References
REFERENCES
Abrams, P.A. (1994) Should prey overestimate the risk of predation? Am. Nat., 144: 317-328.
Aiello, L.C. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1993) Neocortex size, group size and the evolution of language.
Current Anthropol., 36: 199-221.
Aldrich-Blake, F.P.G. (1970) Problems of social structure in forest monkeys. In: Crook, J.H. (ed.)
Social behaviour in birds and mammals. pp. 79-101. Academic Press, London.
Aldrich-Blake, F.P.G., Bunn, T.K., Dunbar, R.I.M., & Headly, P.M. (1971) Observations on
baboons, Papio anubis, in an arid region in Ethiopia. Folia Primatol., 15: 1-35.
Alexander, R.D. (1974) The evolution of social behaviour. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 5: 325-383.
Allen, S.E. (ed.) (1989a) Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Allen, S.E. (1989b) Analysis of vegetation and other organic materials. In: Allen, S.E. (ed.)
Chemical analysis of ecological materials. pp. 46-61. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Altmann, J. (1974) Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49: 227267.
Altmann, J. (1980) Baboon mothers and infants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Altmann, S.A. (1974) Baboons, space, time and energy. Am. Zool., 14: 221-248.
Altmann, S.A. (1979) Baboon progressions: order or chaos? A study in one-dimensional group
geometry. Anim. Behav., 27: 46-80.
Altmann, S.A. (1987) Impact of locomotor energetics on mammalian foraging. J. Zool. Lond.,
211: 215-225.
Altmann, S.A. (1991) Diets of yearling female primates (Papio cynocephalus) predict lifetime
fitness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 420-423.
Altmann, S.A. (1998) Foraging for survival: yearling baboons in Africa. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago.
257
References
Altmann, S.A. & Altmann, J. (1970) Baboon ecology. Chicago University Press, Chicago.
Altmann, S.A., Post, D.G., & Klein, D.F. (1987) Nutrients and toxins of plants in Amboseli,
Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol., 25: 279-293.
Anderson, C.M. (1981a) Intertroop relations of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Int. J.
Primatol., 2: 285-310.
Anderson, C.M. (1981b) Subtrooping in a chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) population.
Primates, 22: 445-458.
Anderson, C.M. (1983) Levels of social organisation and male-female bonding in the genus
Papio. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 60: 15-22.
Anderson, C.M. (1986) Predation and primate evolution. Primates, 27: 15-39.
Andrews, J.R. & Birkinshaw, C.R. (1998) A comparison between the daytime and night-time
diet, activity and feeding height of the black lemur, Eulemur macaco (Primates:
Lemuridae), in Lokobe Forest, Madagascar. Folia Primatol., 69 (suppl. 1): 175-182.
Bailey, T.N. (1993) The African leopard: a study of the ecology and behaviour of a solitary felid.
Columbia University Press, New York.
Baldellou, M. & Henzi, S.P. (1992) Vigilance, predator detection and the presence of
supernumerary males in vervet monkey troops. Anim. Behav., 43: 451-461.
Baldellou, M. & Adan, A. (1997) Time, gender, and seasonality in vervet activity: a
chronobiological approach. Primates, 38: 31-43.
Barrett, L. (1995) Foraging strategies, ranging behaviour and territoriality among greycheeked mangabeys in Kibale Forest, western Uganda. Ph.D. Thesis, University College
London.
Barrett L. & Henzi, S.P. (1997) An inter-population comparison of body weight in chacma
baboons. S. Afr. J. Sci., 93: 436-438.
Barrett, L. & Henzi, S.P. (1998) Epidemic deaths in a chacma baboon population. S. Afr. J. Sci.,
94: 441.
Barrett, L., Henzi, S.P., Weingrill, T., Lycett, J.E. & Hill., R.A. (1999) Market forces predict
grooming reciprocity in female baboons. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 266: 665-670.
Barton, R.A. (1985) Grooming site preferences in primates and their functional implications.
Int. J. Primatol., 6: 519-532.
Barton, R.A. (1989) Foraging strategies, diet and competition in olive baboons. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of St. Andrews.
Barton, R.A. (1996) Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.
B., 263: 173-177.
258
References
Barton, R.A., Byrne, R.W. & Whiten, A. (1996) Ecology, feeding competition and social structure
in baboons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 38: 321-329.
Barton, R.A. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1997) Evolution of the social brain. In: Whiten, A. & Byrne, R.W.
(eds.) Machiavellian intelligence II: extensions and evaluations. pp. 240-263. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Barton, R.A. & Purvis, A. (1994) Primate brains and ecology: looking beneath the surface. In:
Anderson, J.R., Thierry, B. & Herrenschmidt, N. (eds.) Current primatology: Proceedings
of the XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society. pp. 1-11. Université
Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg.
Barton, R.A. & Whiten, A. (1993) Feeding competition among female olive baboons, Papio
anubis. Anim. Behav., 46: 777-789.
Barton, R.A., Whiten, A., Byrne, R.W. & English, M. (1993) Chemical composition of baboon
plant foods: implications for the interpretation of intra- and interspecific differences in
diet. Folia Primatol., 61: 1-20.
Barton, R.A., Whiten, A., Strum, S.C., Byrne, R.W. & Simpson, A.J. (1992) Habitat use and
resource availability in baboons. Anim. Behav., 43: 831-844.
Bateman, J.A. (1961) The mammals occurring in the Bredasdorp and Swellendam districts,
C.P., since European settlement. Koedoe, 4: 78-100.
Bell, R.H.V. (1982) The effect of soil nutrient availability on community structure in African
ecosystems. Ecol. Stud., 42: 193-216.
Bernstein, I.S. (1972) Daily activity cycles and weather influences on a pigtail mokey group.
Folia Primatol., 18: 390-415.
Bernstein, I.S. (1975) Activity patterns in a gelada monkey group. Folia Primatol., 23: 50-71.
Bernstein, I.S. (1976) Activity patterns in a sooty mangabey group. Folia Primatol., 26: 185-200.
Bertram, B. (1982) Leopard ecology as studied by radio-tracking. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 49:
341-352.
Boccia, M.L. (1987) The physiology of grooming: a direct test of the tension reduction
hypothesis. Am. J. Primatol., 12: 330.
du Bothma, J. & Le Riche, E.A.N. (1984) Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the
leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari desert. Koedoe (suppl.), 27: 259-279.
du Bothma, J. & Le Riche, E.A.N. (1986) Prey preference and hunting efficiency of the Kalahari
leopard. In: Miller, S.D. & Everett, D.D. (eds.) Cats of the world: biology, conservation
and management. pp. 389-414. National Wildlife Federation, Washington DC.
Bouskila, A. & Blumstein, D.T. (1992) Rules of thumb for predation hazard assessment:
predictions from a dynamic model. Am. Nat., 139: 161-176.
259
References
Bowman, J., Forbes, G. & Dilworth, T. (1999) The spatial scale of variability in small-mammal
populations. Ecography, 23: 328-334.
Bowman, L.A., Dilley, S.R. & Keverne, E.B. (1978) Suppression of oestrogen-induced LH surges
by social subordination in talapoin monkeys. Nature, Lond., 275: 56-58.
Brain, C. (1988) Water gathering by baboons in the Namib desert. S. Afr. J. Sci., 84: 590-591.
Brain, C. (1992) Deaths in a desert baboon troop. Int. J. Primatol., 13: 593-599.
Bronikowski, A.M. & Altmann, J. (1996) Foraging in a variable environment: weather patterns
and the behavioural ecology of baboons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 39: 11-25.
Bronikowski, A.M. & Webb, C. (1996) Appendix: a critical examination of rainfall variability
measures used in behavioural ecology studies. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 39: 27-30.
