °C. Vitrified clay
pipes can tolerate even higher temperatures.
Long service life
After being properly installed, vitrified clay pipe requires
very little maintenance. As vitrified clay scores very
high with respect to all the requirements that must be
imposed on sewer pipes, vitrified clay pipes have very
long service lives. The important properties mentioned
above do not degrade over time. This is especially true
for jacking pipes, because they are structurally over
dimensioned for their subsequent use and optimally
bedded in the ground.
36
Tunnel and shaft solutions
DN400 to DN1200 with Type 2 stainless steel coupling
The entire range of vitrified clay jacking pipes DN200 to
• The moulded rubber seal is integrated in a
milled groove.
DN1200 are fitted with a stainless steel coupling which
has a high chrome and nickel content and a relatively
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Product range
• The packing ring, which transmits the jacking force,
is made from particle board and is prefitted to
significant molybdenum content. This coupling is highly
the coupling.
resistant to corrosion in aggressive soils (acids, chlorides
• Pipes are sawn and milled at both ends to yield parallel
and halogens).
end faces.
Two different types of stainless steel couplings are used,
• For diameters DN600 and above a clamping
(prestressing) ring is fitted at each spigot end. This ring
Type 1 and Type 2.
increases the permissible jacking force and provides
additional protection in case of poorly controlled
steering motions during jacking or when angular
DN200 to DN300 with Type 1 stainless steel coupling
deflections occur due to variations in soil conditions.
• The moulded elastomer seal is integrated into the ring.
• Intermediate re-usable jacking stations can be used
with diameters of DN600 and above. This is advisable
• The packing ring, which transmits the jacking force is
made from elastomer for diameters up to DN300 and
for long jacking distances and when jacking forces
forms a unit with the moulded sealing ring.
exceeding the specified limits are anticipated. The
• Pipes are sawn at both ends to yield parallel end faces.
intermediate jacking stations are coupled to the spigot
• The spigot ends are milled. The precision ground
ends of the pipes and recovered in the receival pit or an
The trenchless mode of construction
intermediate shaft.
spigots as for larger dimension jacking pipes permit a
safe internal working pressure of 2.4 bar.
• The sealing capabilities of the coupler due to its special
design not only guarantees joint integrity, but ensures
full protection from the ingress of matter during the
jacking process.
Figure 26 – Typical vitrified clay pipe jacking set up
At the present time two remote steered methods for the construction of underground sewers are in use. These two methods are
described below in accordance with ATV
bentonite suspensions are used, special sand
Tunnel and shaft solutions removal equipment is used. The drive for the
cutting head and for the steering cylinders are
located in the jacking shield. In general this
37
Figure 27 – Joint profiles for DN200 to DN300 pipe with Type 1 coupling
2
Detail
2
e
bk
dz
d1
d3
dM
dk
dzi
Jacking direction
sk
l1
Table 8 – Dimensions for DN200 to DN300 pipe with Type 1 coupling (refer Figure 27 above)
Pipe
dimensions
DN
Internal
d1
±5
Pipe
end
d3
Pipe
body
Pressure
transfer ring
Coupling
Length
e
dk
l1
dM
s
b
±1
k
± 0.2
k
± 1.5
267.8
1.5
342.8
395.8
dz
d
Max.
jacking
force*
Min.
crushing
load
Average
weight
kN
kN/m
kg/m
d
±1
za
± 0.5
zi
± 0.5
103
10
241
205
350
80
60
1.5
106
10
320
257
810
110
105
2.0
106
10
372
309
1,000
120
125
±1
mm
200
199
244
+2
250
250
322
+0
300
299
374
+0
-2
-1
-1
276
360
406
+0
990
49
990
1,990
48
990
1,990
48
-6
+0
-6
+0
-10
+3
-1
+3
-0
+3
-0
Notes:
1. * Permissible jacking force for automatic recording and control, safety factors 2 and 1.6.
