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l,H.561~90U~ltlO!:!(lBOJ
By L1SA)O RUDY
With the Editors of TIME FOil KIDS
Table of Contents
ChaptQf 1
....... . . 2
Matter Matters .
ChaPtEor 2
Metals
. ...
.
......
Chapter 3
..
Nonmetals , , , ..
Chllpler <1
New Elements
Glo5sary
Index
". I
.
.. ... .. ..
"
....
....
.,' ,
.......
10
• 20
.29
.31
32
Chapter 1
IM
fa ller
i~ anyrhlng thar rakes up spat.·c. Every
plane[, every star, e. .-er:y person, nnd every tahle
1\ m;]dc of mnttc.:r. even ~lIr I~ maul! of matter.
Early in human history, people noticed that
di{{erem kinds of ma"er acted differ<mly. Trees
can bum, but rock.~ cannot. Water 1-> WCt and
311 is invisibJe. Eady rhmkers diVided marter into
four gmup~: earth, atr, fire. and watec, They
9
Jxol,c\'f'd rhar everything was m .. de up of some
combil\11tiorl of these four kinds of matter.
Of cou~e. the trurh is that rhere Bl e mort
rh:1n illST (our COOlpOlleu~ of marrer• .llw none
of rhem :arc canh, :ur, fir~, or W2ter. r lowcvcr,
(he idea uf matter belOg made up of many b"slc
clements in [be UIlI-.erse \-\"3.5 correct.
Distoverlng the Elements
In ,he ~hddl. Ages, alchemistS b"lldn ro
experimenr with matter. Even thougb the)' had
mismL.ell belid about how clcmem ... cumlnnc
and change. Ihey did discover:1 great de;Jl aboUT
matter. By the end of the etghteenth century,
alchemists knew ot 13 ut d'll.: dcmcn~ we know
toda),. The~c clements Included gold, sih'er,
topper, imn, lead.,. rln, m~rcury, sulfur, carbon.
:Jrsenic, anumony, phosph()r~. Ilnu nne.
Dunng the next few ccntunes. sclcnnst5
ID,cf.)\'crro morr and more dements. Thtough
e'lCJ>f'nmt'OfS, they learned thar element~ ore
made up of lin)' p2.fticlc:s. "'. ailed atoms. In'!lidc
ca..::h 3wm I1rc e,,-en smnller paro"es, called
protons, neutrons, and electrons. The IlUmUl:f
(If protons, nemrons, dnd electron!> In each
mom derenmnes wherher the element is heav)'
or IiKht, h.rd or bmrle, shmy or dull
-
·
.d1
I n [he IN6(h. twO SClcntlSb working indcpclldetltly
advanced the understJnding of the elements hy org.1niT.ing
them into ~ruup'. Dmi'" Meuddeyev (1834-1907), •
Russi;1n q:iemisr, :.ndJulius Lothar Meycr (1830-1895),
II German, arCived at the ide., of groupmg together the
dcmcJl[.~ in a tublc accurding to their characteristics.
Periodic Table of
"10_-
3
-; LI
::
: '"
Be
"it'"
I" I
-; Na Mg
11
---- -. ..
r:::..'"
15
-- -
C :;:-
I
It.
~,..,
20
-; "K t Ca !
-.- 1 - 1
31
JI!I
., Rb ' Sr
~'
C':;;,i ..J-. •
.
,"
....
Meyer', ,able had 28 eien>encs. The Idble was b,<cd
nn the nlca chat the atom!. In each el~mear have a
cIJ{f".nr ",eiShr.
On the Icll-hand side of Ihe table, Meyer ~rouped the
metals. On the righr·hand side, ht grouped the nonmetal.s...
in berween, ~ grouped rhe frw t>lemenrs. such :l.... arst:llil.
antI antimony, that are neither meui nor nonmeral out OJ
Iml. like each. These ore called metalloids.
the Elements
_=:... . .
1n
1,.
HIS
116
11'1
111
Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
'--_..._----
Since I\iendele}'cv and Meyer's time, the
PcnudiL Tablt: u( tht: Eh.::rm:nl... hn~ ch:mged.