Bulger, J.B. (1993) Dominance rank and access to oestrous females in male savannah
baboons. Behaviour, 127: 67-103.
Bulger, J. & Hamilton, W.J. III (1987) Rank and density correlates of inclusive fitness measures
in a natural chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) troop. Int. J. Primatol., 8: 635-650.
Burgers, C.J. (1986) De Hoop Nature Reserve and environs draft plant species checklist 1996.
De Hoop Nature Reserve management plan 1996, Appendix 1.2. Cape Nature
Conservation, Cape Town.
Buzas, M.A. & Gibson, T.G. (1969) Species diversity: benthonic Forminifera in the western
North Atlantic. Science, 163: 72-75.
Byrne, R.W. (1981) Distance vocalisations of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in Senegal: an
analysis of function. Behaviour, 78: 283-312.
Byrne, R.W. & Whiten, A. (eds.) (1989) Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the
evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Byrne, R.W., Whiten, A. & Henzi, S.P. (1987) One-male groups and inter-group interactions of
mountain baboons. Am. J. Primatol., 8: 615-633.
Byrne, R.W., Whiten, A., Henzi, S.P. and McCulloch, F.M. (1993) Nutritional constraints on
mountain baboons (Papio ursinus): implications for baboon socioecology. Behav. Ecol.
Sociobiol., 33: 233-246.
Campbell, B.M., McKenzie, B. & Moll, E.J. (1979) Should there be more tree vegetation in the
Mediterranean climate region of South Africa? J. S. Afr. Bot., 45: 453-457.
Caraco, T. (1979a) Time budgeting and group size: a theory. Ecology, 60: 611-617.
Caraco, T. (1979b) Time budgeting and group size: a test of theory. Ecology, 60: 618-627.
260
References
Chapman, C.A. (1988a) Patterns of foraging and range use by three species of neotropical
primates. Primates, 29: 177-194.
Chapman, C.A. (1988b) Patch use and patch depletion by the spider and howling monkeys of
Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Behaviour, 105: 99-116.
Chapman, C.A. & Chapman, L.J. (1991) The foraging itinerary of spider monkeys: when to eat
leaves? Folia Primatol., 56: 162-166.
Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J. & McLaughlin, R.L. (1989) Multiple central place foraging by
spider monkeys: travel consequences of using many sleeping sites. Oecologia, 79: 506511.
Chappell, M.A. & Bartholomew, G.A. (1981) Standard operative temperatures and thermal
energetics of the antelope ground squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus. Physiol. Zool.,
54: 81-93.
Cheney, D.L. (1977) The acquisition of rank and the development of reciprocal alliances
among free-ranging immature baboons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 2: 303-318.
Cheney, D.L. (1992) Intragroup cohesion and intergroup hostility: the relation between
grooming distributions and intergroup competition among female primates. Behav.
Ecol., 3: 334-345.
Cheney, D.L. & Seyfarth, R.M. (1977) Behaviour of adult and immature male baboons during
inter-group encounters. Nature, 269: 404-406.
Cheney, D.L. & Seyfarth, R.M. (1987) The influence of intergroup competition on the survival
and reproduction of female vervet monkeys. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 21: 375-386.
Cheney, D.L. & Wrangham, R.W. (1987) Predation. In: Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M.,
Wranham, R.W. & Struhsaker, T.T. (eds.) Primate societies. pp. 227-239. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago.
Chivers, D.J. (1974) The siamang in Malaya. Karger, Basel.
van Citters, R., Smith, O., Franklin, D., Kemper, W. & Watson, N. (1967) Radiotelemetry of blood
flow and blood pressure in feral baboons: a preliminary report. In: Vagtborg, H. (ed.)
The baboon in medical research, Vol. 2. pp. 473-492. University of Texas Press, San
Antonio.
Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1974) Primate social organisation and ecology. Nature, 250: 539-542.
Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1975) Ranging behaviour of red colobus (Colobus badius tephrosceles) in
the Gombe National Park. Anim. Behav., 23: 706-722.
Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1977) Some aspects of intraspecific variation in feeding and ranging
behaviour in primates. In: Clutton-Brock, T.H. (ed.) Primate ecology. pp. 557-579.
Academic Press, New York.
261
References
Clutton-Brock, T.H., Albon, S.D., Gibson, R.M. & Guinness, F.E. (1979) The logical stag:
adaptive aspects of fighting in red deer (Cervus elephos L.). Anim. Behav., 27: 211-225.
Clutton-Brock, T.H., Guiness, F.E. & Albon, S.D. (1982) Red deer: the behaviour and ecology of
the two sexes. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Harvey, P.H. (1977) Primate ecology and social organisation. J. Zool.,
Lond., 183: 1-39.
Coates Palgrave, K. (1997) Trees of southern Africa. C. Struik (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town.
Coe, M.J., Cumming, D.H. & Phillipson, J. (1976) Biomass and production of large African
herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia, 22: 341-354.
Coelho, A.M. Jr. (1974) Socio-bioenergetics and sexual dimorphism in primates. Primates, 15:
263-269.
Collins, D.A. (1984) Spatial pattern in a troop of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in
Tanzania. Anim. Behav., 32: 536-553.
Connor, R., Smolker, R.A. & Richards, A.F. (1992) Dolphin alliances and coalitions. In:
Harcourt, A.H. & de Waal, F.B.M. (eds.) Coalitions and alliances in humans and other
animals. pp. 445-471. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Connor, R. Heithause, M.R. & Barre, L.M. (1999) Superalliance of bottlenose dolphins. Nature,
397: 571-572.
Cords, M. (1990) Vigilance and mixed-species associations of some East African forest
monkeys. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 26: 297-300.
Cords, M. (1995) Predator vigilance costs of allogrooming in wild blue monkeys. Behaviour,
132: 559-569.
Cowling, R. & Richardson, D. (1995) Fynbos: South Africa’s unique floral kingdom. Fernwood
Press, Vlaeberg.
Cowlishaw, G.C. (1993) Trade-offs between feeding competition and predation risk in
baboons. Ph.D. Thesis, University College London.
Cowlishaw, G.C. (1994) Vulnerability to predation in baboon populations. Behaviour, 131: 293304.
Cowlishaw, G.C. (1995) Behavioural patterns during baboon group encounters: the role of
resource competition and male reproductive strategies. Behaviour, 132: 75-86.
Cowlishaw, G.C. (1997a) Trade-offs between foraging and predation risk determine habitat
use in a desert baboon population. Anim. Behav., 53: 667-686.
Cowlishaw, G.C. (1997b) Refuge use and predation risk in a desert baboon population. Anim.
Behav., 54: 241-253.
262
References
Cowlishaw, G.C. (1998) The role of vigilance in the survival and reproductive strategies of
desert baboons. Behaviour, 135: 431-452.
Crook, J.H. (1970) The socio-ecology of primates. In: Crook, J.H. (ed.) Social behaviour in birds
and mammals. pp. 103-166. Academic Press, London.
Crook, J.H. & Gartlan, J.S. (1966) Evolution of primate societies. Nature, 210: 1200-1203.
Dahl, J.F., Bernstein, I.S. & Williams, L. (1982) Thermoregulation and social structure of a
captive group of rhesus macaques. Int. J. Primatol., 3: 273.
Dasilva, G.L. (1992) The western black-and-white colobus as a low-energy strategist: activity
budgets, energy expenditure and energy intake. J. Anim. Ecol., 61: 79-91.
Davidge, C. (1978a) Activity patterns of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) at Cape Point. Zool.
Afr., 13: 143-155.
Davidge, C. (1978b) Ecology of baboons (Papio ursinus) at Cape Point. Zool. Afr., 13: 329-350.
