Respiratory Protective Equipment Respiratory Protective Equipment
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Respiratory Protective Equipment Respiratory Protective Equipment: Respiratory Protection Program Administration Knowledge of Respiratory Hazards Assessment of Respiratory Hazards Control of Respiratory Hazards Selection of Proper Respiratory PPE Training Inspection, Maintenance, Repair of Equipment Medical Surveillance Respiratory Protective Equipment: Types of Hazards Gas & Vapor Contaminants Inert – non-reactive (helium, neon, argon) Acidic – pH < 7 (HCl, SO2) sour Alkaline – pH > 7 (NH3) bitter Organic – compounds of Carbon (CH4) Organometallic – metals + organics; Pb(C2H5)4 (tetraethyl lead) Hydrides – hydrogen + metals; B2H6 (diborane) Respiratory Protective Equipment: Types of Hazards Particulate Contaminants Dust – solid, mechanically produced particle Spray – liquid, mechanically produced particle Fume – solid condensation particle Mist – fine liquid condensation particle Vapors – very fine particle from volatilized liquid Fog - mist of sufficient [c] to obscure vision Smoke – solid/liquid gas combo that obscures vision Respiratory Protective Equipment: Selection Criteria Nature of hazardous operation/process Type of respiratory hazard Proximity of hazardous area to non-hazardous area Period of time that respiratory protection necessary Activities of worker in hazardous area Functional and physical characteristics of various types of respirators Respirator-protection factor and respirator fit Respiratory Protective Equipment: Classes of Devices Class 1 – Air-purifying Class 2 – Atmosphere or Air-supplying Class 3 – Combination Air-purifying and Atmosphere-supplying Note: All above-mentioned respirators must be approved by NIOSH-MSHA Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Mechanical-filter Chemical-cartridge Combination mechanical/chemical Gas masks Powered air-purifying Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Mechanical-filter Protects against airborne particulate matter only Quarter, half, and full face models available Has fibrous material that traps particles Specialization emphasized depending on use Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Chemical-cartridge Protects against certain airborne gases and vapors only Has chemical cartridge to remove hazards Non-emergency protective devices; never use in IDLH atmospheres Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Chemical-cartridge Do NOT use when: Gaseous material is extremely toxic in very small concentrations Harmful gaseous material cannot clearly be detected by odor Gaseous material is present in [c] highly irritating to the eyes w/o proper eye protection Gaseous material is not effectively stopped by chemical fills used, regardless of concentrations Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Combination mechanical/chemical Utilizes both types of filters for atmospheres with both particulates, gases, and vapors Filters can be combination all-in-one or independently replaceable Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Gas masks Designed solely to remove specific contaminants from air using a canister May be used for escape-only from IDLH atmospheres only, not entrance Suitable for ventilated areas that are not subject to rapid changes in air-contaminant levels Canisters come in three sizes: supersize, industrial size, chin-style Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Gas masks Replace canister when: Canister with window indicator shows specified color change Leakage detected by smell, taste, or eye, nose, or throat irritation High resistance to breathing develops Canister shelf life exceeded Uncomfortable heat in inhaled air experienced Wearer has feeling of nausea, dizziness, or ill-being Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 1 – Air -purifying respirators Air-purifying Powered air-purifying Utilizes any one or all types of filters, cartridges, combos or canister for atmospheres with particulates, gases, and vapors present individually or as a group Uses a power source (battery pack) to operate a blower that passes air across a filter Supplies air at positive pressure so any leakage is outward from facepiece Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 2 – Air -supplying respirators Air-supplying Supplied-air (SAR) Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Combination-SCBA and Supplied-air Respiratory Protective Equipment: Class 3 – Combination Air Air-purifying and Air -supplying Air-supplying Combination-SCBA and Supplied-air Combination air-line respirator w/ auxiliary airpurifying attachment Air-line respirator must have respirable air Limitations: Use in filtering mode for escape only Not for use in IDLH atmospheres Not for oxygen-deficient atmospheres (<19.5%) Use only approved hose lengths and pressure ranges When airflow is cut, switch to filter and exit to clean air Respiratory Protective Equipment: Decision Logic Skin Absorption (SCBA if injury or death possible) Warning Properties (odor, taste, irritation < PEL) Sorbent Efficiency (>3 minute breakthrough) Eye Irritation (Use full face respirator if issue) IDLH (escape possible <30 minutes without death/permanent health