Aim: How was India affected by imperialism?
I. British control of India
1. British East India Company was a trading source that had posts since the
1600s in Asia
2. Britain took control over India in the 19th century
3. India offered Britain materials and goods (tea, coffee, indigo, opium and
cotton)
II. Effects of British control
1. Built hospitals and schools
2. Improved sanitation
3. Built railroads
4. Created cash-crop plantations that ruined local agriculture
5. Indians resented Christian missionaries
III. The Sepoy Rebellion
1. 1857
2. Sepoys: Indian soldiers trained by the British
3. Rumor was Britain covered cartridges in pork and beef fat
4. This went against the religions of the Sepoy
5. The Sepoys rebelled against the British
6. The inability of the Hindus and Muslims to work together helped Britain win
7. Britain gov’t created the Raj, established control over part of India
IV Indian Nationalism
1. Ram Mohun Roy: campaign to end the caste system and the practice of Sati
2. Britain responded by outlawing Sati
3. formed the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906
4. Groups promoted independence
Aim: How did imperialism affect China?
I. Imperialism in China
1. Foreign countries wanted to control China for things like tea, porcelain, and
silk for gold and silver
2. GB traded opium from India for Chinese tea
3. Chinese people became addicted and began to trade silver, which disrupted
the economy
II. Opium War
1. China outlawed opium
2. They asked the British to stop trading it, Britain refused
3. The Opium War started when Chinese junks attempted to stop the English
4. European technology was no match for China’s primitive weapons
5. 1842Treaty of Nanjing was signed for peace
III. Treaty of Nanjing
1. Britain demanded "extraterritoriality"
2. This means that all British citizens would obey British law in China
3. The British gained five open ports, no restrictions for trade and Hong Kong
4. The Opium trade rapidly grew after the Treaty of Nanjing
5. Britain gained indemnity, which was payment for damages during the war
IV. Uprisings in China
1. White Lotus Rebellions and Taiping Rebellion: failed attempts to overthrow
government
2. 30,000,000 died during the Taiping Rebellion
3. The Chinese lost the Sino-French and Sino-Japanese Wars
4. Germany, France, Russia, Britain and Japan all started spheres of influence in
China
Open Door Policy: US pledged its support of the Chinese government and announced
equal trading privileges among all imperial powers.
Aim: How did the Meiji restoration impact Japan?
I. 19th Century Japan
1. Japan was affected by imperialism
2. Commodore Mathew Perry for the US demanded access to Japan
3. The Tokugawa shogun gave in to foreign demands
II. Meiji Restoration
1. The Tokugawa fell in 1867
2. 1868 set up Meiji and it lasted until 1912
3. Created a centralized gov’t, new military, universal education
4. The Meiji modernized and industrialized Japan
5. Built railroads, and increased coal production
6. By the early 1900s, Japan could compete with any modern nation
III. Japanese Imperialism
1. China invaded Korea in 1894
2. Japan sent troops to help Korea
3. Japan drove China out and began to expand into Manchuria
4. Japan also received Taiwan and some Pacific Islands
5. Russo-Japanese War in 1905
6. Japan won and forced Russia out of Manchuria and Korea
7. 1910 Japan annexed Korea
8. Japan made policies favoring themselves
9. Demand for independence began to rise in Korea
Aim: How did imperialism affect Southeast Asia and Oceania?
I. Dutch and British Colonies
1. The Dutch set up trading posts and plantations in Indonesia in the 1600s
2. Renamed the Dutch East Indies, the area provided oil, tin and rubber
3. Britain controlled Singapore, Malaysia and Burma which were rich in tin, rubber and
teak
II. French Indochina
1. Indochina was controlled by France since the 19th century
2. They produced rubber and rice
3. Tensions would build because of French imperialism
4. Indochina would react to this during the 1900’s
III. United States
1. Won the Spanish-American War the US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the
Philippines
2. Filipinos declared their independence
3. The US defeated this uprising promising to teach self-rule
4. US helped improve healthcare and education
5. But also built large plantations
6. The US set up plantations in Hawaii as well
7. 1898 Hawaii was annexed to the US
Aim: How did imperialism affect Latin America?