Davies, A.G., Bennett, E.L. & Waterman, P.G. (1988) Food selection by two South-east Asian
colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melelophos) in relation to plant
chemistry. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 34: 33-56.
Demment, M.J. (1983) Feeding ecology and the evolution of body size of baboons. J. Ecol., 21:
219-233.
Demment, M.J. & van Soest, P.J. (1985) A nutritional explanation for body size patterns of
ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores. Am. Nat., 125: 641-672.
Depew, L.A. (1983) Ecology and behaviour of baboons (Papio anubis) in the Shai Hills Game
Production Reserve, Ghana. M.Sc. Thesis, Cape Coast University.
Deshmuhk, I.K. (1984) A common relationship between precipitation and grassland peak
biomass for East and southern Africa. Afr. J. Ecol., 22: 181-186.
Devore, I. & Hall, K.R.L. (1965) Baboon ecology. In: Devore, I. (ed.) Primate behaviour. pp. 2052. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
Dill, L.M. & Houtman, R. (1989) The influence of distance to refuge on flight-initiation distances
in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Can. J. Zool., 67: 232-235.
Dixson, A.F., Bossi, T. & Wickings, E.J. (1993) Male dominance and genetically determined
reproductive success in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx). Primates, 34: 525-532.
Doolan, S.P. & Macdonald, D.W. (1996) Diet and foraging behaviour of group-living meerkats,
Suricata suricatta, in the southern Kalahari. J. Zool. Lond., 239: 697-716.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1979) Energetics, thermoregulation and the behavioural ecology of
klipspringer. Afr. J. Ecol., 17: 217-230.
263
References
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1980) Determinants and evolutionary consequences of dominance among
female gelada baboons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 7: 253-265.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1983) Relationships and social structure in gelada and hamadryas baboons.
In: Hinde, R.A. (ed.) (1983) Primate social relationships. pp. 299-307. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1984) Reproductive decisions: an economic analysis of gelada baboon social
strategies. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1986) The social ecology of gelada baboons. In: Rubenstein, D. & Wrangham,
R.W. (eds.) Ecological determinants of social evolution. pp. 332-351. Princeton University
Press, Princeton.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1988) Primate social systems. Chapman & Hall, London.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1989a) Social systems as optimality sets: the costs and benefits of sociality. In:
Standen, V. & Foley, R.A. (eds.) Comparative socioecology. pp. 131-150. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1989b) Ecological modelling in an evolutionary context. Folia Primatol., 53: 235246.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1990a) Environmental determinants of intraspecific variation in body weight in
baboons (Papio spp.). J. Zool., Lond., 220: 157-169.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1990b) Environmental determinants of fecundity in klipspringer (Oreotragus
oreotragus). Afr. J. Ecol., 28: 307-313.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1991) Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatol.,
57: 121-131.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1992a) Time: a hidden constraint on the behavioural ecology of baboons.
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 31: 35-49.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1992b) Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. J. Human
Evol., 20: 407-421.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1992c) A model of the gelada socio-ecological system. Primates, 33: 69-83.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1992d) Behavioural ecology of the extinct papionines. J. Human Evol., 22: 407421.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1993a) Ecological constraints on group size in baboons. Physiol. Ecol. Japan,
29: 221-236.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1993b) Socioecology of the extinct theropiths: a modelling approach. In:
Jablonski, N.G. (ed.) Theropithecus: the rise and fall of a primate genus. pp. 465-485.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
264
References
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1995) Neocortex size and group size in primates: a test of the hypothesis. J.
Human Evol., 28: 287-296.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1996) Determinants of group size in primates: a general model. In: Runciman,
W.G., Maynard Smith, J. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (eds.) Evolution of social behaviour patterns in
primates and man. pp. 33-57. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1998) Impact of global warming on the distribution and survival of the gelada:
a modelling approach. Global Change Biol., 4: 293-304.
Dunbar, R.I.M. & Bose, U. (1991) Adaptation to grass-eating in gelada baboons. Primates, 32:
1-7.
Dunbar, R.I.M., Buckland, D. & Miller, D. (1990) Mating strategies of male feral goats: a
problem in optimal foraging. Anim. Behav., 40: 653-667.
Dunbar, R.I.M. & Dunbar, P. (1974) Ecological relations and niche separation between
sympatric terrestrial primates in Ethiopia. Folia Primatol., 21: 36-60.
Dunbar, R.I.M. & Dunbar, P. (1988) Maternal time budgets of gelada baboons. Anim. Behav.,
36: 970-980.
Dunbar, R.I.M. & Kudo, H. (1999) Neocortex size and the size of grooming cliques. Folia
Primatol., 70: 221.
Dunbar, R.I.M. & Roberts, S.C. (1992) Territory quality in mountain reedbuck (Redunca
fulvorufula chanleri): distance to safety. Ethology, 90: 134-142.
Dunbar, R.I.M. & Sharman, M. (1984) Is social grooming altruistic? Z. Tierpsychol. 64: 163-173.
East, R. (1984) Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savannah mammals.
Afr. J. Ecol., 22: 245-268.
Elgar, M.A. (1989) Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review
of the empirical evidence. Biol. Rev., 64: 13-33.
Elizondo, R. (1977) Temperature regulation in primates. In: Robertshaw, D. (ed.) International
review of physiology: environmental physiology II, Vol. 15. pp. 71-118. University Park
Press, Baltimore.
Elliot, J.P., McTaggart Cowan, I. & Holling, C.S. (1977) Prey capture by the African lion. Can. J.
Zool., 55: 1811-1828.
Endler, J.A. (1991) Interactions between predators and prey. In: Krebs, J.R. & Davies, N.B. (eds.)
Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach, 3rd Ed. pp. 169-196. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Fa, J.E. (1986) Use of time and resources by provisioned troops of monkeys: social behaviour,
time and energy in the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus L.) at Gibraltar.
Contributions to Primatology, Vol. 23. Karger, Basel.
265
References
Fairbanks, L.A. & Bird, J. (1978) Ecological correlates of interindividual distance in the St Kitts
vervet (Cercopitecus aethiops sabaeus). Primates, 28: 605-614.
Folk, B. (1966) An introduction to environmental phsiology. Lea & Feabiger, Philadelphia.
Fortin, M.J. (1999) Effects of sampling unit resolution and the estimation of spatial
autocorrleation. Ecoscience, 6: 636-641.
Freeland, W.J. (1980) Mangabey (Cercocebus albigena) movement patterns in relation to food
availability and fecal contamination. Ecology, 61: 1297-1303.
Funkhouser, G.E., Higgins, E.A., Adams, T. & Snow, C.C. (1967) The response of the savannah
baboon (Papio cynocephalus) to thermal stress. Life Sci. Oxford, 6: 1615-1620.
Gagge, A.P. (1940) Standard operative temperature, a generalized temperature scale,
applicable to direct and partial calorimetry. Am. J. Physiol., 131: 93-103.
Gates, S., Wingfield Gibbons, D., Lack, P.C. & Fuller, R.J. (1994) Declining farmland bird
species: modelling geographical patterns of abundance in Britain. In: Edwards, P.J.,
May, R.M. & Webb, N.R. (eds.) Large-scale ecology and conservation biology. pp. 153177. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Gaulin, S.J.C. & Gaulin, C.K. (1982) Behavioural ecology of Alouatta seniculus in Andean cloud
forest. Int. J. Primatol., 3: 1-22.
Gaynor, D. (1994) Foraging and feeding behaviour of chacma baboons in a woodland habitat.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Natal.
Glyphis, J.P. & Puttick, G.M. (1988) Phenolics in some southern African Mediterranean
shrubland plants. Phytochemistry, 27: 743-751.
