PHP
What is PHP?
•
•
•
•
PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP
PHP scripts are executed on the server
PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix,
Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.)
• PHP is an open source software
• PHP is free to download and use
Why PHP?
• PHP runs on different platforms (Windows,
Linux, Unix, etc.)
• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used
today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
• PHP is FREE to download from the official PHP
resource: www.php.net
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the
server side
Basic PHP Syntax
• PHP script always starts with <?php and ends
with ?>.
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
echo "Hello World";
?>
< /body>
< /html>
Comments in PHP
• use // to make a one-line comment or /* and */ to make a comment block
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
//This is a comment
/*
This is
a comment
block
*/
?>
< /body>
< /html>
PHP Variables
• Variables in PHP starts with a $ sign
• Variable names are case sensitive
• <?php
$txt="Hello World!";
$x=16;
• $myCar="Volvo";
?>
PHP Variable Scope
• The scope of a variable is the portion of the
script in which the variable can be referenced.
• PHP has four different variable scopes:
• local
• global
• static
• parameter
Local Scope
• A variable declared within a PHP function is local and
can only be accessed within that function
• <?php
$a = 5; // global scope
function myTest()
{
echo $a; // local scope
}
myTest();
?>
• The script above will not produce any output because
the echo statement refers to the local scope variable $a,
which has not been assigned a value within this scope
Global Scope
• Global variables can be accessed from any part of the script
that is not inside a function
• Just use the global keyword
• <?php
$a = 5;
$b = 10;
function myTest()
{
global $a, $b;
$b = $a + $b;
}
myTest();
echo $b;
?>
• The script above will output 15
• The example above can be rewritten as this
• <?php
$a = 5;
$b = 10;
function myTest()
{
$GLOBALS['b'] = $GLOBALS['a'] + $GLOBALS['b'];
}
myTest();
echo $b;
?>
Static Scope
• When a function is completed, all of its variables are normally
deleted. However, sometimes you want a local variable to not be
deleted.
• To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the
variable
• <?php
$a = 5;
$b = 10;
• static $rememberMe;
• function myTest()
{
global $a, $b;
$b = $a + $b;
}
myTest();
echo $b;
?>
Parameters or arguments
• A parameter is a local variable whose value is
passed to the function by the calling code
• ارجومنت الدوال
• function myTest($para1,$para2,...)
{
// function code
}
String Variables in PHP
• <?php
$txt="Hello World";
echo $txt;
?>
Hello World
The Concatenation Operator
• The concatenation operator (.) is used to put
two string values together
• <?php
$txt1="Hello World!";
$txt2="What a nice day!";
echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2;
?>
Hello World! What a nice day!
The
strlen() function
• The strlen() function is used to return the
length of a string.
• <?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>
12
The strpos() function
• The strpos() function is used to search for a
character/text within a string
• <?php
echo strpos("Hello world!","world");
?>
6
first character position in the string is 0, and not 1
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Array Operators
PHP
If...Else Statements
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!";
?>
< /body>
< /html>
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
< /body>
< /html>
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
{
echo "Hello! <br />";
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
echo "See you on Monday!";
}
?>
< /body>
< /html>
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
elseif ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
< /body>
< /html>
PHP
• <html>
< body>
Switch Statement
< ?php
$x=1;
switch ($x)
{
case 1:
echo "Number 1";
break;
case 2:
echo "Number 2";
break;
case 3:
echo "Number 3";
break;
default:
echo "No number between 1 and 3";
}
?>
< /body>
< /html>
PHP
Arrays
• An array stores multiple values in one single
variable.
• $cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
• OR
• $cars[0]="Saab";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";
• <?php
$cars[0]="Saab";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";
echo $cars[0] . " and " . $cars[1] . " are
Swedish cars.";
?>
Saab and Volvo are Swedish cars.
Associative Arrays
• In this example we use an array to assign ages
to the different persons:
• $ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30,
"Joe"=>34);
• OR
• $ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
• <?php
$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
Peter is 32 years old.
Multidimensional Arrays
• In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array
can also be an array. And each element in the sub-array can
be an array, and so on.
$families = array
(
"Griffin"=>array
(
"Peter",
"Lois",
"Megan"
),
"Quagmire"=>array
(
"Glenn"
),
"Brown"=>array
(
"Cleveland",
"Loretta",
"Junior"
)
);
Array
(
[Griffin] => Array
(
[0] => Peter
[1] => Lois
[2] => Megan
)
[Quagmire] => Array
(
[0] => Glenn
)
[Brown] => Array
(
[0] => Cleveland
[1] => Loretta
[2] => Junior
)
)
• Add this code to the previous example
•
• echo "Is " . $families['Griffin'][2] . " a part of the
Griffin family?";
• The out will be
Is Megan a part of the Griffin family?
