Topic: Evolution
Aim: Describe the various piece of
evidence for evolution.
Do Now:
1. Take out your Sedimentary Rocks ISA.
2. Copy the topic and aim for today’s
notes.
HW:
CL Genetics Due Tuesday 5/10
1
3
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5
9
2
10
6
11
7
8
12 13
14
This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being
passed on through generations.
1. What is the relationship between individuals 1 and 2?
2. How many offspring does the first generation have?
3. How many offspring do individuals 7 and 8 have?
Which ones have the trait?
4. Identify the genotype of individual 7.
1
3
4
5
9
2
10
6
11
7
8
12 13
14
This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being
passed on through generations.
1. What is the relationship between individuals 1 and 2?
They are married.
They have offspring.
2. How many offspring does the first generation have?
4 offspring.
1
3
4
5
9
2
10
6
11
7
8
12 13
14
This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being
passed on through generations.
3. How many offspring do individuals 7 and 8 have?
Which ones have the trait?
4 offspring
11 and 13
4. Identify the genotype of individual 7.
Heterozygous
1. Identify the structure produced when combining DNA
from two different organisms.
Recombinant DNA
2. Identify the technique that is used to combine the
desirable qualities of 2 different organisms.
Hybridization
3. Identify the technique in which humans change the
genetic makeup of an organism.
Genetic engineering
4. Identify the technique which genetically identical
offspring are produced by using the cells of an organism.
Cloning
5. Identify the technique that is used to combine the
desirable qualities of 2 organisms that are very similar.
Inbreeding
Cloning an individual usually produces
organisms that
(1) contain dangerous mutations
(2) contain identical genes
(3) are identical in appearance and
behavior
(4) produce enzymes different from the
parent
Which process is most similar to the
process of cloning?
(1) Fertilization
(2) Vegetative propagation
(3) Meiosis
(4) Gamete formation
Which process could be used by
breeders to develop tomatoes with a
longer shelf life and to develop cows
with increased milk production?
(1) natural selection
(2) genetic engineering
(3) sporulation
(4) chromatography
Evolution • Change in a species
over time
Ancestor • Early form of an organism
from which later forms
have evolved from
X
This is an evolutionary tree.
1. Which species is the common ancestor?
Species X
2. Which species are found in the present time?
Species B, C and D
3. Which species have become extinct?
Species A
Fossils • Any trace or remains of an
organism preserved by natural
processes
•Bones
• Mold = shape preserved in rock
as hollow form
• Cast = mold filled with minerals
and hardens
• Petrifaction = remains of organism
turns to stone
• Can be found in sedimentary rock
a. Identify the layer
that contains the
YOUNGEST
FOSSILS.
C
b. Identify the layer
that contains the
OLDEST FOSSILS.
A
c. Identify the layer
that contains fossils
that are MOST
COMPLEX.
C
d. Identify the layer
that contains the
LEAST COMPLEX.
A
• As move down layers, fossils become:
– Older
– Less complex
More complex
Least complex
youngest
oldest
Anatomical • Homologous structures:
similar structures with
evidence
different functions
Embryological • Similarities in embryological
development
evidence
FISH
REPTILE
BIRD (chicken)
MAMMAL (human)
Genetic
• Similarities in DNA
evidence
code
What do all of these similarities
suggest?
• These organism
evolved from a
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Let’s summarize…
1. Define the term evolution.
Change in a species over time
2. Where are fossils found?
Sedimentary rock
3. Which layers have the youngest fossils?
Upper layers
4. Identify some other pieces of evidence for
evolution.
Homologous structures
Genetic evidence
Embryological evidence
Vestigial
• Structures that don’t
structures
seem to have a
function
• Ex:
– Small leg bones in
whales
• Leg-like structures in skeleton of
snakes
Vestigial organs indicate that they must have
been present in a form in which they were
highly functional in the ancestral forms.
According to one theory, similarities in these
embryos suggest common ancestry. As these
embryos mature, they will most likely
(1.) develop new organs according to the
nutritional requirements of each organism
(2.) show no similarity as adults
(3.) continue to closely resemble each other
as adults
(4.) develop the distinctive characteristics of
their species
The fossils found in layer B resemble the fossils
found in layer A. This similarity suggests that
(1.) the fossils in layer B were formed before the
fossils in layer A
(2.) modern forms of life may have evolved from
earlier forms of life
(3.) vertebrate fossils are only found in sediments
(4.) the fossils in layer A must be more complex than
those in layer B
The term "evolution" is best
described as
(1)a process of change in a population
through time
(2)a process by which organisms
become extinct
(3)the reproductive isolation of
members of certain species
(4)the replacement of one community
by another
Which pair of structures are
homologous?
(1) wing of an insect and wing of a
bird
(2) tentacle of a hydra and flipper of a
whale
(3) front leg of an insect and bones in
the leg of a human
(4) bones in the front leg of a dog
and bones in the wing of a bat
A study of the position and shape of the bones
in the forelimbs of a flying squirrel, a bat,
and a beaver showed that the beaver and the
flying squirrel appear to be most closely
related. This was most likely based on a
study in the field of comparative
(1.) anatomy
(2.) biochemistry
(3.) embryology
(4.) cytology
Two nucleotide sequences found in two
different species are almost exactly the
same. This suggests that these species
(1.) are evolving into the same species
(2.) contain identical DNA
(3.) may have similar evolutionary
histories
(4.) have the same number of
mutations
Which species will most likely survive
changing environmental conditions?
(1) A species with few variations
(2)A species that reproduces sexually
(3)A species that competes with
similar species
(4)A species that has a limited life
span
For these mammals, the number, position,
and shape of the bones most
likely indicates that they may have
(1) developed in a common environment
(2) developed from the same earlier species
(3) identical genetic makeup
(4) identical methods of obtaining food
The first life-forms to appear on
Earth were most likely
(1) complex single-celled organisms
(2) complex multicellular organisms
(3) simple single-celled organisms
(4) simple multicellular organisms
youngest
Most
complex
oldest
Least
complex
1. How many generations are represented in the
pedigree? 4
2. In generation 1, which parent is a carrier of the
recessive gene? 2 (dad)
3. In generation 2, which individual marries someone
who is pure dominant? 3
4. In which generation does the first case of sickle cell
anemia appear? 3rd generation
5. Which generation contains the most male carriers?
3rd generation
6. Can 2 carriers produce a child with sickle cell
anemia? Yes
7. Can a normal person produce offspring with sickle
cell anemia? No
8. Which parents produce 2 children with sickle cell
anemia? 15 and 16