Western Civilization - Final Exam Study Guide
Middle Ages (ca. 4/500-14/1500)
4 foundations – Roman, Greek, Barbarian, Catholic
Charlemagne and Carolingian Empire
Feudalism, manorialism
Crusades – causes, effects
Black Death
Excommunication, Holy Inquisition, Heresy
Lords, vassals, peasants, serfs
Oath of Fealty
Reconquista of Spain
Hundred Years’ War
Renaissance (ca. 1300-1600)
Starts in Italy – why?
Humanism, naturalism, secularism
Michelangelo, da Vinci, Shakespeare, Raphael
Redirection of focus from Middle Ages from God to man
Reformation (1517- )
North converts to Protestant, South stays Catholic
Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism
Martin Luther – actions and doctrines
John Calvin – actions and doctrines
King Henry VIII – Act of Supremacy
95 Theses
Indulgences
30 Years’ War, 1618-1648 – HRE shattered
Council of Trent
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Catholic Counterreformation
Huguenots, Anglicans, Lutherans, Calvinists
England (especially 17th century)
William the Conqueror, Battle of Hastings, 1066
Magna Carta
War of the Roses
Tudor Monarchs, Stuart Monarchs
Parliament – House of Lords, House of Commons
Henry VIII – divorce and Anglican Church
Elizabeth I – unmarried, long, powerful reign
James I – unifies thrones of Scotland and England
Divine Right of Kings (James I)
Charles I – troubles with Parliament
Puritans, Anglicans and Catholics
English Civil War 1642-1647
Oliver Cromwell – Interregnum - Restoration
James II, Glorious Revolution – cause and effect
English Bill of Rights
French Revolution (1789-1815)
Bourbons, approximate dates,
Sun King – Louis XIV and Versailles
Cardinal Richelieu
1614-1789 – no Estates General
3 estates – size and makeup, unfair taxation
Tennis Court Oath
Storming of the Bastille – July 14, 1789
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Louis XVI
Limited constitutional monarchy
Opposed to revolution – King, Church, conservatives
Robespierre, Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte – dates of his reign 1799-1815
Battle of Waterloo, 1815
Invasion of Russia, Scorched Earth Policy
Nationalism, liberalism across Europe
Nineteenth Century Europe
Congress of Vienna – reaction to Napoleon
Two-headed beast – nationalism, liberalism
Balance of Power
Quadruple and Holy Alliances = UN of the day
German and Italian unification
Wars of German unification
Zollverein
Treaty of Frankfurt – punish France - revenge
1848 Liberal revolutions
Klemens von Metternich, Age of Reaction
Otto von Bismarck, Realpolitik, Blood & Iron
Industrial Revolution – origins in England
Enclosure Movement
Factors of Production = land, labor, capital
Urbanization, Imperialism
Industrial Revolution – effects
Adam Smith – Laissez Faire
Karl Marx – Socialism (state owns factors of production)
World War I (1914-1918)
Long-range causes – nationalism, militarism, alliances
Balkans = powder keg
European rivalries
Five Great Powers at turn of century,
Splendid Isolation of Great Britain
Triple Alliance, Triple Entente
Allied Powers, Central Powers
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of A-H
Schlieffen Plan
Western, Eastern Fronts
Trench Warfare and the tank
Romanovs (Nicholas II) deposed and slaughtered
Treaty of Brest Litovsk, 1918
Zimmerman Note (from Germ. to Mexico) brings USA in
American intervention 1917 swings tide
Peace of Paris, Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Long-term effects – econ. depression, totalitarianism
Hitler, Mussolini, Lenin, Stalin - totalitarianism
Mein Kampf
Communism, Fascism
Appeasement at Munich Conference, 1938
*Hitler takes the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia here
Gestapo
Plebiscite
Hitler militarizes Rhineland in 1936
Non-Aggression Pact – USSR and Germany, 1939
Hindenburg invites Hitler to be Chancellor in 1932
9/3/39 – Britain and France declare war on Germany