damage) Lower Flammable Limit & Firefighting (maximum protection pressure-demand SCBAs needed because of IDLH environment) Respiratory Protective Equipment: Assigned Protection Factors APF 5 APF 10 APF 25 APF 50 APF 100 APF 1,000 APF 2,000 APF 10,000 - quarter-face respirator (QF) - half-face respirator (HF) ~ powered, air purifying (PAP) - full-face respirator (FF) ~ PAP/HEPA or SA/constant - supplied air/pressure +/- supplied air/FF/pressure +/- SCBA/FF/pressure +/- Respiratory Protective Equipment: Assigned Protection Factors Respiratory Protective Equipment: Filter Selection Selection of N-, R-, and P-series filters depends on the presence or absence of oil particles, as follows: If no oil particles are present, use any series (N, R, or P) If oil particles are present, use only R or P series If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used for more than one work shift, use only P series Respiratory Protective Equipment: Filter Selection N for Not resistant to oil R for Resistant to oil P for oil Proof Selection of filter efficiency (i.e., 95%, 99%, or 99.97%) depends on how much filter leakage can be accepted. Examples: N-95 for TB, P-100 for ER, etc. Respiratory Protective Equipment: CBRN Agent Approved SCBA Respirator •Look to see if the CBRN Agent Approval label shown below is on the respirator. If an SCBA is CBRN-approved by NIOSH, it will always carry this label. If this CBRN Agent Approval label is not on the SCBA, the device is not approved by NIOSH for use by emergency responders in CBRN environments. Check the Label! http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/cbrncheck.html Respiratory Protective Equipment: CBRN Agent Approved SCBA Respirator •The approval number for an SCBA approved for CBRN environments always includes a CBRN suffix (TC13F-XXXXCBRN). If the approval number does not include a CBRN suffix, it is not certified by NIOSH for use by emergency responders in CBRN environments. •The complete CBRN SCBA assembly must be composed of only those component parts listed in the row with the CBRN approval number. Part numbers that are found only in the rows of the non-CBRN approvals must not be used as part of a CBRN SCBA assembly. Respiratory Protective Equipment: CBRN Agent Approved APR Canister •Look to see if the full canister label is like the one shown in Figure 1. Canister labels will specify the CBRN protection level (CBRN Cap 1, CBRN Cap 2 or CBRN Cap 3). •If an APR is CBRN-approved by NIOSH, the full canister label will identify the CBRN protection level, part number and if the canister has been approved for use for CBRN protection with an approved CBRN APR facepiece. If the full canister label does not identify the above information, the device is not approved by NIOSH for use by emergency first responders in CBRN environments. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/cbrnaprcheck.html Respiratory Protective Equipment: CBRN Agent Approved APR Canister •Look to see if the full canister label is like the one shown in Figure 1. Canister labels will specify the CBRN protection level (CBRN Cap 1, CBRN Cap 2 or CBRN Cap 3). •If an APR is CBRN-approved by NIOSH, the full canister label will identify the CBRN protection level, part number and if the canister has been approved for use for CBRN protection with an approved CBRN APR facepiece. If the full canister label does not identify the above information, the device is not approved by NIOSH for use by emergency first responders in CBRN environments. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/cbrnaprcheck.html Respiratory Protective Equipment: CBRN Agent Approved APR Respirator •Look to see if the full canister label is like the one shown in Figure 1. Canister labels will specify the CBRN protection level (CBRN Cap 1, CBRN Cap 2 or CBRN Cap 3). •If an APR is CBRN-approved by NIOSH, the full canister label will identify the CBRN protection level, part number and if the canister has been approved for use for CBRN protection with an approved CBRN APR facepiece. If the full canister label does not identify the above information, the device is not approved by NIOSH for use by emergency first responders in CBRN environments. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/cbrnaprcheck.html Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Potential Types of WMD Biological – Anthrax, Smallpox, Botulism, Plague, Tularemia, Viral Hemorrhagic fevers, Brucellosis, Ricin, etc. Chemical – Nerve Gases (VX), Blister/Vesicants (Mustard Gas), Pulmonary Damaging (Phosgene, Chlorine), etc. Radiological – “Dirty” Bombs Biological Types of WMD Biological Types of WMD Category A Anthrax Smallpox Botulism Plague Tularemia Viral Hemorrhagic fevers (e.g., Ebola) Category B Brucellosis Other Ricin Biological WMD – CDC Category A Easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person Result in high mortality rates and have potential for major public health impact Might cause public panic and social disruption Require special action for public health preparedness Biological WMD - Anthrax Early Symptoms: Cutaneous (skin) - boil-like lesion that becomes ulcer with a black center Inhalation - flu-like symptoms Ingestion - acute inflammation of intestinal tract Cause: bacterium Bacillus anthracis Not contagious person to person (casual) Treatment: Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline Biological WMD - Smallpox Early Symptoms high fever, fatigue, head and back aches occur initially Prominent Symptoms: Characteristic rash, most prominent on face, arms, and legs follows in 2-3 days. Rash starts with flat lesions that evolve at same rate Cause: variola virus Contagious person to person (respirated saliva) Treatment: supportive care Cidofovir (in vitro) Biological WMD - Botulism Early Symptoms (foodborne) nausea, dry mouth, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea Prominent Symptoms: Blurred or double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking, weakness and/or paralysis first in the arms and then the legs can follow Cause: Clostridium botulinum bacterium toxin Not contagious person to person Treatment: supportive care Trivalent equine antitoxin Biological WMD – Plague Early Symptoms: (bubonic) – fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and extreme exhaustion; swollen and tender near infected flea bite (pneumonic) – pneumonia-like symptoms Cause: bacterium Yersinia pestis Bubonic - Not contagious person to person Pneumonic - contagious person to person (sneeze/cough) Treatment: bubonic – widely available antibiotics pneumonic – Streptomycin, Gentamicin Biological WMD – Tularemia Early Symptoms: Skin- Presence of skin ulcer at location where bacteria entered skin and swollen glands Ingestion – throat infection, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting Inhalation – pneumonia-like illness Eyes – painful swelling of lids, red eyes, visual pain Cause: bacterium Francisella tularensis Not contagious person to person Treatment: Streptomycin Gentamicin Biological WMD – Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Early Symptoms: Overall vascular system is damaged, body’s ability to regulate itself is impaired, often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding) Causes: Arenaviruses (Lassa, Machupo); Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg); Bunyaviruses; Flaviviruses Can be contagious, depending on type Treatment: Supportive care Lassa fever - Ribavirin Biological WMD – CDC Category B Moderately easily to disseminate or transmit from person to person Result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates Require specific enhancements of CDC’c diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance Biological WMD – Brucellosis (Category B) Early Symptoms: similar to flu; may include fever, sweats, headaches, back pains, and physical weakness Cause: bacteria of genus Brucella Not contagious person to person Treatment: Doxycycline Streptomycin Rifampin Biological WMD – Ricin Early Symptoms: Inhalation: coughing, tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, nausea, and aching muscles. Ingestion: internal bleeding of the stomach and intestines leading to vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Injection: muscles and lymph nodes near the injection site would die. Cause: poison from processing castor beans Not contagious person to person Treatment: Supportive care Chemical Types of WMD Brief History of Chemical Warfare April 1915 - World War I (Ypres, Belgium) - Over 5,000 allied troops died in first chlorine gas attack; 15,000 wounded World War I - British and German forces used chorine gas, mustard gas (July 1917), and phosgene (late 1915) heavily before the war ended. World War I - Overall about 113,000 tons of chemical weapons were used; killing around 92,000; total of 1.3 million casualties. 1925 - Geneva protocol ("Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare") was signed by the league of nations (initial signing 38 nations; now over 130 nations (manufacture and threat of use of chemical weapons not prohibited; protocol is vague on "other gas;" and punishment for use http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/4239/chemweapons/history.html Brief History of Chemical Warfare World War II - No chemical weapons used in battle; large amounts of new chemical weapons (nerve agents) developed in 1930’s & 1940’S by the Germans were discovered 1952 - United Kingdom - discovers VX based on insecticide research. 1961 - Manufacturing of VX begins in US (Ends in 1968) Vietnam War - Chemical Agents (“Agent Orange”, “Agent Purple”, “Agent Blue”, and “Agent White”, were used to defoliate vegetation surrounding the enemy. 