I. Foreign Influence in Latin America
1. Dictators ruled new countries and prosperity was not common
2. Some places traded with GB and the US
3. They imported foreign manufactures and did not attempt to build their own
industries
4. They borrowed a lot of money from foreign nations crating massive debt
II. Monroe Doctrine (made by the United States, under James Monroe POTUS)
1. 1823 president Monroe stated that the Americas were not open to
colonization
2. 1898 Spanish-American War helped Cuba gain independence from Spain
3. It also granted Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the US
III. Panama Canal (made by the USA, under Teddy Roosevelt POTUS)
1. Many countries wanted a canal through Central America for a quicker trade
route to Asia
2. Teddy Roosevelt supported a revolution in Panama
3. When Panama won its independence the Panama Canal was started
4. It was completed in 1914 and was given to Panama by the U.S in 2000
Aim: How did the Russian Revolutions change the course of history? (Think about
the Cold War also, this is 1945-1990 CE)
. The Effects of World War I on Russia
• The Russian Revolution occurred due to the following:
• Major losses
• poor leadership and poorly trained soldiers
• No ammunition
• No food, shortage of bread
• The Duma, the Russian Parliament (1906-1917), was created to help but had
no real authority
II.RUSSIAN LEADERSHIP
• Czar Nicholas II:
• Last czar of the Romanov’s
• Refused to pull Russia out of war despite the suffering
• People rioted and demanded change
• He abdicated (stepped down) from the throne in February 1917
III. Provisional Government
• Alexander Kerensky set up provisional government
• Tried to be democratic, but kept Russia in WWI (not a popular decision)
• Tried to suppress Lenin and the Bolshevik party
• Soviets: formed local councils that represented peasants, workers, soldier
• The provisional government lasted from Feb 1917-Oct 1917
IV.HERE COMES LENIN!
• Follower of Karl Marx
• 1917 Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, led the October Revolution and
removed the provisional gov’t
• This was a successful coup d’etat
• He mobilized the support of soldiers, workers, and peasants to revolt
V. Communism
• Communism was created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and was
published in the Communist Manifesto
• Communism is a society in which there is no private ownership, all property
is shared by the community for the common benefit of all members
The Differences between Communism and Capitalism
Communism
Capitalism
History is a series of class struggles Individuals should follow self interest
Workers are exploited by employers Competition is the key to success
There should be a classless society
Gov’t controls everything
No private ownerships
All share wealth
Allows for profit
Classes develop
Government should not interfere
Also known as a command economy Also known as a market economy
VI. LENIN’S PROMISE
• Promised LAND, PEACE AND BREAD!!
• Land seized from nobility would go to the peasants
• Peace: to get out of WWI
• Bread: end of food shortages
VII. Bolshevik Takeover
• Began to nationalize the industries and assets of Russia
• 1918 signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germans
• Russia lost the Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic territories, and Finland
• Russia was officially out of WWI
VIII. LENIN’S RULE
a. dictator
b. Set up a totalitarian gov’t
c. Destroyed churches and synagogues
d. Created the Cheka : secret police
e. Created the RED army led by Leon Trotsky
f. The Execution of Tsar Nicholas II 1918
• The Red Army ordered the execution on the entire Romanov family
• July 17 The Romanov family was executed.
