ecosan planning and implmentation
Planning and implementation of ecological
sanitation projects
Christine Werner, Florian Klingel, Heinz-Peter Mang, Patrick Bracken, Arne Panesar
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure
5th International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for
Sustaniability, IWA
8. - 11. November 2005 in Jeju, Korea
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
1
Introduction
ecosan planning and implmentation
content of the presentation
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what is ecosan?
wastewater = water and more
benefits of ecosan
range of technologies and basic project types
holistic sanitation and reuse planning and implementation
HCES and Bellagio principles
stakeholder participation
10 step ecosan project planning and implementation process
some ecosan pilot projects
challenges and conclusion
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
2
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
shortcomings of conventional watercarriage
sanitation
fertilizer production
from finite
resources
food
Mixing of
flowstreams, misuse
of drinking water for
transport
overexploitation of
groundwater
sewage sludge
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
waste disposal in
water bodies
90% untreated
3
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
shortcomings of conventional „drop and
store“ sanitation
Retention of solids
Infiltration of liquids
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
Pathogens
Nitrates
Polluted groundwater
Viruses
4
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
principles of ecosan
FOOD
FOOD
closing the loop
between sanitation
and agriculture
NUTRIENTS
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
NUTRIENTS
Pathogen
destruction
5
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture
rainwater harvesting
restoring soil
fertility
food
agricultural
use
manure/
organic waste
faeces
urine
greywater
treatment /
hygienization /energy
production
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
water reuse
no waste disposal in
water bodies
6
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
advantages of ecological sanitation
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
 Improvement of health by minimizing the
introduction of pathogens from human
excrements into the water cycle
 Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and
use of nutrients, organics, trace
elements, water and energy
 Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement
of agricultural productivity
 Conservation of resources
 Preference for modular, decentralised
partial-flow systems for more
appropriate, cost-efficient solutions
 Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary
approach
 Material flow cycle instead of disposal
7
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
ecosan principles
Ecological sanitation…
 … is not a specific technology, but a new
philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented
view of material flows - of dealing with what is
presently regarded as waste and wastewater for
disposal
 …considers human excreta and wastewater not as
wastes but as natural resources
 … applies the basic natural principal of closing the
loop by using modern and safe sanitation and
reuse technologies
 … opens up a wider range of sanitation options
than those currently considered.
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
8
Introduction to ecosan
20
14.1
12.3
5.3
6
3.6
K
Organics
P
kg COD/ (Person·year)
0
N
0.8
1.0
Nutrient content
kg N,P,K / (Person·year)
0
500 l
50 l
Volume
Liter / (Person·year)
Grauwasser
Urin
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
source: Otterpohl
ecosan planning and implmentation
composition of household wastewater
Fäkalien
9
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
separation of substances
urine
(yellowwater)
faeces
(brownwater)
treatment
hygienisation by
storage or
drying
anaerobic
digestion,
drying,
composting
utilisation
liquid or dry
fertiliser
substances
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
biogas,
soil
improvement
greywater
(shower,
washing, etc.)
constructed
wetlands, gardening,
wastewater ponds, biol.
treatment, membranetechnology
irrigation,
groundwaterrecharge or
direct reuse
rainwater
filtration,
biological
treatment
water supply,
groundwaterrecharge
organic waste
manure
composting,
anaerobic
digestion
soil
improvement,
biogas
10
million tons
per year
150
125
(as N + P2O5 + K2O) 100
135
75
50
50
25
www.fertilizer.org
ecosan planning and implmentation
excreta are a valuable resource
0
global mineral
fertilizer
consumption
global fertilizer
equivalent in
wastewater
 more than 1/3 of global mineral fertilizer consumption can be
covered by the reuse of human excreta
 over 15 billion US$ fertilizer equivalent are annually flushed
down the toilet
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
11
 safe sanitation
source: Johannes Heeb
 healthy environment
souce: www.virtualmuseum.ca
ecosan planning and implmentation
benefits of ecological sanitation
ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
12
 improved soil quality through
reuse of organics
 restored soil fertility through
nutrient reuse
urine
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
none
source: Vinnerås, 2003
faeces & urine
compost
improved soil
untreated soil
source: Petter Jenssen
ecosan planning and implmentation
benefits of ecological sanitation
after one week without water
13
source: Petter Jenssen
ecosan planning and implmentation
benefits of ecological sanitation
 recovery of energy content
 reuse of water
(covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a
typical family in a developing country)
 energy savings in fertilizer
production & wastewater
treatment
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
14
Introduction to ecosan
Centralized
Partially decentralized
Fully decentralized
• centralized sewer system
and treatment
• recovery of nutrients and
water e.g. through reuse
of wastewater
• e.g. separate collection of
urine or blackwater
• centralized nutrient
processing facility
• centralized greywater
sewer system and
treatment
• small-scale closed
cycles of water
and materials
source: Larsen, 2001
ecosan planning and implmentation
centralised and decentralized systems
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
15
ecosan technologies
solid biowaste
faeces
urine
greywater
rainwater
collection
Vacuum Sewerage
Gravity Sewerage (conv. or small-bore, centr. or decentr.)
Solid-Liquid Separation
Urine diversion
treatment
Composting Toilets
utilisation
ecosan planning and implmentation
overview of ecosan technology-components
Separate
greywater
collection
Dehydration Toilets
Constructed
(Prolonged) storage
wetlands,
Composting, vermi-composting
Urine
ponds, bioprocessing
treatment, etc.
Anaerobic treatment
Sludge
dehydration,
Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.)
soilification
Soil conditionning with treated
Excreta and Solid Biowaste
Biogas use for
lightning,
cooking,
electric power
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
Rainwater
Harvesting
Fertilizing
with Urine
or derivates
Reuse of (treated) wastewater
in agriculture, aquaculture,
epuvalisation, etc.
Rainwater
Treatment
Greywater
gardens,
mulch trench
systems
(Re)-Use as service
water or in agriculture,
aquaculture, ground water
recharge etc.
16
ecosan pilot projects
ecosan planning and implmentation
basic types of ecosan projects
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
17
ecosan project planning
ecosan planning and implmentation
new aspects to be considered in the planning and
implementation of ecosan projects
 the integration of other relevant sectors in the assessment
of the current situation and in all the planning activities and
conceptual work: agriculture sector (reuse), water supply,
urban planning, solid waste management
 the consideration of a much wider variety of sanitation
solutions (technical, institutional, financial)
 the necessity to focus on the assessment of the needs of the
users of the sanitary facilities,service providers and the end
users of the recyclates.
 supply of relevant information to enable the stakeholder to
make an “informed choice”
 the consideration of smaller planning units and a greater
number of decentralised options
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
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Introduction to ecosan
ecosan planning and implmentation
ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach
Climate protection
Flood protection
Resource
conservation Business and labour
promotion
Food security
Integrated Water Resources
Management
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
Sustainable agriculture
Health
+
Conservation of soil fertility
19
ecosan planning and implmentation
Rural
household
Stakeholders in an
ecosan project
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005