2. Compressive strength = 100 N/mm2.
3. Bending tensile strength = 14 N/mm2.
4. Supplied with wooden pressure transfer ring according to EN 312 P5.
5. The ground spigot ends (d3) are trimmed ca. 2 x 2 mm.
38
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Figure 28 – Joint profiles for DN400 to DN1200 pipe with Type 2 coupling
e
Bevel dm min. 45°
bk
Rubber seal
Max. dm on this side
dz
d1
d3
dM
dk
dza
dzi
Particle board
Sk
Prestressing ring6
l1
Jacking direction
Table 9 – Dimensions for DN400 to DN1200 pipe with Type 2 coupling (refer Figure 28 above)
Pipe dimensions
Internal
d1
Pipe
end
d3
DN
+0
-1
Pipe body
Coupling
Length
l1
dM
Pressure transfer
ring
e
dk
sk
bk
dz
dza
dzi
±2
±1
± 0.2
±1
±1
±1
±1
Max.
jacking
force*
Min.
crushing
load
Average
weight
kN
kN/m
kg/m
±1
mm
400
400
+6
-6
528
556
+0
- 12
984
1,984
65
536
3
130
16
518
413
2,350
160
240
500
498
+ 7.5
- 7.5
632
661
+0
- 15
1,984
65
640
3
130
16
624
513
3,000
140
295
600
599
+9
-9
723
766
+0
- 18
1,981
70
731
3
143
19
713
615
3,100
120
350
700
695
+ 12
827
870
+0
1,981
70
837
4
143
19
816
715
3,300
140
434
800
792
+ 12
- 12
921
970
+0
- 24
1,981
70
931
4
143
19
911
823
3,700
128
507
1000
1,056
+ 15
- 15
1,218
1,275
+0
- 30
1,981
70
1,230
5
143
19
1,208 1,077
5,700
120
855
1200
1,249
+ 18
- 18
1,408
1,475
+0
- 36
1,981
80
1,422
6
163
19
1,397 1,277
6,400
114
990
- 12
- 24
Notes:
1. * Permissible jacking force for automatic recording and control, safety factors 2 and 1.6.
2. Compressive strength = 100 N/mm2.
3. Bending tensile strength = 14 N/mm2.
4. Supplied with wooden pressure transfer ring according to EN 312 P5.
5. The ground spigot ends (d3) are trimmed ca. 2 x 2 mm.
6. For diameters DN600 and above a prestressing (clamping) ring is fitted at each spigot end.
Tunnel and shaft solutions 39
vitrified clay jacking pipe to a vitrified clay so
eted pipe is provided by the use of an bush
to equal out the different diameters. Then, w
Connection to standard pipes and
access chambers
Right:
Milled end of
adaptor pipe and
socketed end of
standard pipe
Three different components are used to connect vitrified
clay jacking pipes to standard vitrified clay pipelines and
access chambers.
1. Adaptor pipe for DN200 to DN600 pipes
The adaptor pipe is used for connection of vitrified clay
jacking pipes to open trench vitrified clay pipes normal/
high strength class or access chambers. They consist of
1.0 m long jacking pipes with a coupling on one end and
the other end milled to the external diameter of the pipe
to which the adaptor is to be connected.
Figure 30 – Connection of adaptor pipe to access chamber
Figure 29 – Adaptor pipe for DN200 to DN600 pipes
e = 180 mm
bk
Grinded on a length e = 180 mm
BKK ring
Coupling type 1 or 2
P ring
dz
dk
d1
d3
dM
d3
of the
jacking
pipe
dM
d3 of the
standard vc
pipe (normal
or high
strength)
1,000 mm
1,000 mm
Inspection chamber with vitrified clay invert
Table 10 – Dimensions for adaptor pipe for DN200 to DN600 pipes (refer Figure 29 above)
Pipe dimensions
Internal
DN
d1
Pipe end
(normal strength)
d3
Pipe end
(high strength)
+0
d3
-1
+0
-1
Pipe body
dM
Length
(mm)
l1
±1
mm
40
Average weight
(kg/piece)
250
250
+3
-3
299
318
360
+0
-6
1,000
105
300
299
+5
-5
355
376
406
+0
-10
1,000
125
400
400
+6
-6
486
492
556
+0
-12
1,000
240
500
498
+7.5
581
609
661
+0
1,000
295
600
601
+9
-9
687
721
766
1,000
305
-7.5
Tunnel and shaft solutions
-15
+0
-18
x
x
x
x
9931 ot 003
-fid retemaid edistuo ot gnidrocca sepyt hsuB
.slaes M htiw enibmoc oT .secneref
2. M-seal and bush ring
Left:
M-seal with
bush ring
Another way of achieving the transition from a vitrified
clay jacking pipe to an open trench vitrified clay socketed
pipe of different external diameter is by using an M-seal
and bush ring.
