The ILC - Back to the Energy Frontier
W. Kozanecki (CEA-Saclay)
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Introduction



World-wide consensus: ICFA, ECFA, ACFA, HEPAP, OECD,…

“…noted the worldwide consensus of the scientific community, which has
chosen an e+ - e- linear collider as the next accelerator-based facility to
complement and expand on the discoveries that are likely to emerge from the
Large Hadron Collider currently being built at CERN.

[…It was] agreed that the planning and implementation of such a large, multiyear project should be carried out on a global basis, and should involve
consultations among not just scientists, but also representatives of science
funding agencies from interested countries....” [ICFA statement, 13 Feb 04]
Remarkable progress toward the realization of an ILC

choice of the technology by the ITRP (Summer 2004)

start of the Global Design Effort

clearer understanding of the essential, mutually supportive relationship of
LHC and ILC physics (HEPAP report)
Understatement: Many challenges !
W. Kozanecki

detailed accelerator design, full detector concepts, ever sharper physics
arguments

approval & funding strategy - on a worldwide stage
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Why a TeV Scale e+ e- Accelerator?


Two parallel developments over the past few years (the science)

The precision information from e+e- and n data at present energies have pointed
to a low mass Higgs. Understanding electroweak symmetry breaking, whether
supersymmetry or an alternative, will require precision measurements.

There are strong arguments for needing both pp and e+e- collisions to fully
exploit the exciting science expected at the 1 TeV energy scale.
Two parallel developments over the past few years (the technology)


W. Kozanecki
Designs and technology demonstrations have matured on two technical
approaches for a ~ 500 GeV e+e- collider that are well matched to our present
understanding of the physics:

the TESLA design, based on a superconducting RF linac at 1.3 GHz

the NLC/GLC approach, based on warm RF technology at X-band (11.4 GHz).
By 2002, both designs had come to the stage where the show-stoppers had been
eliminated and the feasibility was well-established.
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Why LHC and ILC ?
p
W. Kozanecki
p
e+
e-
p = composite particle:
unknown s ofi initial-state partons,
no polarization of IS partons,
parasitic collisions
e = pointlike particle:
known and tunable s of IS particles,
polarization of IS particles possible,
kinematic contraints can be used
p = strongly interacting:
large SM backgrounds,
highly selective trigger needed,
radiation hard detectors needed
e = electroweakly interacting
low SM backgrounds,
no trigger needed,
detector design driven by precision
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
ILC can observe Higgs no matter how it decays!
Number of Events / 1.5 GeV
ILC simulation for e+e-  Z + Higgs
with Z  2 b’s, and Higgs  invisible
MHiggs = 120 GeV
100
120
140
160
Recoil Mass (GeV)
Only possible at the ILC
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Hadron colliders… are more demanding on the detectors
pp  HX with H
4
Simulated Higgs
production & decay
in the CMS
detector @ LHC
K. Jakobs (ATLAS),
2005 CERN Summer student lectures
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Coupling Strength to Higgs Particle
ILC experiments will have the unique ability
to make model-independent tests of Higgs couplings
to other particles, at the % level of accuracy
LEP e+e- collider
odelModel
Coupling
Standard
Coupling
∞ particle mass
Mass (GeV)
Coupling Strength
to Z boson
e : 0.1%
: 0.1%
: 0.1%
n : 0.2%
q : 0.1%
(PDG values)
This sensitivity is sufficient to discover extra dimensions,
SUSY, sources of CP violation, or other novel phenomena.
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
LHC/ILC Physics: new particle

LHC experiments find a new
heavy particle, Z’

Able to show that Z’
mediates a new force of
nature

This is a great discovery
Notice peak is ½ event per bin per fb-1
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
LHC/ILC Physics: new particle

ILC measures couplings of Z’ to find
out what it means

If here, related to origin of neutrino
masses

If here, related to origin of Higgs

If here, Z’ comes from an extra
dimension of space

These are great discoveries!
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Which Technology to Choose?
A major step toward a new international machine required uniting behind one
technology, and then working toward a unified global design based on the
recommended technology.
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
From a Matrix of Criteria to the Recommendation


