Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
Spring 2013 (INF 385T-28437)
Dr. David Arctur
Lecturer, Research Fellow
University of Texas at Austin
Lecture 12
April 4, 2013
A story about
Geospatial Data Exchange Standards
and the Open Geospatial Consortium
http://www.opengeospatial.org
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
Outline
• Overview of key spatial data exchange standards, and meaning
of ‘interoperability’
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Web Services
Encodings
Sensor Web
Observations
Distributed processing and workflow
• Publishing, Web Catalogues, Metadata
• Digital Rights Management
• Standards organizational ecosystem
• Interoperability issues and challenges
• Case studies and experiments
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Web Feature Server
(highways)
Web Coverage
Server
(rainfall)
Web Map
Server (basemap)
With OGC web services, an analyst or decision maker can
dynamically access that data which is relevant to the task
at hand, directly from the authoritative data steward, using
a variety of tools.
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
Interoperability allows a Common Reality
“What we are doing is facilitating a common picture of reality for
different organizations which have different views of the reality,
the disaster, the catastrophe, that they all have to deal with
collectively”
David Schell
Founder, OGC
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Web Map Service (WMS) can get multiple maps
Elevation
Water Bodies
Borders
Cities
Multiple
overlaid
maps
One GetMap
request:
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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OGC Geography Markup Language (GML)
• GML is application of the eXtensible Markup Language
(XML)
– Based on XML specified by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
– Specifies XML Schemas that specify XML encoding of geographic
features, their geometry, and their attributes
• GML encodes digital feature data
– Encodes features, attributes, geometries, collections, etc.
– Applications require specifying more specific Application XML
Schemas
– GML v3, supports 2 1/2 and 3D geometry as well as complex
geometry and topology
• GML 3 is also ISO 19136
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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GML: Representing Geographic Features
Another Information
Community’s Schema
Highway is:
_Pavement thickness
_Right of way
_Width
….
One Information
Community’s Schema
Road is:
_Width
_Lanes
_Pavement type
….
Cell tower is:
_Owner
_Height
_Licensees
….
Support for complex geometries, spatial
and temporal reference systems,
topology, units of measure, metadata,
feature and coverage visualization.
Cell transm. Platform is:
_Location
_No. of antennas
_Elevation
….
Mayberry’s Cell Tower
(an instance of Cell Transm. Platform
in another IC’s schema)
Mayberry Road
(an instance of Road
in one IC’s schema)
GML defines a data encoding in XML that allows
geographic data and its attributes to be moved
between disparate systems with understanding
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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CAD-GIS Integration: 3D City Models (CityGML)
Source: T. H. Kolbe: Standardization of 3D City Models
• Urban Planning
• Urban Modeling
• Microclimate
Analysis
• Emergency
Management and
Response
• Logistics Flow
• Critical
Infrastructure
Management /
Protection
• Sustainable
Communities
• Retail Services
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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GML Application Activities
Profiles
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GML Point Profile
GML Simple Features Profile
GML GeoShape for use in IETF
GML in JPEG2000
GeoRSS: GML Serialization
US NSDI GML Schemas for
Framework Datasets
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Base Transportation
Roads
Governmental Units
Linear Reference Systems
Dictionaries
Hydrology
Community Application Schemas
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–
–
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Climate Science Modeling Language (CSML)
CityGML
CleanSeaNet
NcML/GML (NetCDF and GML)
TDWG Biodiversity GML
GeoSciML - Geological Sciences ML
MarineXML
Ground Water Modeling Language
WaterML
Further information on OGC Network
http://www.ogcnetwork.net/node/210
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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OGC Sensor Web Enablement
Industrial
Process
Monitor
– Sensors connected to and discoverable on the Web
– Sensors have position & generate observations
- Sensor descriptions available
Automobile
As Sensor Probe
- Services to task and access sensors
- Local, regional, national scalability
- Enabling the Enterprise
Traffic
Monitoring
Temp
Sensor
Satellite-borne
Imaging Device
Airborne
Imaging
Device
Environmental
Monitor
Stored
Sensor
Data
Webcam
Strain
Gauge
Health
Monitor
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Observations
• An observation feature binds a result to a feature of interest, upon which the
observation was made
• Observation - act of observing a property or phenomenon, with the goal of
producing an estimate of the value of the property.