(peri )urban
household
( IX )
Research
Institutions
( VIII )
Financial
Institutions

household in an
urban flat
(I)
Users of Sanitation
facilities
ecosan project
( VII )
Developers
& Investors
Tourists, students,
employees, etc.
( II )
User of
recyclates
( III )
CBOs and selfhelp groups
( IV )
NGOs
( VI )
Service
providers
(V)
Local authorities,
governments
Consultant
companies
Supplier of water
gas and electricity
Producers/
provider of
equipment
Providers for
collection
treatment
and transport
Construction companies
maintenance companies
Educational
institutions
Distributors and
marketers of recyclates
20
ecosan project planning
ecosan planning and implmentation
The HCES approach (WSSCC)
 Participation of
stakeholders
 Level of problem
solving
 Regarding excreta and
wastewater as
ressources
HCES = Household
(neighborhood) centered
environmental sanitation
WSSCC = Water Supply and
Sanitation Collaborative
Council
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
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ecosan project planning
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GTZ proposes a 10 step approach to assure interdisciplinary and
participatory planning in ecosan projects, based on the HCESimplementation guideline of the WSSCC
Within an enlarged start-up phase, the 10 steps complement classical
planning instruments (feasibility study, technical design, etc.)
10 ecosan project steps
Step 0 – Raising awareness
Step 1 - Request for assistance
Start-up phase
Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process
Step 3 - Assessment of current status and stakeholders
Step 4 - Assessment of priorities, user and reuser needs
Step 5 - Identification of sanitation and reuse options
FeasibilityStudy
Awareness raising
ecosan planning and implmentation
10 ecosan project steps
Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service and reuse options
Step 7 - Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area
Step 8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study area
Step 9 – Implementation
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
Detailed technical
& operational plans
Tendering, construction, operation, maintenance
22
ecosan project planning
ecosan planning and implmentation
10 ecosan project steps (0-5)
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
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ecosan project planning
ecosan planning and implmentation
10 ecosan project steps (6-9)
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
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ecosan pilot projects
ecosan planning and implmentation
Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe
Arborloo: a simple pit latrine
for ecological sanitation
practices
Arborloo principle
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
Arborloo
construction
work
Arborloo in Mondoro
25
ecosan pilot projects
ecosan planning and implmentation
ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province,
China (supported by SIDA and Unicef)
Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
 Large ecosan project in the phase of upscaling
 1997, pilot project funded by
SIDA/Unicef, 70 ecosan (urine
diverting dehydration toilets) built in
pilot village, Dalu Village
 1998, 10.000 urine-diverting toilets
were built in 200 ecosan villages in
Guangxi
 2002, 100.000 ecosan toilets in
Guangxi
 2003, 685.000 ecosan toilets in 17
provinces (Ministry of Public Health)
 Factors of success: cultural acceptance,
political commitment, technical flexibility,
low cost, income generation, pressure
from water pollution and water scarcity,
promotion and marketing
26
ecosan pilot projects
ecosan planning and implmentation
KfW building, Germany
ecosan concept since 2003:


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Greywater recycling
Rainwater harvesting
Vacuum blackwater
collection, eventually to be
followed by anaerobic
treatment
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
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ecosan pilot projects
ecosan planning and implmentation
GTZ main office building renovations, Germany
Urine separation and collection
Research on:
 acceptance and technical function
of urine separation
 different treatment options and
agricultural use of urine
 biomembrane treatment and
hygienisation of brownwater
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
GTZ headquarter
Eschborn, Germany
Urine diversion toilets
and waterless urinals
28
 increasing awareness
 integration of reuse into
planning
 revision of legal
frameworks & technical
standards
 establishment of comparative full cost, benefit and
risk assessments
 finding innovative investors
and adapting financing
instruments
source: Petter Jenssen
ecosan planning and implmentation
main challenges
 implementation of large
scale urban projects
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
Greywater treatment in Norway
29
ecosan planning and implmentation
conclusion
 “business as usual“ will not
allow us to meet the sanitation
MGDs, as conventional
systems have failed
 we cannot continue to waste
our non-renewable resources
 ecological sanitation - comprising
the reuse of water, nutrients,
organics and energy - must be
recognized and introduced as
the new promising holistic and
sustainable approach to
provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty,
contribute to food security, preserve our environment and
maintain our natural basis of life on earth
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005
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