The three families of clement -metals,
nonmetals, nJld O1emllo,ds-hoVf remome~
the ~m mC. SCll>ntists h-avc hmkcn rhem down
inro smaller groups wirh flumes such as mr~
earrh and noble ga .... They have 31so added
many cJcrnL'Tlo. to the list.
even though malter exlSlS throughout
the wu \'cr~ I SCit'llli:'ltl'l hc::hcvc: that matter IS
the same everywhere. So far, scienrlsls have
discovered only 113 confirmed elenlcntsnoLi Ot those. otlly 92 ()eeur naturally.
1wemy-one are s)'ntbctic:, or made by
humans.
States of Matter
N[allCJ: can be !.olit.l. Iiqu.iu, or W1~. W'hl"n
matter is solid, it has a definire sbape and
size> \\7hen YOLI pur it somewherl.>, it sm)'s
put uncil someone or -something moycs lr.
As "olid m:ttT.er heM" up, ir begins (0 melr
and become n Uquid, Liquid can mOve
around within
wha[~ver
comainer ir is
in. It changes .hape, depending on tho
shape of its cuntajuct.r.
Tho throo states
of mall@r .. ,e solid
(the cast iron pan),
liquId (in the beakers
below) end gas (In
the balloon bolow),
A liquid becomes .1 gas when ir i~ ht3r~d
ro boiling, A ga!lo can move; nround, but hkc
a liquid. If can ill~o be srortd iu il umr,lint'r
to keep iT from mO\'lng. (f you ~-pillll liquid.
iT doesl1'( go far-mayhe over the table .md
onto the floor. Bur If you Itt 3 ga.\ our of irs
container, i[ can spread throuJthout rhe hou~c
,111d c:~upc thruugh rhe windows_Gas can nor
Jlway'\ be seen, though it can Ix- detected.
Many elements that arc ,olid on EJrLh'~
surfJce become liquid or ga::. dttp in\lue
Earth. There, Ir IS "try hot. Elemcnt't th:H are
Iiquids on the :iurfacc hccmne gases when the).lre heated and solids wben they arc (ro7.cn.
Icfclu art wtt,r (a liquid) In the
form of a solid.
8
THE THREE STATES
O F WATER
A water molecule Is a combination of aloms
of two e ements- hydrogen and oxygen. IA
molecule is a combination of atoms of one or
more e emenls.)
• When water is at any temperature between
o and 100 aeglees Celsius (32 and 212
degrees fahrenheit), it s a liquid.
• When water reaches a ten)ptlrature of
o degrees Celsius (32 dOll"'S fahrenheit).
It begIns to Ireez. into a solid called Icc.
• When water is heatea. it begins to change
Into a gas called steam.
A malting lee cube
is water c.hI;nglng
IMI,m: (ball Llm:c lounh:, uJ lh~ dc..llellLS in
the Periodic lable 3re mctal,."
There rould b. no hum"n life wlthou,
mct.1h. Our hlu()u can c.:unt3in oxygen bl'C.:JU!.C
of llltlili. Our brains onl}' work when ccrrnin
metal!. ate preseru. The soli th~u grows our
food io;; moo;;t1y metal.
What make!!> an clt-lIItlll
J
metal?
• Mrull\ can nJOlrally h,we (or may
rc~--cI"c~ a pO!'lItl\o'c electrical chMge.
• Merals ar. usually shiny.
• TIcar Ami dcurkit)
~'1In
tr&lvc! eolsily
through m".ls.
• ~k·t:lh, can ~ melted down am.! !J1apcd
10 molds.
• Mc1tcd metal'i can be cnmbUlcd togetber
10 make alloy•. for example, copper
and rm can be melted together to make
brot"e. A" u ",~ull. bronze is much
~tronHl!r
than either (;oppcr or un.
• ~1F:wh GlII Ix
hammered into
tbin ~cctlt to
make.1I kinds of
useful lools and
heautiful jewelry.