1980's - Chemical warfare agents use reported in Laos, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq ("Gulf war Syndrome”) March 1995 - Tokyo, Japan - Religious cult releases form of sarin gas in Tokyo's subway system during morning rush hour; attack killed 11 people and injured over 5,500 people (trample). http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/4239/chemweapons/history.html Clues of Chemical Terrorism Unusual increase in number of people seeking care (respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal symptoms) Symptom clustering, unusual age distribution Location of release not consistent with chemical’s use Simultaneous impact to human, animal, and plant populations Unusual clustering of patients in time or location Chemical Types of WMD Blister/Vesicants (Lewisite, Mustard Gas) Blood (Arsine, Hydrogen Cyanide) Pulmonary Damaging (Chlorine, Phosgene) Incapacitating (BZ, LSD) Nerve (Sarin, VX) Riot Control/Tear (Bromobenzylcyanide) Vomiting (Adamsite) Other Industrial Chemicals Chemical – Blistering/Vesicant Names: Lewisite (L), Mustard gas (H), Nitrogen mustard (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3), Mustard/Sulfur mustard (HD, H), Phosgene oxime (CX) Effects: Severe irritation immediately after exposure Causes skin blisters and redness Causes tearing, conjunctivitis, corneal damage Mild respiratory distress to marked airway damage May cause death Chemical – Blistering/Vesicant Unique Characteristics: Mustard – burning garlic/horseradish odor Lewisite – penetrating geranium odor Phosgene oxime – pepperish/pungent odor Decontamination: Immediately remove clothing Gently wash skin with soap and water Do not abrade skin For eyes, flush with plenty of water or normal saline Chemical – Blistering/Vesicant First Aid: Immediately decontaminate skin Flush eyes for 10-15 minutes with water/saline If breathing difficulty, give oxygen Supportive care Other Considerations: Mustard has asymptomatic latent period No antidote or treatment for mustard Lewisite – immediate burning pain, blisters later Antidote: injection of British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) Phosgene oxime – immediate pain Possible pulmonary edema Chemical ––Asphyxiant/Blood Asphyxiant/Blood Names: Arsine Cyanogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Effects: Confusion Nausea Gasping for air, but more abrupt onset Seizures prior to death Chemical ––Asphyxiant/Blood Asphyxiant/Blood Unique Characteristics: Possible cherry red skin Possible cyanosis (bluish skin) Possible frostbite (liquid arsine, cyanogen chloride) Arsine - has garlic-like or fishy smell at high concentrations Decontamination: Immediately remove clothing if no frostbite If frostbite, wash with warm water to release clothing Gently wash skin with soap and water Do not abrade skin For eyes, flush with plenty of water or normal saline Chemical ––Asphyxiant/Blood Asphyxiant/Blood First Aid: Rapid treatment with oxygen For cyanide ) Antidote: Sodium nitrite, then sodium thiosulfate Other Considerations: Arsine and cyanogen chloride may cause delayed pulmonary edema (fluid buildup) Chemical – Choking/Pulmonary Names: Chlorine Hydrogen chloride Nitrogen oxides Phosgene Effects: Eye and skin irritation Airway irritation Dyspnea (labored breathing), cough Sore throat Chest tightness Chemical – Choking/Pulmonary Unique Characteristics: Chlorine - greenish-yellow gas; pungent odor Phosgene – newly-mown hay or grass odor Possible frostbite (liquid phosgene) Decontamination: Immediately remove clothing if no frostbite If frostbite, wash with warm water to release clothing Gently wash skin with soap and water Do not abrade skin For eyes, flush with plenty of water or normal saline Chemical – Choking/Pulmonary First Aid: Fresh air, forced rest Semi-upright position If respiratory distress, oxygen w/wo positive airway pressure may be needed Other supportive therapy, as needed Other Considerations: May cause delayed pulmonary edema, even following symptom-free period (duration dependent on dose) Chemical – Nerve Names: Cyclohexyl sarin (GF) Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) Tabun (GA) VX Effects: Miosis (pinpoint pupils), blurred/dim vision Headache Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Copious secretions/sweating Muscle twitching/fasciculations, seizures Breathing difficulty Chemical – Nerve Unique Characteristics: Miosis (pinpoint pupils) Copious secretions/sweating Muscle twitching/fasciculations Tabun - slightly fruity odor; Soman - slight camphor odor Decontamination: Immediately remove clothing Gently wash skin with soap and water Do not abrade skin For eyes, flush with plenty of water or normal saline Chemical – Nerve First Aid: Atropine before other measures Pralidoxime (2-PAM) chloride Other Considerations: Onset of symptoms from dermal contact with liquid forms may be delayed Repeated antidote administration may be necessary Chemical – Incapacitating/Behavior Names: Agent 15/BZ Effects: Dry mouth and skin Initial tachycardia (fast heartbeat) Altered consciousness, delusions, belligerence Hyperthermia Ataxia (lack of coordination) Hallucinations Mydriasis (dilated pupils) Chemical – Incapacitating/Behavior Unique Characteristics: Mass drug intoxication, hallucinations Hyperthermia Mydriasis (dilated pupils) Decontamination: Immediately remove clothing Gently wash skin with soap and water Do not abrade skin Chemical – Incapacitating/Behavior First Aid: Remove heavy clothing Evaluate mental status Use restraints as needed Monitor core temperature carefully Supportive care Other Considerations: Hyperthermia and self-injury are largest risks Hard to detect – odorless, non-irritating Possible serious arrhythmias (erratic heartbeat) Antidote - physostigmine Chemical WMD – Using Colorimetric Devices Colorimetric – Nerve Agents Smart M-8 Nerve Agent Detector Instantly identifies nerve (V, G, H) agents with the latest technology. Includes clip and peel and stick back. Color indicator on each individual