Goldsmith, F.B., Harrison, C.M. & Morton, A.J. (1986) Description and analysis of vegetation. In:
Moore, P.D. & Chapman, S.B. (eds.) Methods in plant ecology, 2nd Ed. pp. 437-524.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Goosen, C. (1987) Social grooming in primates. In: Mitchell, G. & Erwin, J. (ed.) Comparative
primate biology, Vol. 2, Part 2: behaviour, cognition and motivation. pp. 107-131. Alan R.
Liss, New York.
Gouzoules, H. (1975) Maternal rank and early social interactions of infant stumptail
macaques, Macaca arctoides. Primates, 16: 405-418.
Greig-Smith, P. (1983) Quantitative plant ecology, 3rd Ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Griffiths, J.F. (1976) Climate and the environment: the atmospheric impact on man. Elek Books
Ltd., London.
266
References
Grimshaw, H.M., Allen, S.E. & Parkinson, J.A. (1989) Nutrient elements. In Allen, S.A. (ed.)
Chemical analysis of ecological materials. pp. 81-159. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Hall, K.R.L. (1962) Numerical data, maintenance activities and locomotion of the wild chacma
baboon, Papio ursinus. Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 139: 181-220.
Hall, K.R.L. (1963) Variations in the ecology of the chacma baboon, Papio ursinus. Symp. Zool.
Soc., Lond., 10: 1-28.
Hall, K.R.L. (1965) Behaviour and ecology of baboons, patas and vervet monkeys in Uganda.
In: Vagtborg, H. (ed.) The baboon in medical research, Vol. 2. pp. 43-61. University of
Texas Press, San Antonio.
Hall, K.R.L. & DeVore, I. (1965) Baboon social behaviour. In: DeVore, I. (ed.) Primate Behaviour.
pp. 53-110. Holt, Rinehardt & Winston, New York.
Hamilton, W.D. (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I, II. J. Theoret. Biol., 7: 1-52.
Hamilton, W.D. (1971) Geometry for the selfish herd. J. Theor. Biol., 31: 295-311.
Hamilton, W.J. III (1982) Baboon sleeping site preferences and relationships to primate
grouping patterns. Am. J. Primatol., 3: 41-53.
Hamilton, W.J. III (1986) Namib desert chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) use of food and water
resources during a food shortage. Madoqua, 14: 397-407.
Hamilton, W.J. III & Bulger, J.B. (1993) Origin and fate of a one-male savannah baboon group
formed by fissioning. Int. J. Primatol., 14: 131-143.
Hamilton, W.J. III, Buskirk, R.E.R. & Buskirk, W.H. (1975) Chacma baboon tactics during
intertroop encounters. J. Mammal., 56: 857-870.
Hamilton, W.J. III, Buskirk, R.E.R. & Buskirk, W.H. (1976) Defence of space and resources by
chacma (Papio ursinus) baboon troops in an African desert and swamp. Ecology, 57:
1264-1272.
Hamilton, W.J. III, Buskirk, R.E.R. & Buskirk, W.H. (1978) Omnivory and the utilization of food
resources by chacma baboons, Papio ursinus. Am. Nat., 112: 911-924.
Harding, R.S.O. (1976) Ranging patterns of a group of baboons (Papio anubis) in Kenya. Folia
Primatol., 25: 143-185.
Harding, R.S.O. (1981) An order of omnivores: non-human primate diets in the wild. In:
Harding, R.S.O. and Teleki, G. (eds.) Omnivorous primates: gathering and hunting in
human evolution. pp. 191-214. Columbia University Press, New York.
Harrington, J.E. (1978) Diurnal behaviour of Lemur mongoz at Ampijoroa, Madagascar. Folia
Primatol., 29: 291-302.
267
References
Harrison, M.J.S. (1983) Patterns of range use by the green monkey, Cercopithecus sabeus, at
Mt. Assirik, Senegal. Int. J. Primatol., 5: 435-471.
Harvey, P.H. (1977) The measurement of dietetic diversity. In: Clutton-Brock, T.H. (ed.) Primate
ecology. pp. 591-594. Academic Press, London.
Harvey, P.H. & Pagel, M.D. (1991) The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
Hausfater, G. (1975) Dominance and reproduction in baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Karger,
Basel.
Hegner, R.E., Emlen, S.T. & Demong, N.J. (1982) Spatial organisation of the white-fronted beeeater. Nature, 298: 264-266.
Hemelrijk, C.K. & Luteijn, M. (1998) Philopatry, male presence and grooming reciprocation
among female primates: a comparative perspective. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 42: 207215.
Hemingway, C.A. (1999) Time budgets and foraging in a Malagasy primate: do sex differences
reflect reproductive condition and female dominance? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 45: 311322.
Henzi, S.P. (1996) Copulation calls and paternity on mountain baboons. Anim. Behav., 51: 233234.
Henzi, S.P. & Barrett, L. (1999) The value of grooming to female primates. Primates, 40: 51-63.
Henzi, S.P., Barrett, L., Weingrill, A., Dixon, P. & Hill, R.A. (2000) Ruths amid the alien corn:
males and the translocation of female chacma baboons. S. Afr. J. Sci., 96: 61-62.
Henzi, S.P., Byrne, R.W. & Whiten, A. (1992) Patterns of movement by baboons in the
Drakensberg mountains: primary responses to the environment. Int. J. Primatol., 13: 601629.
Henzi, S.P., Dyson, M.L. & Deenik, A. (1990) The relationship between altitude and group size
in mountain baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus). Int. J. Primatol., 11: 319-325.
Henzi, S.P. & Lycett, J.E. (1995) Population structure, dynamics, and demography of mountain
baboons: an interim report. Am. J. Primatol., 35: 155-163.
Henzi, S.P., Lycett, J.E. & Piper, S.E. (1997a) Fission and troop size in a mountain baboon
population. Anim. Behav., 53: 525-535.
Henzi, S.P., Lycett, J.E. & Weingrill, T. (1997b) Cohort size and the allocation of social effort by
female mountain baboons. Anim. Behav., 54: 1235-1243.
Henzi, S.P., Lycett, J.E., Weingrill, T., Byrne, R.W. & Whiten, A. (1997c) The effect of troop size on
travel and foraging in mountain baboons. S. Afr. J. Sci., 93: 333-335.
268
References
Herbers, J.M. (1981) Time resources and laziness in animals. Oecologia, 49: 252-262.
Hill, R.A. (1999) Size-dependent tortoise predation by baboons at De Hoop Nature Reserve,
South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci., 95: 123-124.
Hill, R.A. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1998) An evaluation of the roles of predation risk and predation rate
as selective pressures on primate grouping behaviour. Behaviour, 135: 411-430.
Hill, R.A. & Lee, P.C. (1998) Predation risk as an influence on group size in Cercopithecoid
primates. J. Zool., Lond., 245: 447-456.
Hill, R.A., Lycett, J.E. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (2000) Ecological and social determinants of birth
intervals in baboons. Behav. Ecol., 11: 560-564.
Hinde, R.A. (1976) Interactions, relationships and social structure. Man, 11: 1-17.
Hinde, R.A. (ed.) (1983) Primate social relationships. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Hogg, J.T. & Forbes, S.H. (1997) Mating in bighorn sheep: frequent male reproduction via a
high risk “unconventional” tactic. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 41: 33-48.
Horrocks, J. & Hunte, W. (1983) Maternal ranks and offspring rank in vervet monkeys: an
appraisal of the mechanism of rank acquisition. Anim. Behav., 31: 772-781.
le Houérou, H.N. & Popov, G.F. (1981) An eco-climatic classification of intertropical Africa (3
maps). Plant production and protection paper. No. 31. Rome, FAO.
le Houérou, H.N. (1984) Rain use efficiency: a unifying concept in arid-land ecology. J. Arid.
Environment., 7: 213-247.
