Review- Exam 2
Biology 1406/Dr. Orr
Chapter 5
Know the following for each class of large molecules (carbohydrates, lipids- all
subgroups, proteins and nucleic acids)
o Recognize structures and know the names of all monomers and
polymers
o If applicable, know how many different monomers there are for
each group
o Know the functions of each group or subclass
o Be able to identify examples of each
o Know/recognize linkages found in each class
Know the difference between Dehydration/Condensation reactions vs. Hydrolysis
reactions. Know the function of these reactions in each class of large molecules.
Know the levels of protein structure:
o What establishes or holds together each level?
o What type of structure forms alpha helices/beta pleated sheets?
o Is the protein functional?
o What is involved?
Know the difference between and recognize the structure of Saturated vs. Unsaturated
fatty acids.
What is an enzyme? What are important characteristics of enzymes?
Know where new monomers are added to proteins and nucleic acids. What is the “front”
end (where first monomer is located) and “back” end (where last monomer is located)
called for each of these groups?
Chapter 6
Know the path of a secreted or membrane bound protein, from production to completion.
What is the name of this pathway? What organelles are involved? How is this
similar/different from the path of a hydrolytic enzyme?
What unique characteristics do both mitochondria and chloroplasts possess? What type
of cell is each found in?
Compare and contrast Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic cells.
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Know the following parts of the cell. What does each do in the context of cell function?
Know which is found in animal vs. plant vs. bacterial cell. Practice by filling in the
table.
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Smooth ER

Rough ER
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
Peroxisomes
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Extracellular
Matrix
Cytoskeleton
1. Centrosomes/centrioles
2. Flagella
3. Cilia
Plasmodesmata

Tight junctions

Desmosomes

Gap junctions
Why are cells limited in size? What organelle allows a cell to exceed normal cell
limitations, and how does it accomplish this?
Chapter 7
Briefly describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.
What affects membrane fluidity?
Be able to identify and/or label the parts of a cell membrane. These include
phospholipids, integral vs. peripheral membrane proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol,
extracellular matrix, and cytoskeleton.
What is an amphipathic molecule?
What are the six functions of membrane proteins?
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
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What is the difference between passive vs. active transport? Characterize each process
in terms of stability and energy. Come up with biological examples of both processes.
What is meant by the term “down a concentration gradient?”
Be able to predict the movement of water in a U-tube illustration based on given
concentrations. What principle drives the movement of water?
How do animal vs. plant cells respond to immersion in isotonic, hypertonic and
hypotonic solutions. Make sure you use proper scientific terminology in describing what
happens.
Know the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis. Know what is meant by
phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis.
Chapter 8
Know the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
What is an anabolic vs. catabolic reaction? Use your chart to fully characterize these,
including:
Endergonic vs. exergonic
Spontaneous vs. nonspontaneous
-G vs. +G vs. G = 0
Be able to interpret graphs of endergonic vs. exergonic reactions as well as those
depicting enzyme mediated reactions. How does an enzyme change the course of a
reaction? What changes? What does not change?
Be able to interpret graphs showing ideal temperatures or pH values for a protein.
How does the addition of ATP affect the probability of a reaction occurring?
What reactions would likely be coupled to ATP hydrolysis? (Answer: Initial reactions
with G values ranging from ________ to ____________.)
How do enzymes work? What do they do? Do they increase stability or decrease
stability of the reactants? Is the “transition state” more stable or less stable than the
reactants? How do they affect activation energy needed for a reaction to progress?
What is meant by “induced fit?” To what does it refer?
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