card. http://www.smart-strip.com/order.htm Colorimetric – HAZMAT HazMat Smart-Strip Instantly identifies nerve, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, arsenic, acids/caustics, fluoride, oxidizers, and chlorine. (12 hour operational timeframe) 2 year shelf life. http://www.smart-strip.com/order.htm Colorimetric – Civil Defense Simultaneous Kits for Domestic Preparedness Draeger has developed an important new detection system that detects up to five different chemical agents simultaneously in just 5 minutes. The Draeger CDS Kit provides two CDS sets for detection of eight chemical substances, including nerve, blood, lung, nose and throat irritating agents. http://www.afcintl.com/kits1.htm Chemical WMD – Using PIDs Using PIDs – Function A Photo Ionization Detector (PID) uses an Ultraviolet (UV) light source (Photo= light) to break down chemicals to positive and negative ions (Ionization) that can easily be counted with a Detector. Ionization occurs when a molecule absorbs the high energy UV light, which excites the molecule and results in the temporary loss of a negatively charged electron and the formation of positively charged ion. http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/pid.pdf Using PIDs – Function The gas becomes electrically charged. In the Detector these charged particles produce a current that is then amplified and displayed on the meter as “ppm” (parts per million) or even in “ppb” (parts per billion). The ions quickly recombine after the electrodes in the detector to “reform” their original molecule. PIDs are non-destructive; they do not “burn” or permanently alter the sample gas, which allows them to be used for sample gathering. PID calibrated with isobutylene (benzene in past) http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/pid.pdf Using PIDs – Function Using PIDs - Measurement All elements and chemicals can be ionized, but they differ in the amount of energy they require. The energy required to displace an electron and “ionize” a compound is called its Ionization Potential (IP), measured in electron volts (eV). The light energy emitted by an UV lamp is also measured in eV. http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/pid.pdf Using PIDs - Measurement If the IP of the sample gas is less than the eV output of the lamp, then the sample gas will be ionized. If the “wattage” of a gas or vapor is less than the “wattage” of the PID lamp, then the PID can “see” the gas or vapor. If the “wattage” of the gas or vapor is greater than that of the PID lamp the PID cannot “see” the vapor. http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/pid.pdf Using PIDs – Measurement Using PIDs - Detectables Organics: compounds containing Carbon (C) atoms: Aromatics – benzene ring (benzene, toluene, xylene) Ketones & Aldehydes - C=O (acetone, MEK) Amines & Amides – nitrogen (diethylamine) Chlorinated hydrocarbons - TCE, PERC Sulfur compounds – mercaptans, sulfides Unsaturated hydrocarbons – butadiene, isobutylene Alcohols- isopropanol (IPA), ethanol Saturated hydrocarbons – butane, octane Inorganics: Compounds without Carbon atoms: Ammonia, Arsine, Phosphine, Hydrogen Sulfide, Nitric Oxide, Bromine, and Iodine http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/pid.pdf Using PIDs – Non -Detectables Non-Detectables Radiation Air (N2, O2, CO2, H2O) Common Toxics (CO, HCN, SO2) Natural Gas (Methane, Ethane) Acid Gases (HCl, HF, HNO3) Others- Freons, Ozone (O3), Hydrogen peroxide Non-volatiles: PCBs, Greases http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/pid.pdf Using PIDs – eV Bulb Tips 9.8 & 10.6 eV versus 11.7 eV PID Lamps 9.8 and 10.6 are more specific 9.8 and 10.6 last a few years 9.8 and 10.6 are more sensitive 11.7 have a shorter life than 9.8 or 10.6 11.7 eV bulbs should only be used when compounds with IPs over 10.6 eV are expected: Examples include methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/pid.pdf Chemical WMD – Monitoring Chemical WMD – Monitoring Important Terminology: CWA – Chemical Warfare Agents TIC – Toxic Industrial Chemicals TIM – Toxic Industrial Materials SAW – Surface Acoustical Wave IMS – Ion Mobility Spectroscopy Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Important Terminology (military CWA): SAW – Surface Acoustical Wave – technique in which a high frequency signal, instead of an optical beam, is used to identify substances IMS – Ion Mobility Spectroscopy technique that measures vibrational frequencies and the bonds between different nuclei, usually to examine ions of relatively low molecular weight and high ion mobility Chemical WMD – Monitoring Important Concepts: “Toxic chemicals in general industry are more accessible to terrorists than chemical warfare agents” “The difference between a HAZMAT incident a terrorist event is intent – accident vs. intentional Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Monitoring General Industry Agents Chlorine – water treatment Phosgene gas – various chemical processes Parathion – agricultural insecticide TDI (toluene diisocyanate) – catalyze urethanes Chemical Warfare Agents Chlorine gas Phosgene gas Sarin (Tokyo - 37% sarin, 63% acetonitrile) Lewisite/Mustard gas mixture Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Low