© 2010-2014
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
© 2010-2014
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
© 2010-2014
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Teeth
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
What Is Adaptation?
Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
Our Place in Nature
A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
What Did Early Hominids Eat?
What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
Summary
Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Teeth
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
What Is Adaptation?
Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
study fossilized remains
of Extinct Hominids
Our Place inof
Nature
extinct animals and plants
A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
What Did Early Hominids Eat?
specialize in the study of
What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
Summary fossilized remains of plants
Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
paleontologists
paleobotanists
you’ve seen paleontology on the chart earlier . . .
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation?
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• Our Place in Nature
•
•
•
•
•
A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
What Did Early Hominids Eat?
What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
Summary
Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
NOTE:
“hominids”
are now generally reclassified as
“hominins”
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 17
NOTE:
“hominids”
are now generally reclassified as
“hominins” -“We are what they ate”
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 17
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
the Diets of Extinct Humans
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation?
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• Our Place in Nature
• A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Through Paleontology
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
the Diets of Extinct Humans
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation?
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• Our Place in Nature
• A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can
We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• primates
• Summary • prosimians
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Through Paleontology
• paleontology
• paleobotanists
• paleontologists
REM
paleontologists study fossilized remains
of extinct animals and plants
paleobotanists specialize in the study of fossilized remains of plants
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
the Diets of Extinct Humans
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation?
• paleontology
• Using Chemistry
to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• paleobotanists
• Our Place in Nature
• paleontologists
• A Brief Who's
Who of the Early Hominids
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary • prosimians . . .
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Through Paleontology
•primates
“Primates”
are a biological “Order”
comprised of
prosimians
(“pre-monkeys”)
monkeys
apes
humans
hominids
now
“hominins”
are two-legged primates
prehistoric and contemporary
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 20
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/apes.html#title
pre-monkeys (aka “prosimians”)
prosimians
monkeys
prosimians
monkeys
apes
prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal
apes
prosimians
monkeys
apes
apes that walk habitually on two legs,
like you do
bipedal
apes
prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
“Anthropoids”
= all living and extinct
monkeys, apes and humans
Anthropoids
prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
“Hominoids”
= all living and extinct
apes and humans
aka Hominoidea
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 20
prosimians
Hominoids
monkeys
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
gibbons
humans
bonobos
orangutans
chimps
gorillas
Campbell and Loy, Humankind Emerging, 8th Ed., pp. 138 ff.
“Hominids”
= modern humans and their
nearest predecessors
aka Hominidae
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 20
prosimians
TRADITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
Hominids
monkeys
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
prosimians
monkeys
Hominids
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
Understanding
Humans:
Introduction to
Physical
Anthropology and
Archaeology,
11th ed.
NEW
CLASSIFICATION
Barry Lewis,
Robert Jurmain,
and Lynn Kilgore
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing
©2012
NEW CLASSIFICATION
“Hominin”
= “colloquial term for members
of the tribe Hominini, the
evolutionary group that includes
modern human and now-extinct
bipedal relatives” (like “Lucy”)
prosimians
monkeys
Hominin
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
prosimians
monkeys
Hominins
apes
bipedal
apes
humans
example
Lucy
and
“The First
Family”
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 206
example
Lucy
and
“The First
Family”
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 206
useful markers of the earliest
hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism . . .
• reduced canine length . . .
useful markers of the earliest
hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism
• reduced canine length . . .
useful markers of the earliest
hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism
• reduced canine length …
which is walking habitually
on two legs, like you do
useful markers of the earliest
hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism . . .
• reduced canine length
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4900946.stm
useful markers of the earliest
hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism . . .
• reduced canine length
and canine length brings us
to teeth . . .
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
the Diets of Extinct Humans
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation?
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• Our•Place
in Nature
Skulls
and Jaws
• A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Through Paleontology
•Teeth
• The Postcranial Skeleton
www.newswise.com/articles/view/549004/?sc=rssn
useful markers of the earliest
hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism …
• reduced canine length …
and this is though mostly
to relate to a change in diet
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4900946.stm
useful markers of the earliest
hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism …
• reduced canine length …
and this is though mostly
to relate to a change in diet
REM: diet classifications
• herbivorous (principally plants)
• insectivorous (principally insects)
• frugivorous (principally fruits)
• graminivorous (principally grasses)
• folivorous (principally leaf eating)
• proteinivorous (principally protein eating)
• carnivorous (chiefly meats)
• omnivorous (“devours” “all”)
• locavore (principally locally available foods)
diet classifications
• herbivorous (principally plants)
from . . .
• insectivorous (principally insects)
• frugivorous (principally fruits)
• graminivorous (principally grasses)
• folivorous (principally leaf eating)
• proteinivorous (principally protein eating)
• carnivorous (chiefly meats)
• omnivorous (“devours” “all”)
• locavore (principally locally available foods)
apes
(and monkeys)
still possess
conical, daggerish canines
which project well beyond the
surface of the opposite teeth . . .
Teeth of a male patas monkey
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 205
diastema =
a space in the tooth row
that accommodates one or
more teeth from the
opposite jaw
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
• Skulls and the
Jaws Diets of Extinct Humans
• The Postcranial
Skeleton
Through
Paleontology
• What Is Adaptation?
• Teeth
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• Our Place in Nature
• The
Postcranial
Skeleton
• A Brief
Who's
Who of the Early
Hominids
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
•Skulls and Jaws
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
• Skulls and the
Jaws Diets of Extinct Humans
• The Postcranial
Skeleton
Through
Paleontology
• What Is Adaptation?
• Teeth
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
and Jaws
• Our Place in Nature
• A Brief
Who's
Who of the Early
Hominids
• The
Postcranial
Skeleton
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
•Skulls
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
• Skulls and the
Jaws Diets of Extinct Humans
• The Postcranial
Skeleton
Through
Paleontology
• What Is Adaptation?