Houston, A.I., McNamara, J.M. & Hutchinson, J.M.C. (1993) General results concerning the
trade-off between gaining energy and avoiding predation. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 341:
375-397.
Hrdy, S.B. (1977) The langurs of Abu. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Hutchings, M. & Barash, D.P. (1976) Grooming in primates: implications for its utilitarian
function. Primates, 17: 145-150.
Isbell, L.A. (1991) Group fusions and minimum group sizes in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus
aethiops). Am. J. Primatol., 25: 57-65.
Isbell, L.A. (1994) Predation on primates: ecological patterns and evolutionary consequences.
Evol. Anthropol., 3: 61-71.
Isbell, L.A., Cheney, D.L. & Seyfarth, R.M. (1990) Costs and benefits of home range shifts
among vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya.
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 27: 351-358.
269
References
Isbell, L.A. & Young C.P. (1993) Social and ecological influences on activity budgets of vervet
monkeys, and their implications for group living. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 32: 377-385.
Iwamoto, T. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1983) Thermoregulation, habitat quality and the behavioural
ecology in gelada baboons. J. Anim. Ecol., 53: 357-366.
Janson, C.H. (1986) The mating system as a determinant of social evolution in capuchin
monkeys, (Cebus). In: Else, J.G. & Lee, P.C. (eds.) Primate ecology and conservation. pp.
169-179. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Janson, C.H. (1988) Food competition in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): quantitative
effects of group size and tree productivity. Behaviour, 105: 53-76.
Janson, C.H. (1990) Ecological consequences of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of
brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. Anim. Behav., 40: 922-934.
Janson, C.H. (1998) Testing the predation hypothesis for vertebrate sociality: prospects and
pitfalls. Behaviour, 135: 289-410.
Jolly, C.J. (1993) Species, subspecies, and baboon systematics. In: Kimbel, W.H. & Martin, L.B.
(eds.) Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. pp. 67-107. Plenum Press, New
York.
Jones, C.B. (1980) The functions of status in the mantled howler monkey, Alouatta palliata
Gray: intraspecific competition for membership in a folivorous Neotropical primate.
Primates, 21: 389-405.
Joyce, J.P., Blaxter, K.L. & Park, C. (1966) The effect of natural outdoor environments on the
energy requirements of sheep. Res. Vet. Sci., 7: 342-359.
Kawai, M. (1958) On the system of social ranks in a natural group of Japanese monkeys.
Primates, 1: 11-48.
Kawamuto, Y., Shotake, T. & Nozawa, K. (1982) Genetic differentiation among three genera of
Family Cercopithecidae. Primates, 23: 272-286.
Kay, R.N.B. & Davies, A.G. (1994) Digestive physiology. In: Davies, A.G. & Oates, J.F. (eds.)
Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution. pp. 229-249. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Kenyatta, C.G. (1995) Ecological and social constraints on maternal investment strategies.
Ph.D. Thesis, University College London.
Keverne, E.B., Martensz, N. & Tuite, B. (1989) Beta-endorphin concentrations in cerebrospinal
fluid of monkeys are influenced by grooming relationships. Psychoneuroendocrinology,
14:155-161.
King, J.A. (1955) Social behaviour, social organisation and population dynamics in a blacktailed prairie dog town in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Contrib. Lab. Vert. Biol., Univ.
Mich., Ann. Arbor, 67: 1-123.
270
References
Kleiber, M. (1961) The fire of life. Wiley, New York.
Koenig, W.D. (1999) Spatial autocorrelation of ecological phenomenon. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14:
22-26.
Krebs, C. (1989) Ecological methodology. Harper & Row, New York.
Kummer, H. (1968) Social organisation of hamadryas baboons. Karger, Basel.
Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967) Comparative notes on predation by lion, leopard, cheetah and
hunting dog in the Serengeti area, East Africa. Mammalia, 31: 1-27.
Lan, D.Y. (2000) Ecology and behaviour of black gibbons in Yunnan, China. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Liverpool.
Landsberg, H.E. (1961) Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface. Solar Energy, 5: 95-98.
Lee, P.C. (1983) Context-specific unpredictability on dominance interactions. In: Hinde, R.A.
(ed.) Primate relationships: an integrated approach. pp. 35-44. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Lee, P.C. & Oliver, J.I. (1979) Competition, dominance and the acquisition of rank in juvenile
yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Anim. Behav., 27: 576-585.
Lima, S.L. (1995) Back to the basics of anti-predatory vigilance: the group size effect. Anim.
Behav., 49: 11-20.
Lima, S.L. & Dill, L.M. (1989) Behavioural decisions under the risk of predation: a review and
prospectus. Can. J. Zool., 68: 619-640.
Lycett, J.E., Henzi, S.P. & Barrett, L. (1998) Maternal investment in mountain baboons and the
hypothesis of reduced care. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 42: 49-56.
Maestripieri, D. (1993) Vigilance costs of allogrooming in macaque mothers. Am. Nat., 141:
744-753.
Magurran, A.E. (1988) Ecological diversity and its measurement. Crook Helm, London.
Marsh, C.W. (1981) Ranging behaviour and its relation to diet selection in Tana River red
colobus (Colobus badius rufromitratus). J. Zool. Lond., 195: 473-492.
Martin, R.B. & de Meulenaer, T. (1988) Survey of the status of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in
sub-Saharan Africa. Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Mather, J.R (1974) Climatology: fundamentals and applications. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York.
271
References
Maxim, P.E. & Buettner-Janusch, J. (1963) A field study of the Kenyan baboon. Am. J. Phys.
Anthropol., 21: 165-189.
McElligott, A.G., Mattiangeli, V., Mattiello, S., Verga, M., Reynolds, C.A. & Hayden, T.J. (1998)
Fighting tactics of fallow bucks (Dama dama, Cervidae): reducing the risks of serious
conflict. Ethology, 104: 789-803.
McFarland, D.J. (1974) Time-sharing as a behavioural phenomenon. Adv. Stud. Behav., 5: 201225.
McKey, D.B., Gartlan, J.S., Waterman, P.G. & Choo, G.M. (1981) Food selection by black
colobus monkeys (Colobus satanas) in relation to plant chemistry. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 16:
115-146.
McNaughton, S.J. (1985) Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecol. Monogr., 55: 259294.
Melnick, D.J. & Pearl, M.C. (1987) Cercopithecines in multimale groups: genetic diversity and
population structure. In: Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wranham, R.W. &
Struhsaker, T.T. (eds.) Primate societies. pp. 121-134. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
Meyers, D.M. (1988) Behavioural ecology of Lemur fulvus rufus in rain forest in Madagascar.
Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 75: 250.
Middlemiss, E. (1963) Distribution of Acacia cyclops in the Cape Peninsula area by birds and
other animals. S. Afr. J. Sci. 59: 419-420.
Milton, K. (1979) Factors affecting leaf choice by howler monkeys: a test for some hypotheses
of food selection by generalist herbivores. Am. Nat., 14: 362-377.
Missakian, E.A. (1972) Genealogical and cross-genealogical dominance relations in a group
of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. Primates, 13: 169180.
Moll, E.J., McKenzie, B. & McLachlan, D. (1980) A possible explanation for the lack of trees in
the fynbos, Cape Province, South Africa. Biol. Conserv., 17: 221-228.
Mori, A. (1977) The social organisation of the provisioned Japanese monkey troops that have
extraordinarily large population sizes. J. Anthropol. Soc. Nippon., 85: 325-345.
Moss, C.J. & Poole, J.H. (1983) Relationships and social structure of African elephants. In:
Hinde, R.A. (ed.) Primate social relationships. pp. 314-325. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Mount, L.E. (1979) Adaptation to thermal environment: man and his productive animals.
Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London.