• .MelL'll, can be
pulled IIltO long. thin Wires. ~(c[al
wire.." a.rc useJ [0 Cdrr)' declru:iry and
inform,lrlon .1cm....r~ long d",rnm.:c"
Pools of mercurythe only metal thal
Is liquid It room
temperature
Going for the Gold
Atomic Symbol! Au
Gold
1~ nol
the mO'it c'<penll;,l\'t metalm the world.
nor the fare .... Iht 1I10~l u!»Clul. the heJ.\ I~St9
or rh~ Lghtt!:.t. But thert' " 'iomcrhing aN"'IUT gold
Ir
IS
that I.:nprurc, our lmagin.trlon~. W~ gt( gold c;r:us
when we do " good lub and &olu mtuJl, whon
wt \, 10 il compctloon. l'coplc who m..,kc a lot
of monc), ha,,'c the "golden t~h•.. Jnd good,
kInd p<'ople h,we 0 '''''an 01 ~()Id.·
Gold j. both a bcauriful and h"d,worklOA mer. I.
lk"lde~ heing llsed ro t1l~ke It"wdr>. 1C IS ,llso U!)cJ
m mont)". dental \\lork. wmng •.1Od mcdil.:lOc.
KING TUT 'S GOLD
In lhe lourleenlh cenlury ,.c.. King TUlankhamun
was Pharaoh 01 EgyplKing Tut' did nOlllve long
and was not ~n e!{pecially Importclnt tutur, tJullhe
splendor 01 his golden Ireasures ,",t,d Ihraughoul
lhe centuries today King Tulls probably the bast
known 01 all the E9ypI,an pharaohs.
The pharaohs were burled mth Ihelr 90ld
and traasures in greal stone pyramids Enslaved
people and prisoners m ned the gold and bUill th,
pyramidS. They lived under li!rnble condit·ons and
worked very hard The pyramid lombs were easy to
lind, and Ihtevas plundered much of Ihe pharaohs'
gold. King Tut's tomo, however, Vias not touched.
1111922, English .rchaeolog!sl Howard Carler
discovered Ule lomb of King Tut.
•
Young King Tul's 10m. Vias Iliell '/lI~ magnlflcenl
golden treasures HiS bOOy lay onSlUelhree coffins.
The hrsl .nd ,,",nott colnlls \'1"< ",ad. 01 \'load
covered With gOld. r,. lturd ootlln Vias
mad. 01 nearly 1.200 kllograll"S laboul
2.500 pounds) 01 solid gold Inside Ihe _ " 11
third coffin IaV the bod,! 01 lIle klO()
The body had been mumll1ihed. 11
"las wrapped I~ fayers of cfolh
and cOwered WIth Oils and specaal
SPICes The mummy wore a
solid gold mask. which looked
lik. tho young k ng's lac•.
In Ihe 1970•. an exhlbll
of King Tut's go d loured !h.
United Siaies. More lhan 8
II"lIIian people came 10 see
We exhibit .and 10 admire
Tut's gold.m trea!>lUes
'r
Ttl. pnaraoh, wer@
btJriec:t WlIIl. their _ _
gold In greGt 'tone
pyramids.
IS
Radioactive Metals
10 IH~5. A >Cl.nmt nJmed Wilhelm
C".onr.d Rooms.n (1845-1923 ) w's
working with urJntum and disco,,·CTro a
type of ene'll), rhar could p.ss rhrough
ublens and m:1ke dark ubJc<.:tlt glow. He
named th~ ruange energy rhe "X ray,'"
Roenrgen tnco lCtlllg ius X ray in
dtfferem ways. By :;aCCIdent, he discovered
ir could develop phmogrnphic paper. 50011,
he was taking picrures 01 his own skeleron~
Thi)- \-\Ia.s an Jma7ing new way for doctors
to look imide the human hody. Tt wa~ ah.o
" medical hr."kthrough.
M.arie and PIerre Curie learned of
Roentgen's expenme'nrs. fhey dlscovc:red
(hat uramum W~ nOl the only mer.,1 rh:n
scnt off energy. Many metals. in faCt,
werc radioacti\·e.
Sc.iemisr~
connnued IhlS work and found
that elemenn could \oeml uullUore lhan one
kind of fll)'. Besides X ray"~ rhey Identified
alpha mrs. beta rays, lind gamma rays.
\Vbat thtse early scientists did not know
W3" hoy.. Impormnr ratliu.u..tive dctllt:lIl~
would hecomL"-or how d3ngerOU'i.
Some p.. rricl~ from rndu)u(tlvt l11ateli.l)s
can damage human cells. ()mc kinds ()t
r.1dioacth·ity can be de.1dly.