• Russia plunged into civil war
• The White Army was anti-Bolshevik and aided by the Allies
• 1917-1921 RED army put down revolts
• Allies withdrew support, and the Reds were victorious
• Lenin renames Russia : The Soviet Union in 1921
IX. Lenin’s NEP
• 1920’s: rebuild Russia he used his New Economic Policy
• The NEP placed major industries in gov’t hands, but allowed for private
businesses to form
• Combined communism with some capitalism
• Ex: allowed farmers to sell grain for profit
X. The Death of Lenin
• This plan slowly helped Russia
• Lenin has a series of strokes from 1922-1924, and dies in 1924
• He did not choose a successor
XI. Trotsky vs. Stalin
Trotsky: War Commissar under Lenin, and a war hero
Stalin: General Secretary of the Central Committee
1. Lenin did not trust Stalin, would have chosen Trotsky to lead
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1927 forced Trotsky to step down as war commissar
1929 Trotsky was banished from Communist Party and exiled
Stalin now had sole power over Russia
Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by an ice pick in 1940
Stalin become totalitarian dictator
XII. Five Year Plans
• Stalin ends NEP in 1928
• Creates command economy
• Creates the Five Year Plan
• A plan of rapid industrialization and production
• Stalin set demanding goals for factories and production
• Used collectivization, Gov’t took over farms
• Kulaks or peasants were kicked off
• They rebel: burn livestock, farms,
• Cause a Great Famine
• Anyone that disagreed were sent to labor camps, known as Gulags or
executed.
• Stalin believed this policy would lead to increased production.
• In 1939, two countries in the world produced more than Russia, the United
States and Germany
XIII. Stalin and Totalitarianism
 single-party dictatorship that controls every aspect of the lives of its citizens
 There are no individual rights
 Citizens must obey the gov’t without question
 This gov’t uses propaganda, censorship, and terror
 Ex: Great Purge where Stalin eliminated threats in the Communist party in
the 1930’s
 Secret police spied on citizens
In the end, his plans helped the Soviet Union become a major world power, at the
cost of millions of lives
Aim: What is the importance of Mustafa Kemal in terms of rebuilding a new Turkey,
from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire?
I. The Rise of Mustafa Kemal
The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in WWI.
After the loss, the empire fell apart
The Greeks attempted to overtake Turkey
Mustafa Kemal was nationalist leader of the Young Turks
The Young Turks rose up to defeat the sultan and the Greeks in 1919
Kemal took the name Atatürk or “Father of the Turks”
Became President of Turkey in 1923
II. Atatürk’s Reforms
Turkey was predominantly Muslim
Wanted to reform Turkey using Western ideas
He introduced western customs and clothes
Western ideas in gov’t by creating a parliament
Changed legal code from Islamic to Western
Educational system became coeducational
He gave women full social and political rights.
He used ruthless actions to institute change in Turkey
III. Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism is a nationalist movement for unification among the Arab
peoples and nations of the Middle East.
Pan-Arabism is a form of cultural nationalism.
Aim: How did Mao Zedong change the course of history for China? How was China
related to the post World War II world, how and with whom did it fit in?
I. The Chinese Revolution of 1911
1. Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese Revolution of 1911.
2. China became more westernized.
3. Three Principles of the People were:
4. Nationalism, socialism, and democracy.
II. Chiang Kai-Shek
1. Sun Yat-sen died in 1925.
2. Chiang Kai-shek was the new leader.
3. Two major problems for China:
4. The Japanese invaded Manchuria and the Communists allied with Russia
III. Rise of Communism
1. A civil war was fought for four years
2. 1949 the communists were led by Mao Zedong
3. The Kuomintang fled to the island of Taiwan, where they established the
Republic of China.
4. Communists named mainland China the People’s Republic of China.
5. The UN and U.S recognized the People’s Republic of China as the true China.
IV. Mao Tse-tung
1. Mao Tse-tung, collectivized agriculture and industry.
2. Steel production grew rapidly.
3. 1950’s Great Leap Forward: use cheap labor to rapidly industrialize the
country.
4. It failed crippling the economy and causing millions of deaths from
starvation.
V. Rebuilding China
1. Between 1959 and 1961 poor policies and natural disasters caused famine.
2. China introduced elements of capitalism that helped the economy.
VI. The Cultural Revolution
1. Universities were shut down for four years.
2. Students and faculty worked in the fields.
3. Anyone who opposed were arrested or killed.
4. The new curriculum included only communist studies and vocational
training.
5. Mao Tse-tung died in 1976.
6. He was replaced by Deng Xiaoping
VII. Deng Xiaoping
• In September 1976, Mao Zedong died at the age of 83.
• Deng Xiaoping seized power and the Cultural Revolution ended.
VIII. Four Modernizations
• “It matters not whether the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice."
Deng Xiaoping ...
• His policy was called the Four Modernizations
• SAID
• S: Science and Technology
• A: Agriculture
• I: industry
• D: Defense
• Tried to advance China because they had been isolated for so long
• Thousands of students were sent abroad to study science, technology, and
modern business techniques.
IX. Collective farms
• Collective farms could now lease lands to peasant families who paid rent
• Peasants could now make profit on produce
• Combining capitalism with communism
• Similar to Lenin’s NEP and Gorbachev’s Perestroika
X. Results
• Plan worked : industry began to rise
• Per capita income went up
• 1980’s no money for refrigerators, radio’s, watches, & TVs
• By 1990’s: more could afford these items
• People still wanted change
• They wanted democracy, especially students
• Students were sent abroad and influenced by western ideas, dress, and pop
culture
XI. Tiananmen Square
• In May 1989, student protests called for the end of corruption
• Led to massive demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
• Deng ordered tanks and troops into Tiananmen Square to crush the
demonstrators
• This was a violation of human rights
• Hundreds were killed
Democracy remained a dream
Aim: Summarize 20th Century Africa in terms of how its history has been driven by
other civilizations, both East and West.
1. WWI and its effects in Africa
a. Allies targeted the four German colonies in Africa
2. The mandate system
a. United States opposed direct colonization
b. Allies divided up the Central Powers colonies in Africa and Asia
c. League of Nations: territories would be assigned to advanced nations
until they could self-govern
d. Most important mandate was British control over Palestine
3. Africa and WWII
a. WWI weakened Europe
b. set the stage for decolonization
c. European grip on colonies weakened because of Depression
d. Rise of Germany and Italy lead to conquest of Northern Africa
e. After WWII countries demand independence
4. Decolonizing Africa
a. African nationalism and independence
 African nationalism grew to protest against European imperialism
 Imperial powers stated Africa was not ready for self-government
 White settlers opposed black independence
b. Forcing the French out of North Africa
 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies
except Algeria
 War in Algeria, 1954-1962
 Algerian nationalists used guerrilla warfare
 Atrocities on both sides; Algerian independence, 1962
c. Freedom and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa
a. Ghana on the Gold Coast first to gain independence, 1957
b. Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and censored for political
actions
c. Nkrumah became Ghana's first president, 1957
d. Anti-colonial rebellions in Kenya after 1947
e. between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau) and European settlers
f. Mau Mau leaders arrested many radical and political leaders
g. Mau Mau uprising crushed in 1955
h. Political prisoners released: most notably Jomo Kenyatta
i. Kenya gained independence, 1963 with Kenyatta as its first president
d. Egypt
• Egypt became independent in 1922
• Egypt was still closely connected to Britain
• In the 1950s Gamal Nasser overthrew the king and established a republic in
Egypt
• He nationalized industries, including the Suez Canal
• He was involved in many conflicts between the Western countries and the
Middle East
• He ruled Egypt until his death in 1970
• He was replaced by Anwar Sadat
• Sadat’s contribution was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel at the
Camp David Accords in the late 1970’s
e. South Africa
a. independent in 1901, but rights were denied to blacks
b. Apartheid: 1948 legal system designed to keep races separate
c. African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to
protest apartheid
d. Nationalism and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in 1989
e. 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black
president
f. Crisis in Darfur
a. Darfur region of Sudan is home to racially mixed Muslim tribes
b. In 2003 two Darfurian rebel groups launched an uprising against the gov’t
c. The gov’t responded with:
d. a scorched-earth campaign
e. arming and bankrolling militias that kill innocent civilians
f. this tragedy is largely unsupported by the rest of the world
g. to date the Darfur genocide has killed more than 400,000 civilians
h. It has also displaced 2.5 million people