Muroyama, Y. (1994) Exchange of grooming for allomothering in female patas monkeys.
Behaviour, 128: 103-119.
272
References
Mustart, P., Cowling, R. & Albertyn, J. (1997) Southern Overberg: South African wild flower
guide 8. University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
Nagel, U. (1973) A comparison of anubis baboons, hamadryas baboons and their hybrids at a
species border in Ethiopia. Folia Primatol., 19: 104-165.
Nishida, T. & Uehara, S. (1983) Natural diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurtherii):
long-term records from the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Afr. Stud. Monogr., 3: 109-139.
Noë, R. & Hammerstein, P. (1995) Biological markets. Trends Ecol. Evol., 10: 336-340.
Noë, R. & Suijter, A.A. (1990) Reproductive tactics of male savannah baboons. Behaviour, 113:
117-170.
Norton, G.W. (1986) Leadership: decision processes of group movement in yellow baboons. In:
Else, J. & Lee, P.C. (eds.) Primate ecology and conservation. pp. 145-156. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Norton, G.W., Rhine, R.J., Wynn, G.W. & Wynn, R.D. (1987) Baboon diet: a five-year study of
stability and variability of the plant feeding and habitat of the yellow baboons (Papio
cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Foila Primatol., 48: 78-120.
Norton, P.M. (1986) Historical changes in the distribution of leopards in the Cape Province,
South Africa. Bontebok, 5: 1-9.
Norton, P.M., Lawson, A.B., Henley, S.R. & Avery, G. (1986) Prey of leopards in four areas of the
south-western Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 16: 47-52.
Oates, J.F. (1977) The guereza and its food. In: Clutton-Brock, T.H. (ed.) Primate ecology. pp.
275-321. Academic Press, London.
Oates, J.F. (1994) The natural history of African colobines. In: Davies, A.G. & Oates, J.F. (eds.)
Colobine monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution. pp. 75-128. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
van Orsdol, K.G. (1984) Foraging behaviour and hunting success of lions in Queen Elizabeth
National Park, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol., 22: 79-99.
Overdorff, D.J. (1988) Preliminary report on the activity cycle and diet of the red-bellied lemur
(Lemur rubriventer) in Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol., 16: 143-153.
Owen-Smith, N. (1998) How high ambient temperature affects the daily activity and foraging
time of a subtropical ungulate, the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). J. Zool.,
Lond., 246: 183-192.
Pagel, M.D. & Harvey, P.H. (1989) Comparative methods for examining adaptation depend on
evolutionary models. Folia Primatol., 53: 203-220.
Parkinson, J.A. & Rowland, A.P. (1989) Instrumental procedures. In: Allen, S.E. (ed.) Chemical
analysis of ecological materials. pp. 240-291. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
273
References
Passingham, R. (1982) The human primate. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Patterson, J.D. (1976) Variations in the ecology and adaptation of Ugandan baboons Papio
cynocephalus anubis. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Calgary.
Pennington, R. & Harpending, H. (1988) Fitness and fertility among Kalahari !Kung. Am. J. Phys.
Anthropol., 77: 303-319.
Pereira, M.E. & Altmann, J. (1985) Development of social behaviour in free-living non-human
primates. In: Watts, E.S. (ed.) Non-human primate models for human growth and
development. pp. 217-309. Alan R. Liss, New York.
Peters, R.H. (1983) The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Popp, J.L. (1978) Male baboons and evolutionary principles. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Harvard.
Post, D.G. (1978) Feeding and ranging behaviour of the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus).
Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University.
Post, D.G. (1981) Activity patterns of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Amboseli
National Park, Kenya. Anim. Behav., 29: 357-374.
Post, D.G. (1982) Feeding behaviour of yellow baboons in Amboseli National Park. Int. J.
Primatol., 3: 403-430.
Post, D.G., Hausfater, G. & McCuskey, S.A. (1980) Feeding behaviour of yellow baboons (Papio
cynocephalus): relationship to age, gender and dominance rank. Folia Primatol., 34:
170-195.
Pulliam, H.R. (1973) On the advantages of flocking. J. Theor. Biol., 38: 419-422.
Pulliam, H.R. & Curaco, T. (1984) Living in groups: is there and optimal size? In: Krebs, J.R. &
Davies, N.B. (eds.) Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach, 2nd Ed. pp. 122-147.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Quarmby, C. & Allen, S.E. (1989) Organic constituents. In: Allen, S.E. (ed.) Chemical analysis of
ecological materials. pp. 160-200. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Raemaekers, J.J. (1980) Causes of variation between months in the distance travelled daily by
gibbons. Folia Primatol., 34: 46-60.
Ransom, T.W. (1981) Beach troop of the Gombe. Bucknell University Press, Lewisberg.
Rasmussen, D.R. (1978) Environmental and behavioural correlates of changes in range use in
a troop of yellow (Papio cynocephalus) and a troop of olive (Papio anubis) baboons.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Riverside.
274
References
Rasmussen, D.R. (1983) Correlates of patterns of range use of a troop of yellow baboons
(Papio cynocephalus). II. Spatial structure, cover density, food gathering, and individual
behaviour patterns. Anim. Behav., 31: 834-856.
Reichard, U. & Sommer, V. (1994) Grooming site preferences in wild white-handed gibbons
(Hylobates lar). Primates, 35: 369-374.
Rhine, R.J. (1975) The order of movement of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Folia
Primatol., 23: 72-104.
Rhine, R.J., Bloland, P. & Lodwick, L. (1985) Progressions of adult male chacma baboons
(Papio ursinus) in the Moremi Wildlife Reserve. Int. J. Primatol., 6: 115-122.
Richard, A.F. (1978) Variability in the feeding behaviour of a Malagasy prosimian, Propithecus
verreauxi: Lemuriformes. In: Montgomery, G.G. (ed.) The ecology of arboreal folivores.
pp. 519-533. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Ridout, M.S. & Xu, X.M. (2000) Relationships between several quadrat-based statistical
measures used to characterise spatial aspects of disease incidence data.
Phytopathology, 90: 568-575.
Roberts, G. (1996) Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases. Anim. Behav., 51:
1077-1086.
Roberts, S.B., Cole, T.J. & Coward, W.A. (1985) Lactation performance in relation to energy
intake in the baboon. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 41: 1270-1276.
Robinson, J.G. (1981) Spatial structure in foraging groups of wedge-capped capuchin
monkeys Cebus nigrivittatus. Anim. Behav., 29: 1036-1056.
Robinson, J.G. (1988) Group size in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys Cebus olivaceous and
the reproductive success of males and females. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 23: 187-197.
Ron, T. (1996) Who is responsible for fission in a free-ranging troop of baboons? Ethology, 102:
128-133.
Ron, T., Henzi., S.P. & Motro, U. (1994) A new model of fission in primate troops. Anim. Behav.,
47: 223-226.
Ron, T., Henzi., S.P. & Motro, U. (1996) Do female chacma baboons compete for safe spatial
position in a southern woodland habitat? Behaviour, 133: 475-490.
Rose, L.M. & Fedigan, L.M. (1995) Vigilance in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus, in
Costa Rica. Anim. Behav., 49: 63-70.
Rosenzweig, M.L. (1968) Net primary productivity of terrestrial communities: prediction from
climatological data. Am. Nat., 102: 67-74.
Rowell, T.E. (1966) Forest living baboons in Uganda. J. Zool., Lond., 147: 344-354.
275
References
Rowell, T.E. (1969) Long-term changes in a population of Ugandan baboons. Folia Primatol.,
11: 241-254.
de Ruiter, J.R. (1986) The influence of group size on predator scanning and foraging behaviour
of wedge-capped capuchins (Cebus olivaceus). Behaviour, 98: 240-258.