The bush ring is used to equal out the outside diameters
of the two pipes. The M-seal is a metal banded flexible
coupling providing a watertight and reliable connection
between the jacking and trench pipes.
3. Short length pipes
Connection of vitrified clay jacking pipes to access
chambers can also be achieved using short length,
Figure 31 – M-seal and bush ring
350 mm to 500 mm pipes. Three different types of short
12applications and
length pipes are available to suit various
M-seal
installation methods.
Type A – One end sawn flat and the other with a
85
steel coupling.
Standard vc pipe
Jacking pipe
Type B – Both ends are sawn flat.
Type C – One end sawn flat and one spigot end.
190
An M-seal and bush ring is used to connect these three
types together.
Sawn flat spigot
Bush ring
Figure 32 – Short length pipes
bk
e
Type A
Type B
d1
dk
l1
Type C
d1
dM
l1
d1
dM
d2
l1
Tunnel and shaft solutions 41
Tunnel and shaft solutions
x
Precast solutions
Top:
Precast arches
Tunnel and shaft
Middle:
HumeDeck®
modular bridge
system
Access, pipe jacking and ventilation shafts
Segmental shafts
One piece shafts
Bottom:
Headwall
Mine portals and reclaim tunnels
Precast arches
Box culverts
Traffic and utility tunnels
Segmental tunnel linings
Steel reinforced concrete pipes – jacking
Vitrified clay pipes – jacking
Escape tunnels and shafts
Precast arches
Box culverts
Steel reinforced concrete pipes
Stormwater
Sewage transfer and storage
Bridge and platform
Walling
Potable water supply
Irrigation and rural
Traffic management
Cable and power management
Rail
Livestock management
42
Tunnel and shaft solutions
Contact information
National sales 1300 361 601
humes.com.au
info@humes.com.au
Head Office
New South Wales
Tasmania
18 Little Cribb St
Grafton
Launceston
Milton QLD 4064
Ph: (02) 6644 7666
Ph: (03) 6335 6300
Ph: (07) 3364 2800
Fax: (02) 6644 7313
Fax: (03) 6335 6330
Fax: (07) 3364 2963
Newcastle
Ph: (02) 4032 6800
South Australia
Queensland
Fax: (02) 4032 6822
Brisbane/Gold Coast
Sydney
Ph: (08) 8168 4544
Ph: (07) 3866 7100
Ph: (02) 9832 5555
Fax: (08) 8168 4549
Fax: (07) 3866 7101
Fax: (02) 9625 5200
Rockhampton
Tamworth
Ph: (07) 4924 7900
Ph: (02) 6763 7300
Fax: (07) 4924 7901
Fax: (02) 6763 7301
Adelaide
Western Australia
Gnangara
Ph: (08) 9302 8000
Sunshine Coast
Ph: (07) 5472 9700
Fax: (08) 9309 1625
Victoria
Perth
Fax: (07) 5472 9711
Echuca
Ph: (08) 9351 6999
Townsville
Ph: (03) 5480 2371
Fax: (08) 9351 6977
Ph: (07) 4758 6000
Fax: (03) 5482 3090
Fax: (07) 4758 6001
Melbourne
Northern Territory
Ph: (03) 9360 3888
Fax: (03) 9360 3887
Darwin
Ph: (08) 8984 1600
Fax: (08) 8984 1614
National sales 1300 361 601
humes.com.au
info@humes.com.au
A Division of Holcim Australia
This publication supersedes all previous literature on this subject. As the specifications and details contained in this publication may change
please check with Humes Customer Service for confirmation of current issue. This publication provides general information only and is no
substitute for professional engineering advice. No representations or warranties are made regarding the accuracy, completeness or relevance
of the information provided. Users must make their own determination as to the suitability of this information or any Humes’ product for
their specific circumstances. Humes accepts no liability for any loss or damage resulting from any reliance on the information provided in
this publication. Humes is a registered business name and registered trademark of Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd (Holcim). “Strength. Performance.
Passion.” is a trademark of Holcim. Steinzeug Keramo is a registered trademark of STEINZEUG Abwassersysteme GmbH. Swiftlift is a registered
trademark of ITW Construction Products Australia Pty Ltd.
© May 2015 Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd ABN 87 099 732 297. All rights reserved. This guide or any part of it may not be reproduced without prior
written consent of Holcim.