Example of List of Data_
Page
1
ID
________
JEWCULT
________
JEWFRNDS
________
SELFJEW
________
CHEAP
________
WSNOBS
________
ECONWELL
________
REPPERSC
________
DISCTODY
________
OPENEND
________
101.00
102.00
103.00
104.00
105.00
106.00
107.00
108.00
109.00
110.00
201.00
202.00
203.00
204.00
205.00
206.00
207.00
208.00
209.00
210.00
301.00
302.00
303.00
304.00
305.00
306.00
307.00
308.00
309.00
310.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
5.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
3.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
5.00
2.00
5.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
1.00
3.00
3.00
1.00
4.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
1.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
1.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
3.50
4.00
1.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
5.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
1.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
1.00
4.00
3.00
.
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
.
3.00
4.00
.
3.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
_
Example of Frequency for Item with No Problem of Variability
JEWFRNDS
Valid
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Total
Frequency
Percent
2
9
6
3
10
30
6.7
30.0
20.0
10.0
33.3
100.0
Valid
Percent
6.7
30.0
20.0
10.0
33.3
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
6.7
36.7
56.7
66.7
100.0
Example of Frequency Table for relatively low variability: 85% of cases are in
categories 4 & 5, 2/3 in 4. Possible problem.
THREAT
Frequency Percent
Valid Cumulative
Percent
Percent
Valid
1.00
1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.00
2
5.1
5.1
7.7
3.00
3
7.7
7.7
15.4
4.00
26
66.7
66.7
82.1
5.00
7
17.9
17.9
100.0
Total
39 100.0
100.0
Example of Frequency Table with serious variability problem
THREAT
Valid
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Total
Frequency
Percent
0
0
0
36
3
39
0
0
0
92.3
7.7
100.0
Valid
Percent
0
0
0
92.3
7.7
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
0
0
0
92.3
100.0
Example of Reliability That “Looks Good”
****** Method 2 (covariance matrix) will be used for this analysis ******
_
R E L I A B I L I T Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
NEEDWAR
REMAIN
BLEMISH
PEACE
THREAT
SUFFER
SAFER
MEDIA
PRIVACY
ASHAMED
NEGOPIN
A N A L Y S I S
-
S C A L E
Mean
Std Dev
Cases
3.6410
3.0769
3.1282
2.4872
3.9231
3.0641
2.8205
2.9231
2.9103
3.4359
2.6667
1.3667
1.2005
1.0804
1.0227
.8393
1.2470
.9966
1.1094
1.2767
1.2523
1.2425
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
(A L P H A)
Correlation Matrix
NEEDWAR
REMAIN
BLEMISH
PEACE
THREAT
SUFFER
SAFER
MEDIA
PRIVACY
ASHAMED
NEGOPIN
SUFFER
SAFER
MEDIA
PRIVACY
ASHAMED
NEGOPIN
NEEDWAR
REMAIN
BLEMISH
PEACE
THREAT
1.0000
.7711
.5310
.6180
.4341
.5312
.4924
.6756
.4034
.7397
.5476
1.0000
.4994
.6546
.2672
.5240
.6937
.6566
.3738
.7823
.5645
1.0000
.3469
.3594
.4235
.3641
.6232
.1707
.5411
.5227
1.0000
.2594
.4185
.5270
.4746
.3569
.6929
.3383
1.0000
.2060
.2977
.2478
.1776
.3082
.3533
SUFFER
SAFER
MEDIA
PRIVACY
ASHAMED
1.0000
.5283
.6504
.2103
.6136
.5577
1.0000
.5108
.1938
.6337
.5454
1.0000
.4316
.7446
.6109
1.0000
.4778
.2378
1.0000
.6032
NEGOPIN
NEGOPIN
1.0000
_
R E L I A B I L I T Y
N of Cases =
Statistics for
Scale
Mean
34.0769
A N A L Y S I S
-
S C A L E
(A L P H A)
39.0
N of
Variables
11
Variance
85.8492
Std Dev
9.2655
Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation
30.4359
31.0000
30.9487
31.5897
30.1538
31.0128
31.2564
31.1538
31.1667
30.6410
31.4103
66.1603
68.2763
73.6420
73.4720
79.3573
70.8485
73.6299
69.8836
75.2149
66.5388
70.3667
Item-total Statistics
NEEDWAR
REMAIN
BLEMISH
PEACE
THREAT
SUFFER
SAFER
MEDIA
PRIVACY
ASHAMED
NEGOPIN
Reliability Coefficients
Alpha =
.9110
.8016
.8131
.5953
.6463
.3870
.6405
.6564
.7944
.4066
.8685
.6687
11 items
Standardized item alpha =
Squared
Multiple
Correlation
Alpha
if Item
Deleted
.7297
.7721
.4834
.5586
.3043
.5195
.5968
.7121
.3213
.7856
.5307
.8948
.8946
.9062
.9039
.9145
.9042
.9036
.8962
.9173
.8910
.9026
.9099
Weakest items are marked in red, but they are still OK.
