Cell Processes
Cell Transport
Integrated 1
*288-292
*294
*Triple T-Bar
Mitosis
Integrated 1
297-301
*Cells Divided
*WEBQUEST
Purpose of the Process? Why
is it important? Outcomes?
Where in the cell
does this process
occur?
What
organelles are
involved?
How does this process work?
(quick summary or steps)
Other Critical
Details
-Move substances in and out of
the cell (waste or nutrients).
Diffusion: O2 and CO2
Osmosis: H20
Facilitated diffusion: Glucose
Active transport: Potassium
-Produce more cells for growth,
or replacement of old/damaged
cells.
Cell membrane
“phospholipid
bilayer”
“membrane
proteins”
“protein channel”
-Starts in nucleus of
eukaryotes,
Cytoplasm of
prokaryotes.
Cell membrane
-Movement of molecules from high to
low down the concentration gradientno energy required.
-Active is up gradient, required energy.
Facilitated-needs helpers.
Nucleus,
CytoplasmExpands to
include many
and duplication
of all.
I-interphase: Cell growth and DNA
duplication (chromosome replication
in S phase.)
P-prophase: Chromosomes thicken
M-metaphase: Chromosomes line up
and nucleus dissolves
A-Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled
apart
T-chromosomes at the poles and
nucleus reforms.
Cytokinesis-cytoplasm separates and
two separate cells have from.
IPMAT, once and PMAT again
-Diploid, two pair chromosomes
replicated.
-Homologous pairs line up and
crossing over occurs.
-Chromosomes line up, move apart
and divide (doubled chromosomes,
one of each pair).
-Divide again with NO duplication.
- End with 4 cells half the
chromosomes.
1. Sections of DNA unzip
2. Proteins make a copy of DNA
3. New strand of DNA forms
-Cell membrane has
polar and nonpolar
parts.
-Active requires
energy, passive does
not.
Differentiation: Cells
in the body (somatic)
that specialize due to
protein expression
(example, same
human has heart and
lung cells that are
different)
-Produces two diploid cells with
same # chromosomes
-Asexual
Meiosis
Integrated 2
*Pg. 355-359
*WEBQUEST
-Produce sex cells “gametes”.
-Produces 4 haploid cells with
half of the original number of
chromosomes.
-Sexual-fertilization required.
-Produce offspring and
determines gender.
Replication
Integrated 2
*413-415
*WEBQUEST
-The process of duplicating or
producing an exact copy of a
DNA so new cells can have a
complete set.
-New cells need these
instructions to function.
**Nucleus of
eukaryotes dissolves
and reform in the
cytoplasm.
Eventually takes up
the whole cell.
Starts in nucleus of
eukaryotes,
Cytoplasm of
prokaryotes.
**Nucleus of
eukaryotes dissolves
and reform in the
cytoplasm.
Eventually takes up
the whole cell.
Nucleus
Nucleus,
CytoplasmExpands to
include many
and duplication
of all.
Nucleus
(chromosomes,
enzymes
involved)
-Duplicate once, spilt
twice.
-Crossing
over=genetic
variation.
-4 haploids have
HALF of the original
cell chromosomes
Pairing:
A-T
G-C
-Occurs in S phase
Transcription
Integrated 2
*Pg. 425-426
*WEBQUEST
To make a copy of the gene so a
protein can be formed.
Proteins are machines that
make cells work.
Nucleus
Nucleus
(DNA to mRNA,
Enzymes)
1. Small section upzips
2.Protein copy DNA to RNA
3.RNA is modified to make mRNA
-DNA becomes RNA
Pairing:
A-U
T-A
G-C
Occurs all the time in
the cell cycle
Translation
Integrated 2
* 428-433
*WEBQUEST
To convert mRNA into a chain of
amino acids.
To make the actual protein.
Protein/gene expression.
Cytoplasm and
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
(mRNA to
tRNA to
Amino Acids)
1. mRNA travels out of nucleus and
combines with a ribosome
2.tRNA combines enters with 1 amino
acid and matches with a codon
3. More tRNA comes until mRNA is
completely read and chain is formed.
1st part of protein
synthesis
RNA makes chains of
amino acids
(proteins) .
Pairing:
A-U
G-C
Occurs all the time in
the cell
2nd part of protein
synthesis