Russell, E.M. (1971) Changes in behaviour with temperature in the red kangaroo, Megaleia
rufa. Aust. J. Zool., 19: 207-213.
Saayman, G.S. (1970) The menstrual cycle and sexual behaviour in a troop of free-ranging
chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Folia Primatol., 12: 81-110.
Saayman, G.S. (1971) Baboons’ responses to predators. Afr. Wildl., 25: 46-49.
Sade, D.S. (1967) Determinants of dominance in a group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys. In:
Altmann, S.A. (ed.) Social communication among primates. pp. 99-114. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago.
Sambrook, T.D., Whiten, A. & Strum, S.C. (1995) Priority of access and grooming patterns of
females in a large and small group of olive baboons. Anim. Behav., 50: 1667-1682.
Saunders, C.D. (1987) Grooming quality in relation to tick density and reciprocity between
partners. Am. J. Primatol., 12: 369.
Saunders, C.D. (1988) Ecological, social, and evolutionary aspects of baboon (Papio
cynocephalus) grooming behaviour. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.
Schaefer, J.A. & Messier, F. (1996) Winter activity of muskoxen in relation to foraging
conditions. Ecoscience, 3: 147-153.
van Schaik, C.P. (1983) Why are diurnal primates living in groups? Behaviour, 87: 120-144.
van Schaik, C.P. (1989) The ecology of social relationships among female primates. In:
Standen, V. & Foley, R.A. (eds.) Comparative socioecology: the behavioural ecology of
humans and other mammals. pp. 195-218. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
van Schaik, C.P. (1996) Social evolution in primates: the role of ecological factors and male
behaviour. In: Runciman, W.G., Maynard Smith, J. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (eds.) Evolution of
social behaviour patterns in primates and man. pp. 9-31. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
van Schaik, C.P. & van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. (1983) On the ultimate causes of primate social
systems. Behaviour, 85: 91-117.
van Schaik, C.P. & van Hörsterman, M. (1994) Predation risk and the number of males in a
primate group: a comparative test. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 35: 261-272.
van Schaik, C.P. & Kappeler, P.M. (1997) Infanticide risk and the evolution of male-female
association in primates. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 264: 1687-1694.
276
References
van Schaik, C.P. & Noordwijk, M.A. (1986) The hidden costs of sociality: intra-group variation in
feeding strategies in Sumatran long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behaviour,
99: 296-315.
van Schaik, C.P. & Noordwijk, M.A. (1989) The special role of male Cebus monkeys in
predation avoidance and its effects on group composition. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 24:
265-272.
van Schaik, C.P., Noordwijk, M.A., de Boer, R.J. & den Tonkelaar, I. (1983) The effect of group
size on time budgets and social behaviour in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca
fascicularis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 13: 173-181.
Schaller, G.B. (1972) The Serengeti lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schino, G., Scucchi, S., Maestripieri, D. & Turillazzi, P.G. (1988) Allogrooming as a tensionreduction mechanism: a behavioural approach. Am. J. Primatol., 16: 43-50.
Schoener, T.W. (1971) Theory of feeding strategies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 2: 369-404.
Schoener, T.W. (1987) A brief history of optimal foraging theory. In: Kamil, A.C., Krebbs, J.R. &
Pulliam, H.R. (eds.) Foraging behaviour. pp. 5-67. Plenum Press, New York.
Scott, A. (1995) De Hoop Nature Reserve: jewel of the Western Cape. Cape Nature
Conservation, Cape Town.
Sear, R. (1994) A quantitative analysis of gibbon behavioural ecology. M.Sc. Thesis, University
College London.
Seidensticker, J. (1976) On the ecological separation between tigers and leopards. Biotropica,
8: 225-234.
Seyfarth, R.M. (1976a) Social relationships among adult female baboons. Anim. Behav. 24:
917-938.
Seyfarth, R.M. (1976b) Social behaviour of adult baboons. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Cambridge.
Seyfarth, R.M. (1977) A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys. J. Theor. Biol.,
65: 671-698.
Seyfarth, R.M. (1978) Social relationships among adult male and female baboons. II.
Behaviour throughout the female reproductive cycle. Behaviour, 64: 227-247.
Sharman, M. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1982) Observer bias in selection of study group in baboon field
studies. Primates, 23: 567-573.
Sharman, M. (1981) Feeding, ranging and social organisation of the guinea baboon. Ph.D.
Thesis, Yale University.
277
References
Shotake, T., Nozawa, K. & Tanabe, Y. (1977) Blood protein variations in baboons. I. Gene
exchange and genetic distance between Papio anubis, Papio hamadryas and their
hybrids. Jap. J. Genet., 52: 223-237.
Sigg, H. & Stolba, A. (1981) Home range and daily march in a hamadryas baboon troop. Folia
Primatol., 36: 40-75.
Sigg, H., Stolba, A., Abegglen, J.-J. & Dasser, V. (1982) Life history of hamadryas baboons:
physical development, infant mortality, reproductive parameters and family
relationships. Primates, 23: 473-487.
Silk, J.B. (1999) Why are infants so attractive to others? The form and function of infant
handling in bonnet macaques. Anim. Behav., 57: 1021-1032.
Silk, J.B., Samuels, A. & Rodman, P. (1981) The influence of kinship, rank, and sex on affiliation
and aggression between adult female and immature bonnet macaques (Macaca
radiata). Behaviour, 78: 111-177.
Silk, J.B., Seyfarth, R.M. & Cheney, D.L. (1999) The structure of social relationships among
female savannah baboons in Moremi Reserve, Botswana. Behaviour, 136: 679-703.
Siple, P.A. & Passel, C.F. (1945) Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing
temperatures. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 89: 177-199.
Slatkin, M. & Hausfater, G. (1976) A note on the activity patterns of a solitary male. Primates,
17: 311-322.
Smithers, R.H.N. (1983) Mammals of the southern African subregion. Pretoria University Press,
Pretoria.
Smuts, B.B. (1985) Sex and friendship in baboons. Aldine, New York.
Southwick, C.H., Beg, M.H. & Siddiqi, M.R. (1965) Rhesus monkeys in north India. In: Devore, I.
(ed.) Primate behaviour. pp. 111-159. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
Srivastava, A. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1996) The mating system of hanuman langurs: a problem in
optimal foraging. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 39: 219-226.
Stacey, P.B. (1986) Group size and foraging efficiency in yellow baboons. Behav. Ecol.
Sociobiol., 18: 175-187.
Stanford, C.B. (1998) Predation and male bonds in primate species. Behaviour, 135: 513-533.
Steadman, R.G. (1971) Indices of windchill of clothed persons. J. Appl. Meteorol., 10: 674-683.
Stephan, H. (1972) Evolution of primate brains: a comparative anatomical investigation. In:
Tuttle, R. (ed.) Functional and evolutionary biology of primates. pp. 157-174. AldineAtherton, Chicago.
278
References
Stelzner, J.K. (1988) Thermal effects on movement patterns of yellow baboons. Primates, 29: 91105.
Stelzner, J.K. & Hausfater, G. (1986) Posture, microclimate, and thermoregulation in yellow
baboons. Primates, 27: 449-463.
Sterck, E.H.M., Watts, D.P. & van Schaik, C.P. (1997) The evolution of female social
relationships in non-human primates. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 41: 291-309.
Stevenson, R.D. (1985) The relative importance of behavioural and physiological adjustments
controlling body temperature in terrestrial ectotherms. Am. Nat., 126: 362-386.
Stoltz, L. & Saayman, G.S. (1970) Ecology and behaviour of baboons in the Transvaal. Ann.
Transvaal Mus., 26: 99-143.
Strum, S.C. & Western, D. (1982) Variations in fecundity with age and environment in olive
baboons (Papio anubis). Am. J. Primatol., 3: 61-76.
Struhsaker, T.T. (1975) The red colobus monkey. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Struhsaker, T.T. & Leland, L. (1979) Socioecology of five sympatric monkey species in Kibale
Forest, Uganda. Adv. Stud. Behav., 9: 159-228.
Stuart, C.T., Macdonald, I.A.W. & Mills, M.G.L. (1985) History, current status and conservation
of large mammalian predators in Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Biol.
Conserv., 31: 7-19.
Sunquist, M.E. & Sunquist, F.C. (1989) Ecological constraints on predation by large felids. In:
Gittleman, J.L. (ed.) Carnivore behaviour, ecology and evolution. pp. 283-301. Chapman
& Hall, London.
Sussman, R.W. & Tattersall, I. (1976) Cycles of activity, group composition and diet of Lemur
mongoz mongoz Linnaeus 1766 in Madagascar. Folia Primatol., 26: 270-283.
Tanaka, I. & Takefushi, H. (1993) Elimination of external parasites (lice) is the primary function
of grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Anthropol. Sci., 101: 187-193.
Tattersall, I. (1979) Patterns of activity in the Mayotte lemur, Lemur fulvus mayottensis. J.
Mammal., 60: 314-323.
Tattersall, I. (1987) Cathemeral activity in primates: a definition. Folia Primatol., 49: 200-202.
Terborgh, J. (1983) Five New World primates. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Terborgh, J. & Janson, C.H. (1986) The socioecology of primate groups. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,
17: 111-135.
Terry, R.L. (1970) Primate grooming as a tension reduction mechanism. J. Psychol., 76: 129-136.
279
References
Thorington, R.W. Jr. & Groves, C.P. (1970) An annotated classification of the Cercopithecoidea.
In: Napier, J.R. & Napier, P.H. (eds.) Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics and
behaviour. pp. 629-647. Academic Press, New York.
Tokura, A., Hara, F., Okada, M., Mekata, F. & Ohsawa, W. (1975) Thermoregulatory responses
at various temperatures in some primates. In: Kondo, S., Kawai, M. & Ehara, A. (eds.)
Contemporary primatology. pp. 171-176. Karger, Basel.
Tooby, J. & DeVore, I (1987) The reconstruction of hominid behavioural evolution through
strategic modelling. In: Kinzey, W.G. (ed.) The evolution of human behaviour: primate
models. pp. 183-238. State University of New York Press, New York.
Treves, A. (1998) The influence of group size and neighbours on vigilance in two species of
arboreal monkeys. Behaviour, 135: 453-481.
Underwood, R. (1982) Vigilance behaviour in grazing African antelopes. Behaviour, 79: 81-107.
de Waal, F.B.M. (1977) The organisation of agonistic relations within two captive groups of
Java monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Z. Tierpsychol., 44: 225-282.
Walters, J. (1980) Interactions and the development of dominance relationships in female
baboons. Folia Primatol., 34: 61-89.
Walsberg, G.E. & Wolf, B.O. (1995) Effects of solar radiation and wind speed on metabolic heat
production by two mammals with contrasting coat colours. J. Exp. Biol., 198: 1499-1507.
Waser, P.M. (1976) Monthly variation in feeding and activity patterns of the mangabey
Cercocebus albigena. E. Afr. Wildl. J., 13: 249-264.
Waser, P.M. & Floody, O. (1974) Ranging patterns of the mangabey, Cercocebus albigena, in
the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Z. Tierpsychol., 35: 85-101.
Watts, D.P. (1984) Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the Central Virungas.
Am. J. Primatol., 7: 323-356.
Watts, D.P. (1985) Relations between group size and composition and feeding competition in
mountain gorilla groups. Anim. Behav., 32: 72-85.
Watts, D.P. (1991) Strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas. Folia Primatol., 56: 1-16.
Webster, A.J.F. (1971) Prediction of heat losses from cattle exposed to cold outdoor
environments. J. Appl. Physiol., 30: 684-690.
Weingrill, A. (1998) Male reproductive strategies of mountain chacma baboons (Papio
cynocephalus ursinus). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Zürich.
Werndtedt, F.L. (1972) World climatic data. Climatic Data Press.
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R.W. (eds.) (1997) Machiavellian intelligence II: extensions and
evaluations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
280
References
Whiten, A., Byrne, R.W., Barton, R.A., Waterman, P.G. & Henzi, S.P. (1991) Dietary and foraging
strategies of baboons. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 334: 187-197.
Whiten, A., Byrne, R.W., Barton, R.A., Waterman, P.G. & Henzi, S.P. (1992) Dietary and foraging
strategies of baboons. In: Whiten, A. & Widdowson, E.M. (eds.) Foraging strategies and
natural diet of monkeys, apes and humans. pp 187-197. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Whiten, A., Byrne, R.W. & Henzi, S.P. (1987) The behavioural ecology of mountain baboons. Int.
J. Primatol., 8: 367-387.
Whiten, A., Byrne, R.W., Waterman, P.G., Henzi, S.P. & McCullough, F.M. (1990) Specifying the
rules underlying selective foraging in wild mountain baboons, P. ursinus. In: De Mello,
M.T., Whiten, A. & Byrne, R.W. (eds.) Baboons: behaviour and ecology, use and care. pp.
5-22. University of Brasilia Press, Brasilia.
Williamson, D.K. (1997) Primate socioecology: development of a conceptual model for the
early hominids. Ph.D. Thesis, University College, London.
Williamson, D.K. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1999) Energetics, time budgets and group size. In: Lee, P.C.
(ed.) Comparative primate socioecology. pp. 320-338. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Wilson, J.M., Stewart, P.D., Ramangason, G., Denning, A.M. & Hutchings, M.S. (1989) Ecology
and conservation of the crowned lemur, Lemur coronatus, at Ankarana, northern
Madagascar. Folia Primatol., 52: 1-26.
Winterbach, H.E.K. & du P. Bothma, J. (1998) Activity patterns of the Cape buffalo Syncerus
caffer caffer in the Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free State. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 28:
73-81.
Wrangham, R.W. (1977) Behaviour of feeding chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park,
Tanzania. In: Clutton-Brock, T.H. (ed.) Primate ecology. pp. 503-538. Academic Press,
London.
Wittenberger, J.F. (1980) Group size and polygamy in social mammals. Am. Nat., 115: 197-222.
Wrangham, R.W. (1979) On the evolution of ape social systems. Soc. Sci. Info., 18: 335-368.
Wrangham, R.W. (1980) An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour, 75:
262-300.
Wrangham, R.W. (1983) Ultimate factors determining social structure. In: Hinde, R.A. (ed.)
Primate social relationships. pp. 255-261. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Wrangham, R.W. (1987) Evolution of social structure. In: Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth,
R.M., Wranham, R.W. & Struhsaker, T.T. (eds.) Primate societies. pp. 282-296. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Wrangham, R.W., Conklin, N.L., Chapman, C.A. & Hunt, K.D. (1991) The significance of fibrous
foods for Kibale forest chimpanzees. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B., 334: 171-178.
281
References
Wrangham, R.W. & Rubenstein, D.I. (1986) Social evolution in birds and mammals. In:
Rubenstein, D.I. & Wrangham, R.W. (eds.) Ecological aspects of social evolution. pp.
452-470. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Yahav, S., Goldfield, S., Plavnik, I. & Hurwitz. S (1995) Physiological responses of chickens and
turkeys to relative humidity during exposure to high ambient temperature. J. Therm.
Biol., 20: 245-253.
Yaglou, C.P. (1927) Temperature, humidity, and air movement in industries. The effective
temperature index. J. Indust. Hyg., 9: 297-309.
282