****** Method 2 (covariance matrix) will be used for this analysis ******
_
Example of Reliability Suggesting Big Problems
R E L I A B I L I T Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A N A L Y S I S
ATTRACT
PARTRES
PEOPLE
MYAPP
OTHERS
PRIDE
ILOOK
ITRY
-
S C A L E
(A L P H A)
Mean
Std Dev
Cases
3.9730
1.9459
3.4054
3.7568
4.3784
3.7027
3.7027
2.7297
.6449
.9412
.9849
.8946
.5940
.7403
.8454
1.3049
37.0
37.0
37.0
37.0
37.0
37.0
37.0
37.0
Correlation Matrix
ATTRACT
ATTRACT
PARTRES
PEOPLE
MYAPP
OTHERS
PRIDE
ILOOK
ITRY
1.0000
.4094
.1052
-.1562
-.1176
-.1337
-.0661
.1561
N of Cases =
Statistics for
Scale
_
Mean
27.5946
R E L I A B I L I T Y
PARTRES
PEOPLE
MYAPP
OTHERS
PRIDE
ILOOK
ITRY
the best correlation; we may just use these two
1.0000
.0842
-.1810
.0376
-.2230
-.2651
-.0122
1.0000
.0835
-.0796
.0175
-.1515
.1309
1.0000
-.1879
.0555
-.1350
.0373
1.0000
.1366
-.1570
-.0077
1.0000
-.2339
.3746
37.0
Variance
6.3033
Std Dev
2.5106
A N A L Y S I S
-
N of
Variables
8
S C A L E
(A L P H A)
1.0000
.0259
1.0000
Item-total Statistics
ATTRACT
PARTRES
PEOPLE
MYAPP
OTHERS
PRIDE
ILOOK
ITRY
Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
23.6216
25.6486
24.1892
23.8378
23.2162
23.8919
23.8919
24.8649
5.4640
5.7898
4.8799
6.0841
6.3408
5.5435
6.9324
3.1757
Reliability Coefficients
Alpha = -.0158
Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation
.1404
-.0822
.1042
-.1317
-.1305
.0607
-.3019
.3064
8 items
Standardized item alpha =
Squared
Multiple
Correlation
Alpha
if Item
Deleted
.2356
.3077
.0615
.1357
.1104
.3076
.2522
.2238
-.1090
.0575
-.1292
.0947
.0558
-.0629
.2115
-.5555
-.1460
Item-total correlations and alpha if deleted are all low.
****** Method 2 (covariance matrix) will be used for this analysis ******
_
Example of Reliability Suggesting A Few Problematic Items
R E L I A B I L I T Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
KNOWL
HOTDATE
NATURE
OTHERTIM
TREND
OWNSTYLE
SEXCON
A N A L Y S I S
-
S C A L E
Mean
Std Dev
Cases
3.5000
2.0769
3.3846
3.2308
2.3462
3.1538
1.8077
2.5385
2.5385
2.4231
3.3846
.8602
1.1974
.9829
1.1422
1.0561
1.0466
.5670
1.1038
1.3033
.9454
1.2985
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
(A L P H A)
Correlation Matrix
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
KNOWL
HOTDATE
NATURE
OTHERTIM
TREND
OWNSTYLE
SEXCON
HOTDATE
NATURE
OTHERTIM
TREND
OWNSTYLE
SEXCON
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
KNOWL
1.0000
.5048
.6623
.0814
.1101
.4443
-.1230
.5055
.5709
.1230
.3939
1.0000
.4157
.0157
-.1484
.1178
.1405
.5727
.3569
.2528
.0317
1.0000
-.0110
-.1334
.4068
-.2208
.4282
.5188
.1622
.1615
1.0000
.2296
.2033
.2565
.0244
.3163
.1282
.3693
1.0000
.1308
.1824
.1425
.1207
-.1926
.1615
HOTDATE
NATURE
OTHERTIM
TREND
OWNSTYLE
1.0000
-.0156
.1678
.3767
-.5131
.3962
1.0000
.1721
.1999
-.1406
-.0042
1.0000
.2631
.1946
.0451
1.0000
.1648
.6527
1.0000
-.1053
SEXCON
SEXCON
_
1.0000
R E L I A B I L I T Y
N of Cases =
Statistics for
Scale
Mean
30.3846
A N A L Y S I S
-
S C A L E
(A L P H A)
26.0
N of
Variables
11
Variance
37.1262
Std Dev
6.0931
Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation
26.8846
28.3077
27.0000
27.1538
28.0385
27.2308
28.5769
27.8462
27.8462
27.9615
27.0000
29.8662
30.2215
30.8000
31.8954
34.6785
31.8646
36.0938
30.2154
25.7354
35.8785
29.3600
Item-total Statistics
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
KNOWL
HOTDATE
NATURE
OTHERTIM
TREND
OWNSTYLE
SEXCON
Reliability Coefficients
Alpha =
.7304
.6934
.4155
.4913
.3043
.1071
.3526
.1043
.4691
.7330
.0312
.4321
11 items
Standardized item alpha =