The ITRP analyzed the technology choice through studying a matrix
having six general categories with specific items under each

the scope and parameters specified by the ILCSC

technical issues

cost issues

schedule issues

physics operation issues

and more general considerations that reflect the impact of the LC on science,
technology and society
 Recommendation (announced at ICHEP, Aug ‘04)
“that the linear collider be based on superconducting rf technology”

W. Kozanecki
“This recommendation is made with the understanding that we are
recommending a technology, not a design. We expect the final design to be
developed by a team drawn from the combined warm and cold linear collider
communities, taking full advantage of the experience and expertise of both”
(from the Executive Summary)
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Global Design Effort


W. Kozanecki
B. Barrish,
GDE Director
The Mission of the GDE

Produce a design for the ILC that includes a detailed design concept,
performance assessments, reliable international costing, an
industrialization plan , siting analysis, as well as detector concepts
and scope.

Coordinate worldwide prioritized proposal driven R & D efforts (to
demonstrate and improve the performance, reduce the costs, attain
the required reliability, etc.)
GDE structure [America: 16, Europe: 21, Asia: 12]

3 regional directors

core accelerator physics experts

3 Conventional Facilities Siting (CFS) experts (1 per region)

3 costing engineers (1 per region)

3 communicators (1 per region)

representatives from [LC detector] World Wide Study group
G. Dugan,
(the Americas)
B. Foster
(Europe)
F. Takasaki
(Asia)
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
GDE Strategy

Primary GDE Goal:


Intermediate goal (follows from primary)


Reference Design Report including costs by the end of 2006
Definition of a Baseline Configuration by the end of 2005; this

will be designed to during 2006

will be the basis used for the cost estimate

will evolve into the machine that one will build
Baseline & alternatives: some definitions
W. Kozanecki

Baseline: a forward-looking configuration which one is reasonably confident
can achieve the required performance and can be used to give a reasonably
accurate cost estimate by mid-end 2006 (→ RDR)

Alternative: A technology or concept which may provide a significant cost
reduction, increase in performance (or both), but which will not be mature
enough to be considered baseline by mid-end 2006
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
ILC Basic Building Blocks & Main Parameters
pre-accelerator
Superconducting RF Main Linac
few GeV
source
KeV
damping
ring
few GeV
few GeV
bunch
compressor






W. Kozanecki
250-500 GeV
main linac
extraction
& dump
final focus
IP
collimation
Ecm adjustable from 200 – 500 GeV
Luminosity  ∫Ldt = 500 fb-1 in 4 years
Ability to scan Ecm between 200 and 500 GeV
Energy stability and precision below 0.1%
e- polarization of at least 80% (e+ polarization a serious option)
The machine must be upgradeable to Ecm = 1 TeV
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Design issues
Layout from US LC Technology Options Study (March 2004)
LHC
The total cost will be a key determining factor in our
ability to get the ILC built. Therefore cost
optimization of all systems is of primary importance
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
The Key Decisions
Critical choices: luminosity parameters & gradient
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Making Choices – The Tradeoffs
Many decisions are interrelated and require input
from several WG/GG groups
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Accelerating gradient: experimental status (single cell)
Snowmass
9-cell spec
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Accelerating gradient: tentative baseline (Snowmass’05)


Cavity shape

baseline: standard TESLA 9-cell

alternatives: low-loss, re-entrant,
or superstructure
Gradient specifications
Initial
Upgrade
W. Kozanecki
Cavity
type
Qualified
gradient
[MV/m]
Operational
gradient
[MV/m]
1-Linac length
(75% fill factor)
[km]
Beam
energy
[GeV]
TESLA
35
31.5
10.6
250
LL
40
36.0
+9.3
500
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Conventional Facilities & Siting

The GDE ILC Design will be done to samples sites in the 3 regions

Milestones

Snowmass 2005




W. Kozanecki
Complete the Comparative Site-Assessment Matrix Format
Identify Regional Sample Sites for Inclusion into the BCD (Dec ‘05)

North American sample site will be near Fermilab

Japan and Europe are to determine sample sites by the end of 2005
Complete CFS Portion of the RDR (Dec ‘06)
Outstanding Issues with Direct Impact on CFS Progress that will
Require Further Discussion and Resolution

1 Tunnel vs. 2 Tunnels

Laser Straight vs. Curved or Segmented

Shape and Length of Damping Rings

Shape and Configuration of Sources

1 vs. 2 Interaction Regions
5 of the 10 most critical
design questions may
well be influenced by site
constraints
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
The GDE Plan and Schedule
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
CLIC
Global Design Effort
Baseline configuration
Reference Design
Project
LHC
Physics
Technical Design
ILC R&D Program
Expression of Interest to Host
International Mgmt
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Some of the key topics I had no time to really discuss today ...

Several key acc. issues - Damping Rings, e+ source, Beam Delivery...

The 3 detector concepts (GLD, LCD, SiD)

The growing accelerator R&D effort




in the US

national labs: SLAC, Fermilab, Jefferson Lab...

universities becoming active in specialized, well-chosen areas
in Europe (national F.A.’s + growing EU component)

DESY, CERN, INFN,….

UK, France, …
in Japan
The rapidly increasing involvement of the experimental community

impressive participation at Snowmass’05 - many new faces !

Europe has been quite active for more than a decade (TESLA @ DESY)

pushing for detector R&D funding to ramp up - especially in the US

The growing & supportive involvement of gov’t agencies (FALC,...)

The approval & funding strategy in the US
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Conclusions
 Remarkable progress in the past two years toward realizing an
international linear collider

important R&D on accelerator systems
 definition of parameters for physics
 choice of technology
 start the global design effort
 funding agencies are engaged
 Many major hurdles remain before the ILC becomes a reality
(funding, site, international organization, and most importantly, a
technical design and construction plan)
 The time scale for ILC technical project readiness is consistent
with proposing a construction project before the end of this
decade.
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
The material from this talk came from…

Presentations at the Snowmass’05 Workshop
http://alcpg2005.colorado.edu:8080/alcpg2005/program/

Presentations at the 8th ICFA Seminar (Daegu, Korea, 27 Sep -1 Oct ‘05)
by

B. Barrish, GDE Director

R. Heuer, Research Director, DESY

Y. K. Kim, U. of Chicago

P. Oddone, Director, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
http://chep.knu.ac.kr/ICFA-Seminar/

“Discovering the Quantum Universe - the Role of Particle Colliders”
(DOE / NSF HEPAP Report, 2005)

What I learnt from many of my accelerator friends & colleagues while
wandering, over the last 20 years, in, out & back into this exciting field!
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Backup slides
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
1. Are there undiscovered principles of nature:
New symmetries, new physical laws?
2. How can we solve the mystery of dark energy?
3. Are there extra dimensions of space?
4. Do all the forces become one?
5. Why are there so many kinds of particles?
6. What is dark matter?
How can we make it in the laboratory?
7. What are neutrinos telling us?
8. How did the universe come to be?
9. What happened to the antimatter?
From “Quantum Universe”
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
HEPAP report to
the EPP 2010 Panel

SOLVING THE MYSTERIES OF MATTER AT THE TeV SCALE


Most theories contain, at the TeV scale, new massive particles with the
right properties to contribute to dark matter. Such particles would first
be produced at the LHC. Experiments at the linear collider, in
conjunction with dedicated dark matter searches, would then discover
whether they actually are dark matter.
CONNECTING THE LAWS OF THE LARGE TO THE LAWS OF THE
SMALL

W. Kozanecki
The LHC should discover the Higgs and other new particles.
Experiments at the linear collider would then zoom in on these
phenomena to discover their secrets. Properties of the Higgs may
signal extra dimensions of space or explain the dominance of matter
over antimatter. Particle interactions could unveil a universe shaped by
supersymmetry.
DETERMINING WHAT DARK MATTER PARTICLES CAN BE
PRODUCED IN THE LAB& DISCOVERING THEIR IDENTITY


Three physics themes
From a vantage point at the TeV scale, the linear collider could function
as a telescope to probe far higher energies. This capability offers the
potential for discoveries beyond the direct reach of any accelerator
that could ever be built.
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
e+ e-  Z  qq
 jet + jet
Event recorded
in the ALEPH
detector at LEP
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
New forces of nature  new gauge boson
Tevatron
LHC
ILC
Events/2GeV
104
qq Z’ e+e-
Tevatron sensitivity
~1 TeV
Vector Coupling
103
Related to origin
of nmasses
102
CDF Preliminary
10
1
Related to
origin of Higgs
Related to
Extra dimensions
10-1
Mee [GeV]
M [GeV]
Axial Coupling
LHC has great discovery potential for multi TeV Z’.
Using polarized e+, e- beams, and measuring angular distribution of leptons,
ILC can measure Z’ couplings to leptons and discriminate the origins of the new
force.
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Large Extra Dimensions of Space
ILC
LHC
e+
10
1