16
17
Plutonium: The Metal
That Changed the World
Atomic Symbol: Pu
In 19J7, Fmolio ~egro (190.1-1989 ) was the lim
10 Iltake JIl dl:lt}~nt. TI.:...:hnc.'tlUm wao; m:1dc hy
bombarding (mC' clement (molybdenum I With
parrides from another clell1~llt (iJcult!rium ). Sunn ~
orha scienti!ttlio followeJ SCHT(!'lj example.
H)' the! early 11;1405. sclemists ' ... ~re hurtt Jt work
lrylnS to makl! new dement'!!.. Scicnn\" Glenn Seaborg
(1912-19991 and Fdwln "1c~lill.ln (1907-1991) lI''<e
'wo of the busies,_In 1941. Glenn SCdb(Jr~, ()nly IH,
made J
dlSCO\,cr)'
rh.u
would
change the world. wre
,m ,he nigh, of Fehruary 23, 1941. he tJj""o\'«cd d
= :;::---"U brand new radiojctivc clement.
lie: called if plutonium.
w"onrr,·s discovery ,ooK pineo during World War
II. The Uruted Stlltl~ wa'li 10000km~ for a way [0 mnkr:
a homh that could end ,be war. So. borg was asked to
lOin th~ Munhall;!U Proicn to heir rna-lec the armniL"
bomb. After '-urne expenmenrs, [he scientisrs at [he
\1JnhJnJn Project discuvered rhnt plu{onlum could
be u~-d In the world's first (lromic bom.b.
Afrrr tilt' rnd of thr war, l-aborg wurked to lim.!
fleacetul ways
[0 U>t:
plurcmmnl. Plutonium is now
used 10 nuclear power plants. as fuel tor rockeb.
dod III medicine.
lli] onmetals become neganveiy
charged, and they do not
condut:( dc..:tndty.
They are
not shiny, and the)· brca~
or crumble when bent or
pulled. Sume of the mort
r.lmiliar nonmcrtlh induuc
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
o.l(}~en,
nnd suJfur.
Top 5 COOL
NONMETAL FACTS
o Although
thele are O"ly
12 known nonmetals,
S
o
Ihey make up most of
the elements on Earth.
Living things are
mosUy nonmelals.
PhosphOrus Is a nonmetal
lhat bursts into flame when
It touche. oxygen 'n Ihe air.
It Is also used In matches
o part
Sulfursmell, IIk~ rotten eggs Ills
nonmet.I •.
of every living ceU.
o Nllrog~" makes up about 78 percenl of Earth's
atmosphere. By COmpari50". the almuspher. on
Mars cortt3>rlS 'css than 3 percent OI"ogen.
Gases
Gases have no shope of cbeir uwn ..Many common gases
cannot he ~et:n-htJr rht'Y C~ n he derec[oo in lllany
\vays . .I\..ir is ;\ gas m:lde up o( many diflcrcnr dtmenn.:
mcluding oxygcn 1 nicw/:!jon, nrgQn, hydrogen. helium . .
:l1ld other .lements.
•
•
•
Hydrogen: Hare, There,
and Everywhere
Atomic Symbol: H
1I)'drogeo n13k,~ lip ilhout 90 peru'!lll ot e\;erYlhIl1Jt
in the- universe. ~'10Sf of rhe planet JUpItlT. for tx,lmple,
I~
made up of hydrogen . .Mos! of tbe ~un
IS
h}-drogcn,
roo. Ilydrogen is h~hrer than air and is also highly
explOSive. Thl' IImdenberg. a gi:mr German :tt:ppdUl,
was fiUed wllh h)·drogen. The ",rsrup was destroyed
when the hydrogen in " burned.
H)'drogcn might ~()medn)' replJce gasoline as a hlcl
for tnr& and hC3ring.
Th. planet Jupi(cr Is
made up of nydrogcn.
Carbon: The Element
ofUfe
Atoml. Symbol: C
Carbon 15 very useful. You can write with ir,
make plastics with it, cut g la:.~ wilh it, or l&t
it ro (ud your fire or your car. Without chis
element, there would be no Lfe on Eanh.
• Carbon
in the air. It is parr of the
gil" carbon dioxide. Alluther I.,;:lrboubaRd gas-carbon monoxide-come_'i
from hurnlng fue ls.