PHP Looping - While Loops
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
$i=1;
while($i<=5)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
$i++;
}
?>
< /body>
< /html>
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The
• <html>
< body>
do...while Statement
< ?php
$i=1;
do
{
$i++;
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
while ($i<=5);
?>
< /body>
< /html>
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
PHP Looping - For Loops
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
?>
< /body>
< /html>
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The foreach Loop
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
$x=array("one","two","three");
foreach ($x as $value)
{
echo $value . "<br />";
}
?>
< /body>
< /html>
one
two
three
PHP
Functions
• The real power of PHP comes from its functions.
• In PHP, there are more than 700 built-in functions
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
function writeName()
{
echo "Kai Jim Refsnes";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeName();
?>
< /body>
< /html>
My name is Kai Jim Refsnes
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
function writeName($fname)
{
echo $fname . " Refsnes.<br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeName("Kai Jim");
echo "My sister's name is ";
writeName("Hege");
echo "My brother's name is ";
writeName("Stale");
?>
My name is Kai Jim Refsnes.
< /body>
< /html>
My sister's name is Hege Refsnes.
My brother's name is Stale Refsnes.
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
function writeName($fname,$punctuation)
{
echo $fname . " Refsnes" . $punctuation . "<br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeName("Kai Jim",".");
echo "My sister's name is ";
writeName("Hege","!");
echo "My brother's name is ";
writeName("Ståle","?");
?>
< /body>
< /html>
My name is Kai Jim Refsnes.
My sister's name is Hege Refsnes!
My brother's name is Ståle Refsnes?
PHP Functions - Return values
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
function add($x,$y)
{
$total=$x+$y;
return $total;
}
1 + 16 = 17
echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16);
?>
< /body>
< /html>
PHP Forms and User
<html>
< body>
< form action="welcome.php"
method="post">
Name: <input type="text"
name="fname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age"
/>
< input type="submit" />
< /form>
< /body>
< /html>
Welcome John!
You are 28 years old.
Input
"welcome.php" looks like this:
< html>
< body>
Welcome <?php echo
$_POST["fname"]; ?>!<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"];
?> years old.
< /body>
< /html>
The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables
<form action="welcome.php"
method="get">
Name: <input type="text"
name="fname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
< input type="submit" />
< /form>
When the user clicks the "Submit" button,
the URL sent to the server could look
something like this:
http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.ph
p?fname=Peter&age=37
The "welcome.php" file can now use the
$_GET variable to collect form data (the
names of the form fields will
automatically be the keys in the $_GET
array):
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["fname"];
?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?>
years old!
When to use method="get"?
• When using method="get" in HTML forms, all
variable names and values are displayed in the
URL
PHP $_POST Function
• The predefined $_POST variable is used to collect
values from a form sent with method="post“.
<form action="welcome.php"
method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname"
/>
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
< input type="submit" />
< /form>
When the user clicks the "Submit" button,
the URL will look like this:
http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php
The "welcome.php" file can now use the
$_POST variable to collect form data (the
names of the form fields will automatically
be the keys in the $_POST array):
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["fname"];
?>!<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?>
years old.
When to use method="post"?
Information sent from a form with the POST method is
invisible to others and has no limits on the amount of
information to send.
The PHP $_
REQUEST Variable
• The predefined $_REQUEST variable contains the
contents of both $_GET, $_POST, and $_COOKIE.
• The $_REQUEST variable can be used to collect
form data sent with both the GET and POST
methods.
• Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["fname"];
?>!<br />
You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years
old.
PHP
Date() Function
• <?php
echo date("Y/m/d") . "<br />";
echo date("Y.m.d") . "<br />";
echo date("Y-m-d");
?>
2009/05/11
2009.05.11
2009-05-11
<?php
$tomorrow =
mktime(0,0,0,date("m"),date("d")+1,date("Y"));
echo "Tomorrow is ".date("Y/m/d", $tomorrow);
?> Tomorrow is 2009/05/12
PHP
Include File
• Assume that you have a standard header file,
called "header.php". To include the header file in
a page, use the include() function:
• You can insert the content of one PHP file into
another PHP file before the server executes it,
with the include() or require() function.