eProduction Rate
Events / 50 GeV / 100 fb-1
102
Graviton
disappears
into the ED
GN
10-1
10-2
Mee [GeV]
Collision Energy [GeV]
LHC can discover partner towers up to a given energy scale.
ILC can identify the size, shape and # of extra dimensions.
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Dark Matter in the Lab
Underground experiments (CDMS) may detect Dark Matter candidates
(WIMPS) from the galactic halo via impact of colliding DM particle on nuclei.
LHC may find DM particles (a SUSY particle) through missing energy analyses.
(LHC is the best place to discover many of SUSY particles)
Dark Matter Mass [GeV]
1000
1043
10-44
W. Kozanecki
Interaction Strengh [cm2]
100
10-24
10
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
The ILC can determine its properties with extreme detail,
allowing to compute
which fraction of the total DM density of the universe it makes.
Fraction of Dark Matter Density
Dark Matter Mass from Supersymmetry (GeV)
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
HEPAP
LHC / ILC report
W. Kozanecki
LHC-ILC synergy (I)
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
LHC-ILC synergy (II)
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
ILC Organization Chart
ACFA
ICFA
ALCSC
ILCSC
FALC
GDE
Asia
Regional
Team
W. Kozanecki
European
Regional
Team
American
Regional
Team
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Organization following Technology Decision
Birth of the GDE
& Preparation for
Snowmass ’05

WG1 LET beam dynamics

WG2 Main Linac

WG3a Sources

WG1 Parms & layout

WG3b Damping Rings

WG2 Linac

WG4 Beam Delivery

WG3 Injectors

WG5 SCRF Cavity Package

WG4 Beam Delivery

WG6 Communications

WG5 High Grad. SCRF

GG1 Parameters & Layout

WG6 Communications

GG2 Instrumentation

GG3 Operations & Reliability

GG4 Cost Engineering

GG5 Conventional Facilities

GG6 Physics Options
Introduction of Global Groups
transition workshop → project
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Design issues
Layout from US LC Technology Options Study (March 2004)
LHC
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
How Do Costs Scale with Gradient?
2
Relative Cost
alin
G
$
 bcryo
G
Q0
35MV/m is
close to
optimum
Japanese
are still
pushing
for 4045MV/m
30 MV/m
would give
safety
margin
C. Adolphsen (SLAC)
W. Kozanecki
Gradient MV/m
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Gradient
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Configuration Parameter Space
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
ILC beam parameter optimization(s)
nbN e2 f
L~
HD
4xy
nominally

N e2 Ecm
E ~
z(x  y) 2
2  n 
Pelectrical
 L ~
E CM
W. Kozanecki

E
HD
n,y
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Detector Concepts and Challenges
W. Kozanecki

Three concepts under study:
GLD, LCD, SiD

Typically requires factors of two or
so improvements in granularity,
resolution, etc. from present
generation detectors

Focused R&D program required to
develop the detectors -- end of
2005

Detector Concepts will be used to
determine machine detector
interface, simulate performance of
reference design vs. physics goals
next year.
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
Detector concepts: 3 layouts
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005
“Transition Pathways for the ILC: Tunneling through the DC Barrier”
Remarks @ Snowmass’05
by John P. (Pat) Looney, former Assistant Director, Physical Sciences and Engineering,
Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President

Not an easy path forward. Not impossible, either.


The path will have to be segmented.




Always ask questions in a manner that does not force a ‘no.’
R&D, EDA, Construction decisions will need to be considered individually.
No single report will sell the ILC.

The case will need to be built up over several years.

Great progress on communications over past 3 years.
Be realistic about timescale.

A construction decision will be strongly influenced by election cycles.

Results from LHC are needed for a construction decision.
There will have to be sacrifice from the HEP program.

Not all activities can continue.

For the US to host, there would need to be an international consensus.

The ILC will have to be a Presidential Initiative.
W. Kozanecki
The Golden Age of Particle Physics & its Legacy, Boston University, 21-22 Oct 2005