IS
• CtHbon cal'l be found in graphite (used
il1
pencils), in diamonds, nnd in dirt.
• Carbon is ill fue~. Coal and oil arc
mostly ~arbon.
• C.1rbon is 10 your bod)'. In fa t, carbun
is an lmpommr parr of I)"A- the
molecules ,h.t (.,[1 your body how (0
grow alld c.:hall~.
Diamonds ...rc made oj' carbon. The hardest
sub~t3nce. diamond is formed deep Inside Earth.
Incredible heat and pressure force ~'lrbon "roms fO
become crysralo;;. Volc.:anm:, throw lhtiC carbon cr),srals
up to la\'a tu bes ncar E.uro's surface. Some diamund
are found by miners who search III nnd near the lava
tubes. Other diamonds arc fQund in \\·3rcrways. ~lost
t..iiamunds are found in Africa.
TOP 5 COOL FACTS
ABOUT DlAMON D~
1 Diamond Is the MrdiSI. loughesl
substance on Earth
2 Diamonds are among the most valuable
oemstones In the world. bin some rubies
are wonh even more money
3 MOSl dtamonds were lormed mIllions
or bltnons of years ago.
• Oiamonds can be used to make lasers.
drillS. and even computer chips.
IJ
5 Many diamonds have theIr
own names and their olVn ~ ' ._~I,
stor.es. Forexample...
.. )
,
~ I~. ~
-
26
)
• Tho CulllaaD Is Ihelargest diamond ever found, ThIs
giant diamond was found In 1905, in Transvaal. South
Afnell In 1907, Ihe diamond was given to King Edward
VII of England, Later, It was cut nto nln. stones,
Including the Sial 01 Africa diamond that Is set In the
crown jewels on display in the Tower of London.
o The Hope Diamond Is on display at the National
Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C, Tills
large and lamous diamond was lound In a dillmond
mine In GolConda, India, In the earty 160OS. Later, In
1668, It was pure.ased by King Louis XIV of France .
• The Great Mogul is the third-largest diamond evor
found. It \'las discovered around 1650. The diamond Is
named for Shah Jeh,", who built Ihe Taj Mahal. After
the di.mood Vias cut, he ~red Ihe cutter lor doin~ such
a bad job. Myslenousfy, Ihe Great Mogul diamond
disapP09ared. No one knows where It has gone.
DANGER!
Some elomenls are dangerous to human beIOgs. Some
are poisonous when eaten. Others are IIke,y to explode or
bursl Into llames
RadloactlVt elements top the list 01 dangeroos
elements Some radloactlVtl materia s, like pluton,um. are
used to make huge explosions of energy People who are
.xposed to certain kinds 01 rad at'on can get SICk, burned.
or even die. NOI all radlallon Is dangerous to humans.
thOUgh. Some radloacbve e ements are natural Ot~ers
are synthetic. Many e ements that are not radioactIve can
be made radioactive under Ihe right conditions The most
common atoms of carbon, for example, are nOI radioaclove
Carbon·t4, another kind 01 carbon, Is radloaclf'lo.
Explosive elemenls can burst Inlo flame with lIllie or no
help from the outside Pure phOsphorus bursts fnto t~me
as soon as It IS exposed to air. Pure oxygen will explOde If
It gets near a name. Phosphorus, hydrogen. nitrogen, and
0'1\16" are I few of Ihe most explosive elements
[!Jhc mure prowns :lud neutrons an Arom has.
rhe he.wier ir is, When Mendc10ycv developed the
Periodic Table of me Hlements, he numbered rhe
dCIT1~nb
from lightest to heaviest. The "ery lightesr
was hydrogL'O. with JUSt one proron. The second
lishresr W:1S helium, WIth two protons, nnd So on.
By making his rabie, Mendelerev waS able to see
[hat there: were gap.\ between the \\·tighrs of tbe
f'1C"menr" Somewhere in rhe univcr.l.i:. he Ix:lic\'cd,
were {he Dllssing elements.
29
It rumed our rhat
~endeleyc:v
was right. Over
the years. sciemisrs M\'t star hcd for and found
the missing dements. ny homba[ding. one element
wirh p~rricle!\ from orher elements, (be)' have also
discovered new elements. ThCSl' new elements a re very
heavy, so 'hey arc added
'0 .he very end of the ,able.
