European religions today
Catholic in Southwest/Central
Protestant in Northwest
Orthodox in East/Southeast
Muslim in part of Southeast
Balkans shatterbelt
Balkans shatterbelt
Ethnic diversity
Meeting of Orthodox,
Catholics, Muslims
Competition between
Russian, Ottoman,
Austrian spheres
“Balkanization”
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Ottoman Empire Losses, 1878
Macedonia
claimed by
Setbia,
Bulgaria,
Greece
Muslims as Ottoman Legacy
SANJAK
(Serb.-Mont.)
ALBANIANS
(Albania,
Kosovo,
Macedonia)
BOSNIANS
(Bosniaks:
converted
Serbo-Croats)
Turkey
Pécs church
in Hungary
(former mosque)
TURKS
(Bulgaria,
Romania,
Moldova)
Types of territoriality
State
Ethnic
Religious
Fears of
Balkanization
(splitting state
into ethnic or
religious parts)
State territoriality
(“patriotism”)
Place identity based on political unit
(Serbian, Croatian)
“I am an American.” (Civil wars)
“I am a Nigerian.”
NATION
Not a state:
A cultural group with a territorial identity;
stitching together many local identities
Over 5,000 ethnic
“nations” cannot all
become states, yet
many are large
enough to survive
(larger than some states).
Theories of nationhood
Primordialism
(nation is essential/family, in the “blood”)
Instrumentalism
(nation is top-down, self-serving project of elites)
Constructivism
(nation is constructed both by elites and masses)
Ethnic territoriality
(“nationalism”)
Place identity based on ethnicity
(Serb, Croat)
Basques in Spain/France
Québecois in Canada
Homeland
Territorialization
of national identity:
Past “golden age”
Present security
Future prosperity/glory
Battle of Kosovo Polje
(Blackbird Field), 1389
Battle of Kosovo Polje
(Blackbird Field), 1389
Muslim Turks defeat
Serbian (and Albanian)
Christians under
Prince Lazar.
Knights’ blood
“turns into” red poppies.
Sacred site for
Serbian nationalism
NATION-STATE
State with one nation
(none “pure” but some close)
Nearly all states multiethnic
(more than one nation)
Nation-States and Multiethnic States
National Congruence
Desire for state
boundaries to match
ethnic boundaries
( Greater _________ )
* If majority does not
want minority
* If minority wants
self-determination
Boundaries of Albania
in different eras
Religious Territoriality
States defined by religion
Vatican
City
Saudi
Arabia
Vatican
City
Israel
Iran
Core group
States are constructed around a
dominant ethnic, racial or religious group
English in U.K.
Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia
Whites in U.S.
Majority nationalism
Equating “patriotism”
with “nationalism”
State usually represents
core group, but also needs
loyal minorities
Hindu mobs attack Indian
Muslim neighborhood
English attack
immigrants
KKK rally against immigrants, 1925
German skinheads
attack Turks
Minority nationalism
For “self-determination”
Not only secession but autonomy
Reaction to majority nationalism?
What if minority becomes majority?
Puerto
Rico
East Timor
Lithuania
Secession
Separation from state
(independence)
Autonomy (self-rule)
not offered, or not
enough
Irredentism
Joining ethnic minority with a
country where they are majority,
To form Greater________
Germany annexes ethnic German region of Czechoslovakia, 1938
State response to minority: Coercion
Ethnocide
(forced assimilation)
Hungarian sign defaced
in Romania.
Turks forced to
Change names in Bulgaria.
Genocide
(extermination)
Holocaust in Europe
(Not only Germany)