Figure 1
All Levels of Government Fund Highways and Transit
Average annual own-source spending by level of government, 2008-12
35
Federal
$54 billion
State
$84 billion
Local
$75 billion
Source: Pew’s analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances, 2008-12; U.S. Office of Management and Budget,
Public Budget Database
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Figure 2
Spending on Highways Exceeds That for Transit at Each Level of
Government
Share
of spending, 2008-12
100%
90%
100%
100%
80%
90%
90%
70%
80%
80%
60%
70%
70%
50%
60%
19
19%%
81
19
81%%
81
19
20%%
81
19
80%%
81
39
40%%
39
Federal
State
Local
Federal
State
Local
Federal
State
Local
%
%
60%
40%
50%
50%
30%
40%
%
61%
60%%
61
40%
20%
30%
30%
10%
20%
20%
0%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Note: This figure excludes the roughly 2 percent of federal spending that flows directly to highway and transit infrastructure.
Source: Pew’s analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances, 2008-12
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Transit
Highway
Transit
Transit
Highway
Highway
Figure 3
Surface Transportation Funding Flows Among Levels of
Government
Spending on highways and transit, 2012
58 billion
Own-source revenue
$
Federal
government
Note: Numbers
may not add up
exactly due to
rounding.
2 billion
$
45
billion
$
11
billion
$
89 billion
$
State
government
109 billion
$
Transportation
system
$
26
billion
73 billion
$
Own-source flows
Local
government
Intergovernmental transfers
Sources: Pew’s
analysis of U.S.
Census Bureau’s
Annual Survey of
State and Local
Government
Finances, 2012;
U.S. Office of
Management
and Budget,
Public Budget
Database
© 2015 The Pew
Charitable Trusts
109 billion
$
Direct spending on transportation
UT
CA
AZ
Figures 4-6
WA
ND
Relative SignificanceWAof Federal Grants for Surface
Transportation
MT
MN
ND
OR
MT
ME
MN
ID
Varies by StateWAand RegionOR MT
WI
ND
ME
WA
WA
OR
ND
MT
ID
ND
MN
ID
MN
Federal share of total
for highways
and transit,
OR funding
MT
MN
ID
WY
OR of government, 2008-12
all levels
SD
ID
WY
SD
NV
WY
NV
WA
NV
OR
ID
CA
MT
UT
CA
WY
CAUT
NE
NVWI
NE
CAUTIA
CO
WY
SD
NV WI
CAUTMIIA NE
CO
CO
ME
IN
OH KS
SD
WY ME
SD
WI
UT
CA
OR
NY highways and
MI
IA
Federal expenditures
for
NE
OH
PA
NY
IN
transit,
perIAMIcapita,
2008-12
IL
NE
OH
PA
UT NY
MI
IA
PAIN
IL
CO
IL
OH
KS
MO
ND
MT
ID
WV
MO
NM
KY OK
VAKY
WI
SD
OK
KY
VA
WY
PA
ME
NY
MI
VA
KY
VALess than $150
NC
NV
TN$150 - $169
NC
$170 -CA
$199 SC
SC AL$200 -GA
$249
TNAR
AZ
NC
MO WV VA
TN
AR
NY AZ
WI
MS
NC
KS
SD
MO
KY NMOK
SC AL
TNAR
MI
GA
AZ
$250 or greater
LA
NC
TX MS
PANMOK
IA
SC AL
TN AR
GA
AZ
NE
OH
NM
LA
IN
TX MS
IL OK
SC
GA
AR VA
WV
FL
ALLA
NM
$
TX MS
KS
MO
KY
GA
FL
AL AK
U.S. average
LA
NC
TXMS
TN
FL
OK
LA
SCAK
AR TX
FL
GA
AK
HI
MS AL
AK
FL
LA
AK
TX
HI
ND
CO
MN
IL
KS
NV
IA
NE
UT
CO
CA
IL
KS
WV
VA
KY
NC
TN
OK
NM
PA
OH
IN
MO
MS
GA
AL
LA
FL
167
HI
Less than $150
AZ
NM
$150 - $169
$170 - $199
$200 - $249
$250 or greater
AK
FL
HI
Less than 23%
Less than 23%
Less than 23%
23% - 25%
23%
- 25%
26%
- 29%
30%
- 36%
26%
- 29%
25
HI
AK
23% - 25%
26% - 29%
30% - 36%
HI
Less than 23%
23% - 25%
26% - 29%
30% - 36%
%
Less than 23%
HI
Less than 23%
State and local expenditures for highways
and transit, per capita, 2008-12
23% - 25%
26% - 29%
U.S. average
23% - 25%
26% - 29%
30% - 36%
30% - 36%
WA
37% or greater
ID
NV
37% or greater
30% - 36%
AZ
CO
MI
IA
IL
KS
OK
NM
MO
TX
Source: Pew’s analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local
37% or greater
Government Finances, 2008-12
PA
OH
IN
WV
VA
KY
NC
TN
SC
AR
MS
37% or greater
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts
NY
WI
NE
UT
CA
Note:
Excludes federal spending directly on projects
37% or greater
MN
SD
WY
37% or greater
ME
ND
MT
OR
AL
HI
Less than $300
LA
$300 - $399
$400 - $499
$500 - $599
$600 or greater
508
Less than $300
$300 - $399
$400 - $499
$500 - $599
$600 or greater
GA
FL
AK
ID
UT
SC
AR
AK
M
WV
MO
WV
MN
AKNY
WV
IN
IL
OH
KS
PA
IN
WA
OR
AZ
AZCO
WA
MINY
WI
TX
NV
ME
ME
$
U.S. average
AZ
Figure 7
Surface Transportation Investment Is Declining
Highway and transit spending by level of government, adjusted for inflation, 2002-12
120
Billions of 2012 dollars
100
80
60
$
105
81
62
$
$
89
73
56
50
$
$
$
$
40
20
0
2002
State
2003
2004
Local
2005
Federal
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Recovery Act
Notes: Inflation-adjusted using Bureau of Economic Analysis’ price index for state and local government investment in structures (Table 3.9.4, Line 36).
Years are in state fiscal years. Excludes federal spending directly on projects.
Sources: Pew’s analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances, 2002-12; Recovery.gov agency-reported data,
2009-12
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Figure 8
Federal Highway Trust Fund Faces Growing Shortfalls
Actual and projected revenue and outlays, 2000-25
60
Billions of dollars
50
40
30
20
10
0
‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10
Revenue
Actual outlays
Projected revenue
Projected outlays
Transfers from general fund
‘11
‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19 ‘20 ‘21 ‘22 ‘23 ‘24 ‘25
Actual end-of-year balance
Projected end-of-year balance
Note: Numbers not adjusted for inflation.
Source: Pew’s analysis of Congressional Budget Office and Federal Highway Administration data
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Figure 9
Federal and State Governments Rely Heavily on Gas Tax Revenue to
Fund Highways
Resources used for highways, by level of government, 2012
100%
100%
7
%
90%
90%
80%
7%
12%
%13
14%
13
14
19%
19
%
18%
18%
70%
13
%
60%
6%
66
%
15%
11%
50%
6
%
66
%
40%
50%
40%
15
31%
47%
21
%
20%
3%
4%
Federal
30%
20%
%
10%
0%
State
31%
Other taxes, fees, investment
Other
fees,
investment
income,taxes,
and other
receipts
income,
and
other
receipts
Property taxes
General fund
Property
taxes
Tolls
General fund
Vehicle tax
Tolls
Fuel tax
Vehicle tax
47%
21%
11%
30%
Bond proceeds
Bond
proceeds
Fuel tax
70%
60%
%
%
13%
80%
12
%
Local
Note: Local vehicle tax revenue includes a small amount
of fuel revenue as well. Federal revenue is in federal
fiscal years; revenue of state and local governments is
in their own fiscal years or calendar years, depending
on how they report their data to the Federal Highway
Administration.
Source: Pew’s analysis of Federal Highway
Administration 2012 data (Tables HF-10, SDF, LDF, FE210). Local data are estimated by the Federal Highway
Administration.
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Figure 10
Gas Tax Revenue Has Fallen Over the Past Decade
Federal and state fuel tax revenue, adjusted for inflation, 2002-12
60
State
Federal
Note: Inflation-adjusted
using
Bureau of Economic Analysis’
price index for state and local
government investment in
structures (Table 3.9.4, Line 36).
Federal revenue is in federal fiscal
years; state revenue is in state
fiscal years or calendar years,
depending on how states report
their data to the Federal Highway
Administration.
Billions of 2012 dollars
50
40
30
20
Source: Pew’s analysis of Federal
Highway Administration data,
Tables FE-210 and SDF.
10
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
State
Federal
2011
2012
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts