Where – began in England because of its
natural resources like coal and iron and the
invention of the steam engine then spread
to Europe and the U.S.
 Enclosure Movement – fence in common
fields to use land for raising sheep or mass
producing food – puts small farmers out of
business
 Inventions – spinning jenny, steam engine
(Watt), cotton gin (Whitney), process for
making steel (Bessemer), smallpox vaccine
(Jenner), and rabies vaccine (Pasteur)

Population – increased (more food, better
medicine, and healthier diets)
 Standard of Living – increased (products
became more affordable – machine
made)
 Working Conditions – long hours,
dangerous, low pay, etc… + preferred
women and children (pay them less)
 Labor Unions – increase pay and improve
working conditions + bargain with
employers

Urbanization – movement of people to
cities (crowded and unsanitary
conditions)
 Environment – pollution
 Transportation – faster (railroad and
steamboat)
 Women – increased demands for
suffrage (right to vote)
 Children – expansion of education

Adam Smith – wrote Wealth of Nations
 Laissez-faire economics – government
does not interfere in the economy
 Laws of supply and demand
 Competition
 Private ownership


Government owns and operates major
industries and small farms and businesses
are privately owned
Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto
 Response to the injustices of capitalism
(some people are poor while some are
rich)
 Redistribute wealth
 Government owns and operates
everything

Definition - the domination by one
country of the political, cultural, or
economic life of another country
 Colonies – most expensive + most control
(ex. India was a colony of Great Britain)
 Protectorates – leave local rulers in place
but tell them what to do (ex. Egypt was a
protectorate of Great Britain)


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
Spheres of Influence - an area in which an
outside power claimed exclusive
investment or trading privileges + least
restrictive (Ex. China)
America opened trade with Japan (gifts of
technology)
Missionaries – Christianize the people of
Africa and Asia
Suez Canal – shortcut between Europe and
Asia
Industrial Revolution – created a new need
for markets and raw materials

Armed Conflicts – Boxer Rebellion +
Opium War, etc…
Militarism - European countries competed
with one another to see which one could
have the best army and navy
 Alliances – Central Powers (Austria-Hungary,
Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire)
vs. Allies (France, Britain, and Russia)
 Imperialism – competition for colonies
 Nationalism – people of the same ethnic
background want a homeland

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand –
spark that started the war
 U.S. enters the war (1917) – unrestricted
submarine warfare and Zimmerman note
 Russia exits the war (1917) – Russian
Revolution

Woodrow Wilson – President of the U.S.
(Fourteen Points/League of Nations)
 Kaiser Wilhelm II – leader of Germany

Colonies participated in the war –
increased demands for independence (ex.
India wanted independence from Great
Britain)
 End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and
Austro-Hungarian Empires
 Lots of destruction, lives lost, and social
disruption
 Treaty of Versailles – forced Germany to
accept guilt for war and loss of territory +
pay reparations + limited German military

Peacekeeping organization established
to prevent future wars
 Failed organization – could not enforce
its decisions
 U.S. never joined League of Nations
(isolated) – did not sign Treaty of
Versailles

France and Great Britain became
mandatory powers in the Middle East
 Divided Ottoman Empire into new
countries (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and
Palestine)
 British controlled Iraq, Palestine, and
Transjordan & France controlled Syria
and Lebanon

Defeat in war with Japan in 1905
 Landless peasantry
 Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II
(absolute monarchy)
 Losing in World War I

Led the Russian Revolution
 New Economic Policy – goal (improve
Russia’s economy) – socialism (meant to
be temporary)

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

Five Year Plan – goal (make Soviet Union a
modern industrial power) – command
economy (government controls everything) –
production improved while standard of living
remained poor
Collectivization of Farms – no more private
ownership – government farms or collectives
(work as a group) - did not improve farm
output (grain production grew slightly while
meat, vegetables, and fruits remained in short
supply)
Secret Police + Great Purge (destroy enemies)