Squared
Multiple
Correlation
Alpha
if Item
Deleted
.6651
.5095
.6739
.3896
.3044
.6657
.4937
.5268
.7696
.6580
.6541
.6746
.7052
.6960
.7220
.7472
.7143
.7370
.6972
.6459
.7525
.7029
Weak items
.7163
****** Method 2 (covariance matrix) will be used for this analysis ******
_
Reliability After Three Weak Items are Dropped
R E L I A B I L I T Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
HOTDATE
OTHERTIM
TREND
SEXCON
A N A L Y S I S
-
S C A L E
Mean
Std Dev
Cases
3.5000
2.0769
3.3846
3.2308
3.1538
2.5385
2.5385
3.3846
.8602
1.1974
.9829
1.1422
1.0466
1.1038
1.3033
1.2985
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
(A L P H A)
Correlation Matrix
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
HOTDATE
OTHERTIM
TREND
SEXCON
OTHERTIM
TREND
SEXCON
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
HOTDATE
1.0000
.5048
.6623
.0814
.4443
.5055
.5709
.3939
1.0000
.4157
.0157
.1178
.5727
.3569
.0317
1.0000
-.0110
.4068
.4282
.5188
.1615
1.0000
.2033
.0244
.3163
.3693
1.0000
.1678
.3767
.3962
OTHERTIM
TREND
SEXCON
1.0000
.2631
.0451
1.0000
.6527
1.0000
N of Cases =
Statistics for
Scale
_
Mean
23.8077
26.0
Variance
32.0815
Std Dev
5.6641
N of
Variables
8
R E L I A B I L I T Y
A N A L Y S I S
-
S C A L E
(A L P H A)
Item-total Statistics
MEAPPR
MOREHR
CAREOT
FIRST
HOTDATE
OTHERTIM
TREND
SEXCON
Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
20.3077
21.7308
20.4231
20.5769
20.6538
21.2692
21.2692
20.4231
25.1015
25.5646
25.5338
28.0138
26.0754
26.1246
21.7246
24.4938
Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation
.7239
.4198
.5619
.2285
.4594
.4199
.7127
.4592
Squared
Multiple
Correlation
Alpha
if Item
Deleted
.6278
.4466
.5673
.1879
.3116
.4077
.6483
.5787
.7296
.7692
.7474
.7986
.7619
.7681
.7132
.7639
Reliability Coefficients
8 items
Alpha =
.7815
Standardized item alpha =
.7910
NOTE: “First” is now the weakest item, but it does not need to be dropped as the scale as
a whole is close enough.
This is an example of open by index that “works”: The
mean for index gets steadily higher for each category of
open.
Report
INDEX
OPEN
1.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
Total
Mean
23.0000
32.9000
34.4286
43.6250
33.4242
Report
NEWINDEX
OPEN
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
6.00
Total
N Std. Deviation
8
7.05084
10
8.64356
7
7.13809
8
2.61520
33
9.81956
Mean
18.0000
21.2857
23.5000
23.5000
26.0000
22.4091
N
2
7
4
8
1
22
Std. Deviation
.00000
1.60357
.57735
3.46410
.
2.88937
Report
INDEX
OPEN
Mean
N
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Total
26.2500
31.0000
36.2000
43.3333
42.2222
34.7059
8
9
5
3
9
34
Std.
Deviation
4.06202
9.15150
7.98123
3.78594
5.09357
9.07053
Test of Bivariate Association Between Index and Student
Report
NEWINDEX
STUDENT
.00
1.00
Total
Mean
23.2353
19.6000
22.4091
ANOVA Table NEWINDEX * STUDENT
Sum of df
Squares
Between Groups
51.059
1
Within Groups
124.259 20
Total
175.318 21
N
17
5
22
Std. Deviation
2.53795
2.30217
2.88937
Mean
F
Square
51.059 8.218
6.213
Sig.
.010
ANOVA test is significant (significance = p < .05 is conventional
significance level). The average on newindex for sex 1 is 19.6, versus
23.2 for sex 0, and the significance test says this is a large enough
difference given the sample size that it is unlikely to be due to random
chance.
TURN THE COMPUTER PRINTOUT INTO A FINAL TABLE
STUDENT
Not a Student (0)
Student (1)
Total
Mean
23.2
19.6
22.4
N
17
5
22
P = .01
Conclusion: Students have a significantly lower score on {whatever the dependent
variable is} than non-students do.