• Observations are modeled as Features within the context of the General Feature
Model [ISO 19101, ISO 19109].
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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SWE Languages and Encodings
Sensor and Processing
Description Language
Information Model for
Observations and Sensing
Observations &
Measurements
(O&M)
GML
Observations
Application
Schema
SensorML
TransducerML
SWE Common Data
Structure And Encodings
Multiplexed, Real Time
Streaming Protocol
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Sensor Web Enablement Standards
• Information Models and Schema
– Observations and Measurements (O&M) – Models and schema for
semantic basis of measurements
– Sensor Model Language (SensorML) - Models and schema for components,
georegistration, response, process models
– Transducer Markup Language - Data encoding that enables
interoperability and fusion of dissimilar sensor data
• Web Services
– Sensor Observation Service - Access observations for a sensor or sensor
constellation
– Sensor Planning Service – Task sensor system for desired observations
– Sensor Alert Service – Subscribe to alerts from sensor observations
– Sensor Registries – Discover sensors and sensor observations
• Built upon OGC, Web and Internet standards
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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PUCK: Plug and Work
• Protocol to get instrument UUID and related info from
device itself
– 96-byte “data sheet” includes UUID, manufacturer/model ID
– “Related info” can include SensorML, driver code, etc...
• Defined for RS-232 and Ethernet
• MBARI developed for oceanographic applications,
but applicable to many sensing domains
• Adopted as OGC standard in January 2012
PUCK-enabled
data logger
from RBR Ltd
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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SWE services
SWE
protocol
SOS
SAS
Get
instrument
description
from
Access
instrument
through
Instrument
host
Nonstandard!
SPS
Instrument
Runs on
driver
Instrument
protocol
+PUCK
Instrument
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
SensorML
Retrieved
from
Web Processing Service (WPS)
WPS-client
Communication over the web using HTTP
GetCapabilities
DescribeProcess
WPS
Algorithms Repository
…
Execute
Data Handler Repository
…
…
…
Algorithm 1
Data Handler A
Web Processing Service
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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“Chaining” Web Services For Decision Support
Service chaining enables modeling and
integration from observation data
Scenario: Tracking spread of wildfire
and proximity to highway
WCS = Web Coverage Service
WCTS = Web Coordinate Transform. Serv.
WPS = Web Processing Service
OGC
Interfaces
Decision Support
Client
Internet
SOS
WCTS
WPS
WFS
…
Web Servers
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
Location Based Services (OpenLS)
• Includes location-based emergency
services, location-based information
services, location-responsive instantmessaging systems and other services.
• OGC's Open Location Services (OpenLS)
specification provides standards
framework consistent with both telephony
standards and geospatial standards.
• So, geospatial applications can be easily
developed and integrated across a range
of location-aware mobile devices and
networks.
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
On the go
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Short Message Service (SMS)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service
• SMS is supported by most mobile devices
• SMS is fixed-rate and everyone is used to it already
• SMS is push-and-trigger style communication
However, SMS lacks an open standards based
approach for location information exchange
across platforms.
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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OGC Open GeoSMS
Defines a short messaging service (SMS) encoding to
exchange lightweight location information between different
mobile devices or applications.
Open GeoSMS encoding for location is compatible with other
OGC standards, such as those for sensor webs and earth
imaging.
It is also compatible with other standards such as the OASIS
Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) standard and the IETF RFC
Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO).
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Cross-platform Open GeoSMS
http://maps.google.com/maps?q=30.2792,-97.743&GeoSMS
I am here for GIS class.
