Copper Boat Paint:
Green Chemistry Basics
Presented by:
Lauren Heine, Ph.D.
Co-Director, Clean Production Action
Director, GreenScreen Program
Michael Anderson
Senior Environmental Scientist, TechLaw, Inc.
March 2, 2015
11AM PST
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Establishing a Center for Green Chemistry
Mission:
• Awarded an EPA National Estuary
Program Grant as seed funding to
develop an independent center by
June 2016
“Enhance human and
environmental health by fostering • Advisory board members from
academia, industry,
innovation and economic
nongovernmental organizations,
opportunities through sustainable
and government.
and green chemistry and
engineering solutions.”
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Northwest Green Chemistry
Key Goals:
• Create solutions for chemicals of
concern in products and processes
• Integrate and expand green
chemistry into education
and training
• Inform and inspire market driven
solutions and innovations
• Help make the Northwest a leader in
green chemistry and engineering
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Copper Boat Paint’s Environmental Impacts
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Copper inhibits the olfactory sense
of salmon
Negative effects from low levels
Deterioration of gills (decreased
cardiovascular and nervous system
function)
Infection and death
Photo courtesy of the Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife
Copper toxicity is not limited to salmon. Copper is also
toxic to other forms of aquatic life.
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Regulatory Landscape
History of Antifouling Paints
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First antifoulants included lime, arsenical and mercurial
compounds, and DDT
Tributyltin (TBT) came to prominence in the 1960s and was used
on most ocean-going vessels by the 1970s
TBT is toxic to most aquatic life and persistent in the marine
environment
In the 1980s, high concentrations of TBT were reported in
coastal areas around the world
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Regulatory Landscape
Global TBT Regulation and Ban
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1988: the International Maritime Organization (IMO) gets involved
1999: IMO adopts an Assembly resolution urging governments to
eliminate TBT-containing antifouling paints
2001: IMO adopted a new International Convention on the Control
of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, prohibiting the use of
harmful organotins in antifouling paints used on ships
2008: The Convention entered into force
2014: Ratification by 69 countries (83% of the gross tonnage of the
world’s merchant fleets)
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Regulatory Landscape
Copper Regulation
Copper replaced TBT as the antifoulant of choice but also has negative
environmental consequences.
Washington State Boatyard from the 1990s.
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Regulatory Landscape
Copper Regulation
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Chapter 70.300 RCW, Recreational Water Vessels-Antifouling Paints, was
passed by the Washington State Legislature in 2011, with the intent of phasing
out the use of copper-based antifouling paints used on recreational water
vessels.
January 1, 2018: Sale of new vessels with copper antifouling paint banned
January 1, 2020: Sale and application of antifouling paint containing more
than 0.5% copper for recreational vessels banned
Similar regulations are anticipated in other states and countries soon
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Why We Need a Science of Safer Chemistry
Reacting to Problems
• regrettable substitution - Replacement of
toxic chemical with chemical of equal or
greater toxicity
• Use of replacement chemicals with little
data/unknown hazards
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Green Chemistry
“The design of chemical products and processes
that reduce or eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances”
Hazard
Exposure
*Anastas, P.T.; Warner, J.C., Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford
University Press, 1998.
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Keys to Green Chemistry
12 Principles of Green Chemistry
1.
2.
3.
Prevent waste
Maximize atom economy:
Design less hazardous chemical
syntheses:
4. Design safer chemicals and products:
5. Use safer solvents and reaction
conditions
6. Increase energy efficiency
7. Use renewable feedstocks
8. Avoid chemical derivatives
9. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric
reagents
10. Design chemicals and products to
degrade after use
11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution
12. Minimize the potential for accidents
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Example
Innovation- New Wood Glue
Dr. Li, OSU
2007 Presidential
Green Chemistry Award
Winner
Soy based adhesive competitive
with a urea-formaldehyde resin
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Alternative Assessment
• A process for identifying and comparing potential
alternatives (chemical and non-chemical) used as
substitutes to replace chemicals or technologies of
high concern
Are the all the ingredients necessary?
Are there safer ingredients?
• What does one look at?
Hazard, performance of chemical, cost/availability of
material, exposure, materials management, social impact
(environmental justice), life cycle
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Scope of Existing Alternatives
Categories of existing Alternatives:
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Biocides essentially do the same
thing that copper does – poison
organisms
Non-biocides provide a slick
surface that greatly hinders
attachment (soft) or a protective
slick surface that can be cleaned
aggressively (hard)
Physical mechanisms prevent
attachment without the use of
chemicals or coatings
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Scope of Existing Alternatives
Primary Technologies on the Market Evaluated by NGC
• Biocides-based paint – primarily zinc compounds and
ECONEA® which are added to paint by manufacturers
such as Interlux, Pettit, Seahawk, and ePaint
• Foul release coatings – a soft biocide, usually siliconebased but includes other formulations; prevents
attachment; developed by Fujifilm and Interlux or and
even smaller companies like Aurora
• Physical mechanisms - Ultrasonic sound (Ultrasonic)
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Alternatives – Emerging Technologies
Alternatives currently being developed:
• Duke University - paint-like active polymer coating
that dislodges fouling
• University of Gothenburg in Sweden – Ivermectin
formulations
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Alternatives – Emerging Technologies
Alternatives currently being developed:
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Shaoyi Jiang, Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University
of Washington has been working with Zwitterionic (ZI) polymers.