Some scienrisrs bel~\le th.lt it mny ~ possible
to make d()Lt~ru. Lhc!o(." super-heavy new elemenrs.
Most c)f [he newer e1emenrs can exist only for 0.
very shofr pe,riod of urne. For example, in 1998 a
group of Russian scicnri'its bombarded plutonium
ur
wirh Moms of ea ldum. Airer weeks of trying, th~y
discovered a single atom with 114 protons that lasted
for 30 sccnnds. Since it is SO hard to make these new
elements, and rhey last for such a s.hun rime, It I!\ hard
(Q pro\>c that thty even cxi!.r.
.Ichemist IAL-kllh-mi,t)
a medieval scil:lltist who
experimented with wars
to change merals inro
other substances (pJgt: J)
alloy (AL-oy) • mi"ture
of rwo or more merals
metaI IM~'T-l1hl )
dClIlt:l1llhill conduCIS
hear and dcctricity
(IK'gd)
metallOid IMET-uh-Joyd)
an elemenr that has
properties of boTh metal. .
am.! nonmetal!;
f;)l1ltl! , f )
an
(page 5)
atom (AT-uhm) smallest
unit of an dement that
keeps the propertie~ of
tbe element {page $1
neutron (NEW-tron) a
p:l!tide wirh no cha [ge
inside an atom's nucleus
electron (i-UK-tron)
proton (PROJ J-ton) a
(pagd)
a negatively- charged
particle that movcs
posi tively-charg<-"ti
around an awm·s
nucleus (page 3)
nucleus
particle inSIde an atom's
(PIIAtJl
element IEL-uh-muhnt ) a
subsrance that cannOT
be broken down intO
anything simpler (pase J)
synthetic (sin·THET-ik)
arti6cial; not occurring
in n:1rurt~ (p3gir G)
X ray (EKS RAY) 3 kind
of rndiation that can
maIler IMAT-ub!) anrllling
th at has mass anti \'ulumc
(p"ge 2)
pass througb substance.
that orc:Lnar y ra1s of
light ca nnot pass through
/pagel6}
31
Mendeleyev, Dimitri,
alloy, 11
a lp" . ra)" 16
UtOItl,
J, j'~ 9, 17~ 2~,
28·30
Me),er, Julius LOlh.r,
4-6
broul.e, 11
c",bon, 3·5, 17,20,
25·26,28
Marie and
I'ierre, 16
diamond, 25·27
electron, 3·4
gamma ray, 16
gold, 3, 12·15
helium, 22
h),drogen, 9, 20, 22,
24, 28·29
~' ;mh:nt'an
l'rojecr,
19
matter,
2-3, 6-7
McMillan.. Edwin,
18
meral, 5, 6, 10·13, 16
meralloid, 5·6
bel. "')" 16
Curie~
4,6,29·30
molecule, ~, 25
neurroo, 3, 29
nonmetal, 5·6, 20·21
Periodic 'Iable of rhe
El cml!nrs~ 4·6, 10,
29
plutonium, IS-19, 2R,
30
proton, 3, 29-30
radioactive clement,
16·18,28
RoelUgen, Wilhelm
Conrad, 16
Sea borg, Glenn, 18·
19
Segre, Emilio, 18
urnnium. 16
X ray, 16·17
32
Di rectIons Write your answel"s to these questions in
your noteboOK or science Journal. Then complete the
reading and writing activities.
Responding to Science
, . What fact about elements and the perIodic table
surprisQd you the most? (Reader's Response)
2. What are the three states ·n which matter can
eXist? (Recall)
3. Why d.o you think scientIsts continue to try Lo
d ,scovcr or make new elements? (Interpret)
4 . How enn an element, such as carhon, 11e hoth
useful and harmful? (Apply)
S. What properties ot metals. make them useful In
everyday products? (Apply)
Reading in Science
Summarize With a partner, review Chapters 2 Clnd 3.
Then discuss whal you have read and summarize the
properties of metals and nonmetals.
Writing in Science
Newspap er Article Write a newspaper article
summarizmg the ways that elemonts can both
benefit and harm peopre and other living
things, Use only filets
~nd
avoid expressing
opinions Expository W riting