Users don’t need to care about target platform or map/navigation service
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Publishing and Discovery
• Catalogs leverage ISO
conformant metadata
• Support publishing and
discovery of distributed
geospatial data and
associated services
OGC Catalog Service 2.0,
ISO 19119 Metadata Standard
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Catalogue Service Architecture
(WMS, WFS,
WCS, SOS, …)
Source: OGC 07-006r1 OpenGIS Catalogue Services Specification v2.0.2, p.26
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Metadata
• Dataset metadata
– characterize geographic data; enables in most efficient manner; facilitates
data discovery, retrieval and reuse; fitness for of use
– datasets, aggregations of datasets, individual geographic features,
– core metadata - subset of the full set of elements
– OGC adopted ISO 19115, additional material in OGC 01-111
• Service Metadata
– "Get Capabilities" operation common to all OGC Web Services, returns a
"capabilities document" describing the service.
– OGC Abstract Spec Topic 12 (identical with ISO 19119)
• Registry Information Model (RIM)
– all metadata and data types are registry objects
– Metadata catalog can be enhanced to support queries of dataset-specific
fields, not just standard metadata (but more work, less commonly
supported)
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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OGC Web Services (OWS)
Just as http:// is the dial tone of the World Wide Web, and html / xml are the
standard encodings, the geospatial web is enabled by OGC standards:
Web Feature
Server
Web Map
Server
Web Coverage
Server
Web Map Service (WMS)
Web Feature Service (WFS)
Web Coverage Service (WCS)
Catalogue (CSW)
Geography Markup Language (GML)
OGC KML
Others…
Relevant to geospatial information applications: Critical Infrastructure, Emergency
Management, Weather, Climate, Homeland Security, Defense & Intelligence, Oceans
Science, others
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Geospatial Rights Management
• Digital rights management for geospatial (GeoDRM) builds on
larger market with geospatial resources specifics
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Reference Architecture Service Distribution
Geospatial Portal
 Viewer Clients
 Discovery Clients
 Management Clients
 Access Control
 Exposed Services
Portal
Services
Portrayal
Portrayal
Portrayal
Services
Services
Services
Internet
Data
Data
Data
Services
Services
Services
 Features
 Gazetteer
 Coverages
 Symbology Mgmt
 Maps
 Styling
 Coverages
 Map Context
Catalog
Catalog
Catalog
Services
Services
Services
 Data Discovery
 Service Discovery
 Catalog Update
 Query Languages
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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De Facto
Web Standards Organizations
OASIS / IETF /
W3C
OGC
De Jure
ISO
Domains: Object /
Abstract Models,
Content, Vocabulary
Infrastructure:
WSDL, UDDI, SOAP,
XML
Software Interfaces:
Instantiate Domain and
Dejure into Infrastructure
Domain
Infrastructure
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Ecosystem of Standards Organizations
… and others
www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/alliancepartners
© 2012, Open Geospatial Consortium
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100+ University/Research Members
© 2012, Open Geospatial Consortium
North America
•Harvard, MIT, WHOI, CUAHSI
•Penn State, Columbia U.
•Johns Hopkins, U. Maryland
•VA Tech, NCSU, UNC, RENCI
•Georgia Tech, U. Arkansas, NCSA
•UT Austin, Tx A&M, UNM
•ASU, SDSC, NCEAS, MBARI, UW
•BC Inst. Tech, U. Calgary, Carleton U.
Europe-Asia-Australia
•U. College London, U. Manchester
•U. Nottingham, U. Edinburgh, NERC
•U. Bonn, U. München, U. Münster
•U. Barcelona, U. Jaume I
•Italian Research Council
•Indian Inst. of Tech.
•U. Tokyo, U. Seoul, Wuhan U.