• Teeth
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• Our Place in Nature
• A Brief
Who's
Who of the Early
Hominids
• The
Postcranial
Skeleton
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
cranium
•Skull =and
Jaws
Modern human cranium
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 432
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
• Skulls and the
Jaws Diets of Extinct Humans
• The Postcranial
Skeleton
Through
Paleontology
• What Is Adaptation?
• Teeth
• Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids
• Skulls
• Our Place in Nature
• A Brief
Who's
Who of the Early
Hominids
• The
Postcranial
Skeleton
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
and Jaws
the lower jaw =
mandible
and the little bony ridge inside
running alongside the tongue is a
“mandibular torus”
Modern human cranium
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 432
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
the Diets of Extinct Humans
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation?
• Using
Chemistry to Infer the Diets
• Teeth
of Extinct Hominids
• Our Place in Nature
• A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What
Can We
Say About the Diets
of Fossil Homo?
• The
Postcranial
Skeleton
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Through Paleontology
• Skulls and Jaws
• saggital crest
Pongid Prognathism
(Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 245
Satittal crests and temporal muscle orientations
Hominid compared to pongid
(Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 245
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans
Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Exploring
the Diets of Extinct Humans
• Skulls and Jaws
• The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation?
• Using
Chemistry to Infer the Diets
• Teeth
of Extinct Hominids
Skulls
and Jaws
• Our•Place
in Nature
• A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids
• What Did Early Hominids Eat?
• What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo?
• Summary
• Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Through Paleontology
• The Postcranial Skeleton
Postcranial =
below the head (with bipeds)
behind the head (with quadrupeds)
Postcrania
Modern human
New World monkey
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., pp. 223, 128
Homo sapiens
165,000 ybp-present
Moderns (Cro-magnon …)
Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Paranthropus
Australopithecus
Sivapithecus
1.8 mya–25,000 ybp
2.4-1.6 mya
2. 5-1 mya
4.25-2 mya
15-7 mya
dates are approximate
and follow Understanding Humans 2009
Homo sapiens
165,000 ybp-present
Moderns (Cro-magnon …)
Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Paranthropus
Australopithecus
Sivapithecus
1.8 mya–25,000 ybp
2.4-1.6 mya
2. 5-1 mya
4.25-2 mya
15-7 mya
dates are approximate
and follow Understanding Humans 2009
Homo sapiens
165,000 ybp-present
Moderns (Cro-magnon …)
Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
anything1.8called
mya–25,000 ybp
Homo erectus
pithecus
2.4-1.6 mya
Homo habilis
2. 5-1 mya
Paranthropus
is an ape
4.25-2 mya
Australopithecus
Sivapithecus
15-7 mya
dates are approximate
and follow Understanding Humans 2009
Spring
2003
http://www.gastronomica.org/gastro/pages/sample3.2.html
Homo sapiens
165,000 ybp-present
Moderns (Cro-magnon …)
Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
Homo erectus 1.8 mya–25,000 ybp
apes
are
not
bipeds
2.4-1.6
mya
Homo habilis
they’re brachiators
Paranthropus(p. 23)
Australopithecus
Sivapithecus
2. 5-1 mya
4.25-2 mya
15-7 mya
dates are approximate
and follow Understanding Humans 2009
Why bipedalism?
there are a lot of theories …
several of them related to food
procurement and use …
Why bipedalism?
there are a lot of theories . . .
several of them related to food
procurement and use . . .
Why bipedalism?
Owen Lovejoy
for example, thinks it’s
ALL about food . . .
Why bipedalism?
Owen Lovejoy
for example, thinks it’s
ALL about food . . .
“provisioning hypothesis”
bipedalism relates to
long-distance walking . . .
including carrying food
Possible Factors Influencing the
Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
. . . and even non-bipeds
carry food . . .
Chimpanzee
The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 71
Lovejoy’s ideas on
bipedalism
specifically relate to
male help in carrying food
back to the “home base” . . .
known as
“provisioning”
Lovejoy’s ideas on
bipedalism
specifically relate to
male help in carrying food
back to the “home base” . . .
this is known as
“provisioning”
. . . note male help
in
“provisioning”
in
Owen Lovejoy’s
“provisioning hypothesis”
bipedalism is also related
to tool use . . .
including such simple tools as
a digging stick
(dibble / coa)
bipedalism is also related
to tool use . . .
including such simple tools as
a digging stick
(dibble / coa)
Possible Factors Influencing the
Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
bipedalism is related to hunting
Possible Factors Influencing the
Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
Hunting /
Gathering /
Collecting
(foraging)
bipedalism is related to
seed and nut gathering
and
feeding from bushes
Possible Factors Influencing the
Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
The Emergence of Humankind 4th Ed., p. 105
New York University Press 2005
another consequence of our primate heritage and
enlarged brain is that we are blessed and cursed
with an insensate
craving for sweets and fats
• we seem especially fond of sweetsour foods
• in nature, ripe fruits and berries
• we love animal fats and vegetable
fats equally
• nuts, seeds, oily fruits
Everyone Eats pp. 33-34
these are high-calorie,
easily digestible foods that are
most easily found in a rich patch
following a burn
Everyone Eats pp. 33-34
“So the human tendency to
crave certain foods is
biologically grounded”
Everyone Eats pp. 33-34
bipedalism and vision
(visual surveillance)
Possible Factors Influencing the
Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
Eye Level and Sight
Humankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 114
and if you are a hunter, this difference makes a
great difference in your hunting success rate . . .
and maybe
even
your
own
survival rate
Eye
Level
and
Sight
Humankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 114
© 2010-2014
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
© 2010-2014
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title