VP Chemicals that Fool IMS algorithms Brake fluid Diesel additives Paint fumes Glycol ethers/Vinyl esters - cleaning products Wintergreen/spearmint oils – mouthwash/mints PIDs can measure both CWAs and TICs that are outside of CWA SAW/IMS detectors Multiple CWA-specific devices are required to account for cross-sensitivity and reliable determination of CWA Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Monitoring IMS Tubes SAW Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. PID - CWA - TIC Chemical WMD – Monitoring Low CF = High PID Sensitivity To A Gas Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Gas Monitoring Pyramid Chemical specific techniques Colorimetric tubes ) Ion Mobility Spectroscopy ) Gas chromatography/Mass spectroscopy ) PID broadband monitoring Multi-gas confined space monitors Single gas monitors Colorimetric tubes Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Gas chromatography Multiple contaminants are separated into discrete peaks that are reflected on a chromatogram which facilitates identification Sample injected into column and is carried through with inert carrier gas (N2, He, H2) Heated column has packing or coating which attracts contaminants on various levels The greater the contaminant affinity, the slower the flow The contaminant is heated in column which, when ionized, results in formation of a peak Maslansky, Carol & Steve. Air Monitoring Instrumentation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Mass spectroscopy Provides information about atomic and molecular composition of organic and inorganic materials; identifies unknowns and confirms presence of known or suspected contaminants Used in conjunction with gas chromatography, a powerful computer with an extensive analytical library containing thousands of compounds, and sample and calibration equipment in a trace air gas analysis (TAGA) mobile analytical laboratory unit. Maslansky, Carol & Steve. Air Monitoring Instrumentation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Multi-gas confined space monitors Electrochemical sensors have coarse particulate filter, semi-permeable membrane (i.e., Teflon), an electrolyte, and electrodes Gas diffuses through membrane, dissolves in electrolyte that contains sensing electrode Gas reacts with electrode producing ions and electrons Charged particles diffuse across electrolyte to electron accepting or counting electrode Maslansky, Carol & Steve. Air Monitoring Instrumentation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Flame Ionization Detector (FID) An FID uses a hydrogen-fed flame to break down organic chemicals to ions that can easily be counted with a Detector. Flame can ionize any organic material with IP<15.4 IP of materials NOT factor since UV lamp not used Instrument response depends on materials present FID calibrated with methane Maslansky, Carol & Steve. Air Monitoring Instrumentation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993. Chemical WMD – Monitoring Combustible gas monitors Wheatstone bridge – Filter-protected sensor contains two filaments: Sensing filament - treated with catalyst ) Compensating filament – no catalyst ) Battery heats both filaments to same high To Combustible gas crossing filter and encountering both filaments is oxidized by sensing filament causing To increase To increase causes increase in resistance and decrease in current flow for sensing filament Maslansky, Carol & Steve. Air Monitoring Instrumentation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993. Chemical WMD – Monitoring http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/rae/ap216.pdf Chemical WMD – Monitoring http://www.afcintl.com/pdf/rae/ap216.pdf Chemical WMD – Monitoring Commonly Used Screening Devices PIDs Less Frequently Used Screening Devices CWA detection methodologies M-256 ) SAW ) CAM ) Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Monitoring WMD Teams Using PIDs US Army National Guard Civil Support Teams (CST) City HAZMAT Teams Marine Corps’ CBIRF Team FBI HAZMAT Team US Secret Service Christopher Wrenn is the product applications manager for RAE Systems Wrenn Christopher, Using PIDs in Terrorist Chemical Attacks, Compliance Magazine, February, 2004. Chemical WMD – Using PPE Chemical PPE – Suits Level A Level A protection should be worn when the highest level of respiratory, skin, eye, and mucous membrane protection is needed. It consists of a fully encapsulating chemical-resistant suit and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). This suit can be worn only for 15 to 30 minutes because the person wearing it can quickly become overheated. Special training is required to utilize the suit. http://www.unmc.edu/bioterrorism/equipment.htm Chemical PPE – Suits Level A Positive pressure (pressure demand), self contained breathing apparatus (NIOSH approved), or positive-pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA. Fully encapsulating chemical protective suit. Gloves, inner, chemical resistant. Gloves, outer, chemical resistant. Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank; (depending on suit boot construction, worn over or under suit boot.) Underwear, cotton, long-john type.* Hard hat (under suit).* Coveralls (under suit).* Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe/non-sparking).* * Optional http://www.ehso.com/OSHA_PPE_EPA_Levels.htm#LEVELA Chemical PPE – Suits Level B Level B protection should be selected when the highest level of respiratory protection is needed but a lesser level of skin and eye protection is sufficient. It differs from Level A only in that it provides splash protection by use of chemicalresistant clothing (overalls, long sleeves, jacket, and SCBA). http://www.unmc.edu/bioterrorism/equipment.htm Chemical PPE – Suits Level B Positive-pressure (pressure-demand), self-contained breathing apparatus (NIOSH approved), or positive-pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA. Chemical resistant clothing (overalls and long-sleeved jacket, coveralls, hooded two-piece chemical splash suit, disposable chemical resistant coveralls.) Coveralls (under splash suit).* Gloves, outer, chemical resistant. Gloves, inner, chemical resistant. Boots, outer, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank. Boot-covers, chemical resistant (disposable).* Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).* Hard hat. * Faceshield.* * Optional http://www.ehso.com/OSHA_PPE_EPA_Levels.htm#LEVELB Chemical PPE – Suits Level C Level C protection should be selected when the type of airborne substances is known, concentration is measured, criteria for using air-purifying respirators are met, and skin and eye exposures are unlikely. This involves a full-facepiece, airpurifying, canister-equipped respirator and chemical-resistant clothing. It provides the same level of skin protection as Level B, but a lower level of respiratory protection. http://www.unmc.edu/bioterrorism/equipment.htm Chemical PPE – Suits Level C Full-face or half-mask, air-purifying respirator (NIOSH approved). Chemical resistant clothing (one piece coverall, hooded two piece chemical splash suit, chemical resistant hood and apron, disposable chemical resistant coveralls.) Gloves, outer, chemical resistant. Gloves, inner, chemical resistant. Boots, steel toe and shank, chemical resistant. Boot-covers, chemical resistant.* Cloth coveralls (inside chemical protective clothing).* Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).* Hard hat. * Escape mask. * Faceshield.* * Optional http://www.ehso.com/OSHA_PPE_EPA_Levels.htm#LEVELA Chemical PPE – Suit Material Material (Type of Garment) ) Substances Commonly Used Against Saranax / Tyvek SL (coveralls; labcoats, sleeve protectors; aprons; hoods; Level B Suits) ) aerosols, liquids; solvents Tychem BR /; Tychem TK (Full Level A and Level B Suits) ) highly toxic chemicals, gases, aerosols CPF (Full Level A and B suits; splash suits) ) highly toxic chemicals; gases, aerosols PVC (Full Level A suits) ) highly toxic chemicals; gases, aerosols Chemical PPE – Gloves Glove Material Resistant to: Viton PCBs, chlorinated solvents, aromatic solvents Viton/Butyl acetone, toluene, aromatics, aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, ketones , amines and aldehydes SilverShield and 4H (PE/EVAL) morpholine, vinyl chloride, acetone, ethyl ether, many toxic solvents and caustics Barrier Wide range of chlorinated solvents, aromatics, acids PVA ketones, aromatics, chlorinated solvents, xylene, MIBK, trichloroethylene; DO NOT USE WITH WATER /AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Butyl aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, most inorganic acids, caustics, dioxane Chemical PPE – Gloves Glove Material Resistant to: Neoprene oils, grease, petroleum -based solvents, detergents , acids, caustics, alcohols, solvents PVC acids, caustics, solvents, solvents, grease, oil Nitrile oils, fats, acids, caustics, alcohols Latex body fluids, blood, acids, alcohols and alkalis Vinyl body fluids, blood, acids, alcohols and alkalis Rubber organic acids, some mineral acids, caustics, alcohols; not recommended for aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents Chemical PPE – Respirators Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators: Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Closed circuit ) Compressed or Liquid Oxygen; Oxygen Generating Open Circuit ) Demand; Pressure-Demand; Continuous Flow Supplied Air Respirators (SAR) Hose Mask ) With or Without Blower Airline Respirator ) Demand; Pressure-Demand; Continuous Flow Combination Airline Respirator with auxiliary air supply Chemical PPE – SCBA Respirator Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA): General Advantages Provides highest available level of protection against airborne contaminants and oxygen deficiency Provides highest available level of protection under strenuous work conditions General Disadvantages Bulky, heavy (up to 35 pounds) Finite air supply limits work duration May impair movement in confined spaces Chemical PPE – SCBA Respirator Open Circuit (SCBA): ENTRY & ESCAPE Advantages Warning alarm sounds when 20-25% of air supply remains Disadvantages Bulky, heavy (up to 35 pounds) Finite air supply (30-60 min.) limits work duration Size of tank and work rate of individual vary operating time Chemical PPE – SCBA Respirator Closed Circuit (SCBA): ENTRY & ESCAPE Advantages Warning alarm sounds when 20-25% of air supply remains Longer operating time (up to 4 