•Feng Chia U. Taiwan
•CSIRO, U. Melbourne
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Thematic Interoperability Issues
Hydro-Meteo:
Info models,
Time series,
Forecast time,
Integrated
modeling
frameworks
Climate:
Longer times,
Coupled models,
Integrating the
modeling
frameworks,
Provenance,
Open science
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
Cross-cutting:
Tracking trust,
uncertainty,
provenance;
Semantics
mediation,
Adaptive
interoperability
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Broader Interoperability Challenges
• Fitness for use:
– Availability, completeness and consistency of sensor or process description
& provenance
– Known coordinate reference system & scale of data capture for best use
– Precision, uncertainty, other data quality aspects
• Difficulty to relate or compare data content due to different principles
of measurement
– Remote vs. in-situ sensors; time series vs. sampled observations
• Differences in vocabularies & meaning of data among users
• Schema does not always accompany the relevant data
• Catalogue architecture for networks of networks
• Institutional barriers to data access & exchange
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Emerging Solutions for Publishing and Citing Data
Not just an issue for science…
These same issues, in various ways & levels of
urgency, also come up in:
• Emergency Management / Disaster Response /
National Defense
• Collecting, maintaining, synchronizing local &
national government data
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Examples of Distributed GIS
• Wildfire management
• Typhoon/debris flow warning system
• Aeronautical information management
• Global flood prediction (eWaterCycle.org)
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Wildfire Management
• Rapid mobilization of UAV assets – Global Hawk
Source: NASA
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Sensor Webs and Disaster Management
First responder
Theme Based Tasking Request
Theme:
Geo-Emergency
Loc:
Priority:
Witch Fire (SoCal) Oct 23, 2007
1. Emergency
2. Discover available
sensor assets over
Wizard
Internet
3. Wizard assembles
possible
workflows
4. Workflow engine
controls creation
of multi-sensor
products,
processing and
Workflow Engine
delivery to user
desktop
Result: Efficient / timely use of assets
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Taiwan: Disaster Prediction and Warning
• Typhoons and earthquakes trigger
landslides and flooding on a
frequent basis
• OGC services used with an array of
spatial data and sensors to provide
situational awareness for
forecasting, detecting, alerting and
response to debris flow situations.
• Rapidly deployed network of debris
flow sensors, and distributed
services performing sensor data
analysis and processing
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Source: Feng Chia University, GIS Research Center
Typhoons – A Busy Region
Typhoon invaded or approximated Taiwan in these 2 decades
© 2013, Open Geospatial
Consortium
Source: Feng Chia University, GIS Research Center
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Disaster Prediction and Warning
Pre-typhoon
Nov 2008
Post-Morakot
Sept 2009
Source: Feng Chia University, GIS Research Center
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Sensors in Debris Flow Monitoring Station
Geophone
Spotlight
Flow meter
Water Level Meter
CCD Camera
Rain Gauge
Soil Moisture
Wire Sensor
Load cell
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
Meteorological
sensors
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Aeronautical Information Management (AIM)
(OGC Web Services Testbeds, OWS 6-8)
• Develop and test standards-based serviceoriented architecture to support the
provision of aeronautical information
directly to flight decks and Electronic Flight
Bags (EFB)
• Support vision for Aeronautical
Information Management
– Interconnected systems with many actors and
many users
– Need for real-time information used in flight
planning, navigation, rerouting, etc
– Right information at the right time at the right
place to the right user
– End-to-end management of information
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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OWS-6 Aeronautical Information Management
NNEW – NextGEN Network Enabled Weather
TAF – Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
WXXM – Weather Info. Exchange Model
WFS – OGC Web Feature Service
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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FAA Special Access Airspace (SAA)
SAA Pilot Demo page
http://www.opengeospatial.org/pub/www/saa/inde
x.html
OGC Aviation Domain Working
Group
http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/avi
ationdwg
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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Global Flood Prediction: eWaterCycle.org
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
Interoperability is about Organizations
“Interoperability seems to be about the
integration of information. What it’s really
about is the coordination of organizational
behavior.”
David Schell
Founder, OGC
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
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It’s always something…
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
48
Summary
• Overview of key spatial data exchange standards, and meaning
of ‘interoperability’
–
–
–
–
–
Web Services
Encodings
Sensor Web
Observations
Distributed processing and workflow
• Publishing, Web Catalogues, Metadata
• Digital Rights Management
• Standards organizational ecosystem
• Interoperability issues and challenges
• Case studies and experiments
© 2013, Open Geospatial Consortium
49