Alternating charges in close proximity strongly attract water,
leading to ultra low fouling surfaces.
(courtesy of: www.zwittertech.com)
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I-Tech – Swedish company, developers of Selektope®
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The Scorecard
Cleaning Up Puget Sound: Alternatives to Copper-based
Antifouling Paints Scorecard
(http://www.northwestgreenchemistry.org/scorecards.html)
• Being developed to assist the boating community with selecting
an alternative in anticipation of the new law banning copper
antifouling boat paint use by 2020 for all recreational boats
• Overall goal of reducing copper antifouling bottom paint as a
source of water pollution to Puget Sound and eventually other
Pacific Northwest waters
• Avoid regrettable substitutions
• Collaborative research effort based on information from
manufacturers, boating industry representatives , and regulators.
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The Scorecard
Cleaning Up Puget Sound: Alternatives to Copper-based
Antifouling Paints Scorecard
(http://www.northwestgreenchemistry.org/scorecards.html)
• Summarizes relevant information on some of the existing
alternatives to copper antifouling bottom paint
• Intended to be actionable, objective, and provide accessible
information
• A working document that will be updated as more brands adopt
alternatives, paint formulations change, and as NGC gathers more
information
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The Scorecard
Cleaning Up Puget Sound: Alternatives to Copper-based
Antifouling Paints Scorecard
(http://www.northwestgreenchemistry.org/scorecards.html)
• Categories include:
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How It Works
Apparent Attributes
Use/Versatility
Unit Cost for Coverage
Longevity
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Application Method
Compatibility with Existing Hull Paint
VOCs content
Active Ingredients Profiles – TBD / IC2 GSA
Inert Ingredients Profiles – TBD / IC2 GSA
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The Scorecard
Cleaning Up Puget Sound: Alternatives to Copper-based
Antifouling Paints Scorecard
(http://www.northwestgreenchemistry.org/scorecards.html)
• The Guidance for Criteria Evaluation explains how information in
each category of the Scorecard was selected, determined, and
evaluated, and offers transparency into our process
• Individual Product Information details how information for each
criterion of the Scorecard was determined for each product.
Both of these documents are available on NGC’s website.
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The Scorecard
Cleaning Up Puget Sound: Alternatives to Copper-based
Antifouling Paints Scorecard
(http://www.northwestgreenchemistry.org/scorecards.html)
Products currently highlighted:
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Ultrasonic Anti-Fouling
Aurora VS 721 Bottom Coat
Seahawk Smart Solution
West Marine CFA Eco Copper-Free
Antifouling Paint
• Interlux Pacifica Plus
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ePaint ZO Antifouling Paint
Pettit Ultima Eco
Interspeed 5640
Fujifilm DUPLEX
Intersleek Pro
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Next Steps for the Scorecard
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Identify Stakeholders including business leaders, boating–
interest groups and trade associations, boatyard
managers, paint manufacturers and representatives,
academia, researchers, the U.S. Navy, and others
interested in green chemistry solutions
Depending on funding:
o
o
Update the products in the Scorecard, identify data gaps, and
conduct additional research as needed
Develop and implement an Outreach Strategy, including the
possibility of a roundtable, to educate consumers and create a
need for green chemistry solutions to antifouling paint
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Filling in Data Gaps
• GreenScreen Assessments
to develop Human Health
and Ecological Profiles
• Engage manufacturers for
additional information
• Conduct broader
alternatives assessments to
compare non- chemical
intensive technologies
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Engaging Manufacturers
• Engage manufacturers for
additional information and
conduct GreenScreen
assessments on active and
inactive ingredients in
products
• Win-Win-Win situation
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Going Public
• The Scorecard is
currently in draft form
and will be finalized after
human health and
ecological profiles have
been developed and
added.
• Completion anticipated
pending funding
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How You Can Get Involved
Boat Owners
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Become informed. Consult NGC’s
Scorecard for information on readily
available products and links to
manufacturers websites, technical
data, and safety data sheets
(www.northwestgreenchemistry.org/scorec
ards.html)
•
Visit the Clean Boating Foundation’s
website for resources and
information on green boating
(http://www.cleanboatingfoundation.org/)
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How You Can Get Involved
Paint Manufacturers
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Contact NGC if you are interested in being a stakeholder for
this work
To become involved, including offering alternatives not
currently listed on the Scorecard please contact us at
Cuboatpaint@NorthwestGreenChemistry.org
•
Participate in an upcoming NGC course, webinar, or Round
Table event, such as the Design of Safer Chemicals and
Products: The Nexus of Toxicology and Chemistry
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Design of Safer Chemicals and Products:
The Nexus of Toxicology and Chemistry
This 2-day course is for professionals who design new
chemicals, formulations, and commercial products,
as well as those interested in supporting safer products
and processes within public, private, and non-profit
organizations.
April 23-24, 2015
Troutdale, OR
Registration: www.ngcworkshop.eventbrite.com
Hosted by: Northwest Green Chemistry and MoDRN
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Thank you
Questions?
www.NorthwestGreenChemistry.org
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