BLOOD
Chapter 12
FUNCTIONS
Transport
 Heat Distribution
 Fluid Regulation

COMPONENTS
Red Blood Cells
 White Blood Cells
 Platelets (cell fragments)
 Plasma (fluid)

BLOOD VOLUME AND COMPOSITION
45% Red Blood Cells (Hematocrit)
 55% Plasma
 <1% White Blood Cells/Platelets
 Avg. adult has 5L of blood


Fun fact: Men have more blood
than women
Plasma
“Buffy coat” (white blood cells and platelets)
Red blood cells
Centrifuged Blood Sample
RED BLOOD CELLS
AKA Erythrocytes
 Biconcave discs
 No nucleus
 Carry hemoglobin

HEMOGLOBIN
Carries oxygen
 When carrying oxygen, appears bright red
 No oxygen, appears darker (bluish)


Iron needed to make hemoglobin
Low iron or RBC’s-anemia
 Lowers oxygen carrying ability



Low energy
Sickle Cell
RED BLOOD CELL
PRODUCTION/DESTRUCTION

Red Bone Marrow

With age, capillary transport damages RBCs

These damaged cells are broken down
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
AKA leukocytes
 Body’s defenders against disease
 Can leave blood and go to tissues
 Five types


Some of these engulf harmful particles
WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS

High WBC counts can indicate illness
PLATELETS
Cell fragments
 Function: blood clotting


Travel to site of bleeding and “plug up” the leak
PLASMA
Mostly water
 Functions to transport nutrients and gases,
regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and
maintain a favorable pH

STOPPING BLEEDING

Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding
1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug
3. Blood coagulation (clotting)


Thrombus
Embolus
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Endothelial lining
Collagen fiber
1 Break in
vessel wall
Platelet
Red blood cell
2 Blood escaping
through break
3 Platelets adhere
to each other,
to end of broken
vessel, and to
exposed collagen
4 Platelet plug
helps control
blood loss
BLOOD TYPES

Blood type is determined by which proteins are
present on red blood cells
Proteins = Antigens
 Antigens = A, B, Rh


Blood Types
A, B, AB, O
 Can be positive or negative

TYPE A
Has A antigen (protein)
 May or may not contain Rh Factor

TYPE B
Has B antigen (protein)
 May or may not contain Rh factor

TYPE AB
Has A and B antigens
 May or may not contain Rh factor

TYPE O
Has neither A or B antigens
 May or may not contain Rh factor

ANTIBODIES

A person will make antibodies against any
antigens they do not have in their own blood

What is an antibody?

Attacks foreign material; released by a type of WBC
A type A person will make antibodies against
what antigen?
 Type B?
 Type AB?
 Type O?
 What if a person is Rh – or +?

AGGLUTINATION

If an antibody detects its corresponding antigen,
the red blood cells will start to clump

This clumping is called agglutination

Why is this a problem with blood transfusions?
BLOOD TYPE REVIEW
UNIVERSAL DONOR AND RECEIVER

Which blood type is the universal donor?

Receiver?
BLOOD COMPATIBILITY
Fig12.19
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Rh-negative
woman with
Rh-positive
fetus
–– –
– – –
– – –
– ––
–
–
– –– –
–
–
–
– –
–– –– – –
– – –
–
– – ++ +
–
++
–
+
+
–
+
+
– +
+
+
+
+ +
–
+
–
+
+
– +
–
–
Cells from
Rh-positive
fetus enter
woman’s
Bloodstream.
––
– – ––
–
– –
– –
–
–
–
– –
–
–
–
– – – –– –
–
–– – –
– – – –– ––
– – –
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
– –
–
–
–
Woman
becomes
sensitized—
antibodies ( )
form to fight
Rh-positive
blood cells
– –
– – –– –
–– –
– –
–
–
–
– – ––
– – – –
– – – –– –
–
– ––
– –––
–
– – –
– –
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
In the next
Rh-positive
pregnancy,
maternal
antibodies
attack fetal red
blood cells
25
–– –
– – –
– – –
– ––
–
–
– –– –
–
–
–
– –
–– –– – –
– – –
–
– – – –
–
– –
–
+
– –
–
–
+
+
– –
+ + +
–
+
–
+
–
+
– –
–
–
RH FACTOR PROBLEM
Rh- mother bears an Rh+ baby
 No problem with FIRST BABY because the
mother is NOT exposed to the Rh+ blood until
birth
 If there is exposure, mother will produce
antibodies to attack Rh protein
 If mother bears other Rh+ children, the anti-Rh
antibodies may enter the growing baby’s blood
and attack the baby’s RBC
 Lack of oxygen due to decreased or damaged
RBCs can cause brain damage or death