hrs.) O2 depleted before CO2 supply; no CO2 breakthrough Disadvantages CO2 break through may occur at very cold To Unit retains heat from exhalation – heat stress When worn outside of suit contamination of breathing bag possible Chemical PPE – SCBA Respirator ESCAPE ONLY (SCBA): Advantages Light weight (10 lbs.), low bulk Available in pressure demand and continuous flow modes Disadvantages Cannot be used for entry Provides only 5-15 min of protection depending on model/breathing rates Chemical PPE – SAR Respirator Supplied Air Respirators (SAR): Advantages Enables longer work periods than an SCBA Less bulky and heavy than SCBA (5-15 lbs.) Protects against most airborne contaminants Disadvantages Not approved for IDLH or O2 deficient areas Impairs mobility MSHA/HIOSH hose length limited to 300 feet Length of hose may be compromised by: ) Air flow, damage, contamination, degradation ) Necessity to retrace steps to exit environment ) Necessity of air supply line supervision and monitoring Chemical PPE – APR Respirator Atmosphere-Purifying Respirators (APRs): Advantages Enhanced mobility Lighter in weight than a SCBA (<2 lbs.) Disadvantages Cannot be used in IDLH or O2 deficient area Limited duration of protection (indicator?) Chemical and concentration specific Requires monitoring of contaminant/O2 levels Contaminants must have adequate warning properties or trigger end of service indicator Radiological Types of WMD Radiological Types of WMD “Dirty” Bombs – Consists of a conventional explosive that is packaged with radioactive material that scatters when bomb explodes Risk would only be to immediate area of explosion and can be remediated in a short time. Radiological Types of WMD Note: No instrument can measure all types of radiation at all levels of exposure Quickly move away from immediate area, at least several blocks (reduce inhalation of radiation) Tune in to local radio or TV broadcasts for more info Potassium iodide not necessarily protective because radioactive iodine not necessarily isotope used in device and is only specific to thyroid; must be taken before or right after exposure Radiological Types of WMD The three basic ways to reduce radiation exposure are through: TIME Decrease the amount of time you spend near the source of radiation. DISTANCE Increase your distance from a radiation source. SHIELDING Increase the shielding between you and the radiation source. Radiological Terrorism Tips: AIHA Synergist - December 2003 (University/Hospital Site) Personnel who can neither hear nor see an explosion are probably not at risk. Stay put if indoors If outdoors, go inside to await further information and instructions Driving away is discouraged, because driving is likely to be more dangerous than staying put Radiological Terrorism Tips After going indoors, personnel should: close open doors and windows wash their hands and face (taking a shower if possible) change their outer clothes if they can Contaminated injured people should have serious injuries treated without regard to contamination levels—they do not endanger emergency response or medical personnel If injuries are not serious, it may be possible to decontaminate the victims before transporting, or wrap them in a sheet to minimize contamination Depends on the extent of injuries and contamination Radiological Terrorism Tips You may need to perform surveys to establish radiological boundaries for high radiation or high contamination levels. Radiation surveys are relatively easy to perform, and boundaries often established fairly easily Contamination boundaries are more difficult to establish because surveys can be difficult and timeconsuming According to regulations: the limit for removable contamination in an unrestricted area is 1,000 dpm/100 cm2 radiation levels in uncontrolled areas cannot exceed 2 mrem in one hour. Radiological Terrorism Tips In some cases, it may be best to simply set contamination control boundaries a few hundred meters downwind and then expand or collapse them as you survey to confirm them. Radiological Survey Tips Be “low and slow”: The detector should be: held no more than a half inch (1 cm) from the surface being surveyed (avoid contamination and false “low”) moved no more quickly than 1–2 inches per second (3– 5 cm/second). (avoid missing contaminated area) While surveying, keep the audible response turned on so you can watch the probe itself. Listen to the count rate: If you hear an increase, pause for a moment to see if the increase is sustained If so, look at the meter face to see what the count rate is at that location. Radiological Survey Tips When logging results, and in decontamination, you must convert from counts per minute (what the meter reads out) to disintegration per minute (the amount of contamination present). Divide the count rate by the meter efficiency, which should be determined when the meter is calibrated. For example, if a Geiger counter has 40 percent percent detection efficiency for P-32, a count rate of 80 cpm above background levels corresponds to a disintegration rate of 200 dpm (80 ÷ 0.4 = 200). Radiological Survey Tips Andrew Karam is with Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, N.Y. (AIHA Synergist, Volume 14, Number 12, December 2003)