• The two functions are identical in every way,
except how they handle errors:
• include() generates a warning, but the script will
continue execution
• require() generates a fatal error, and the script
will stop
Example
• Assume that you have a standard header file,
called "header.php". To include the header file in
a page, use the include() function:
• < html>
< body>
< ?php include("header.php"); ?>
< h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
< p>Some text.</p>
< /body>
< /html>
Assume we have a standard menu file, called
"menu.php", that should be used on all pages
<a href="/default.php">Home</a>
<a
href="/tutorials.php">Tutorials</a>
<a
href="/references.php">References</
a>
<a
href="/examples.php">Examples</a>
< a href="/about.php">About Us</a>
< a href="/contact.php">Contact
Us</a>
All pages in the Web site should
include this menu file. Here is how it
can be done:
<html>
< body>
< div class="leftmenu">
< ?php include("menu.php"); ?>
< /div>
< h1>Welcome to my home
page.</h1>
< p>Some text.</p>
< /body>
< /html>
• If you look at the source code of the page above (in a
browser), it will look like this:
• <html>
< body>
< div class="leftmenu">
< a href="/default.php">Home</a>
< a href="/tutorials.php">Tutorials</a>
< a href="/references.php">References</a>
< a href="/examples.php">Examples</a>
< a href="/about.php">About Us</a>
< a href="/contact.php">Contact Us</a>
< /div>
< h1>Welcome to my home page!</h1>
< p>Some text.</p>
< /body>
< /html>
File handling
• <html>
< body>
< ?php
$file=fopen("welcome.txt","r");
?>
< /body>
< /html>
• The following example generates a message if
the fopen() function is unable to open the
specified file:
• < html>
< body>
< ?php
$file=fopen("welcome.txt","r") or exit("Unable
to open file!");
?>
< /body>
< /html>
Closing a File
• The fclose() function is used to close an open
file:
• < ?php
$file = fopen("test.txt","r");
//some code to be executed
fclose($file);
?>
Check End-of-file
• The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file"
(EOF) has been reached.
The feof() function is useful for looping
through data of unknown length.
• Note: You cannot read from files opened in w,
a, and x mode!
• if (feof($file)) echo "End of file";
Reading a File Line by Line
• The example below reads a file line by line, until
the end of file is reached:
• < ?php
$file = fopen("welcome.txt", "r") or exit("Unable
to open file!");
//Output a line of the file until the end is reached
while(!feof($file))
{
echo fgets($file). "<br />";
}
fclose($file);
?>
Reading a File Character by Character
• The example below reads a file character by
character, until the end of file is reached:
• < ?php
$file=fopen("welcome.txt","r") or exit("Unable
to open file!");
while (!feof($file))
{
echo fgetc($file);
}
fclose($file);
?>
Create an Upload-File Form
• To allow users to upload files from a form can be very
useful.
• Look at the following HTML form for uploading files:
• < html>
< body>
< form action="upload_file.php" method="post"
enctype="multipart/form-data">
< label for="file">Filename:</label>
< input type="file" name="file" id="file" />
< br />
< input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
< /form>
< /body>
< /html>
Create The Upload Script
• The "upload_file.php" file contains the code for uploading a file:
• < ?php
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
echo "Error: " . $_FILES["file"]["error"] . "<br />";
}
else
{
echo "Upload: " . $_FILES["file"]["name"] . "<br />";
echo "Type: " . $_FILES["file"]["type"] . "<br />";
echo "Size: " . ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024) . " Kb<br />";
echo "Stored in: " . $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"];
}
?>
• $_FILES["file"]["name"] - the name of the
uploaded file
• $_FILES["file"]["type"] - the type of the
uploaded file
• $_FILES["file"]["size"] - the size in bytes of the
uploaded file
• $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] - the name of the
temporary copy of the file stored on the
server
• $_FILES["file"]["error"] - the error code
resulting from the file upload
Restrictions on Upload
•
•
The user may only upload .gif or .jpeg files and the file size must be under 20 kb:
<?php
if ((($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/gif")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/jpeg")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/pjpeg"))
&& ($_FILES["file"]["size"] < 20000))
{
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
echo "Error: " . $_FILES["file"]["error"] . "<br />";
}
else
{
echo "Upload: " . $_FILES["file"]["name"] . "<br />";
echo "Type: " . $_FILES["file"]["type"] . "<br />";
echo "Size: " . ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024) . " Kb<br />";
echo "Stored in: " . $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"];
}
}
else
{
echo "Invalid file";
}
?>
•
•
Saving the Uploaded File
To store the uploaded file we need to copy it
to a different location:
<?php
if ((($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/gif")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] == "image/jpeg")
|| ($_FILES["file"]["type"] ==
"image/pjpeg"))
&& ($_FILES["file"]["size"] < 20000))
{
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{
echo "Return Code: " .
$_FILES["file"]["error"] . "<br />";
}
else
{
echo "Upload: " . $_FILES["file"]["name"] .
"<br />";
echo "Type: " . $_FILES["file"]["type"] . "<br
/>";
echo "Size: " . ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024)
. " Kb<br />";
echo "Temp file: " .
$_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] . "<br />";
if (file_exists("upload/" .
$_FILES["file"]["name"]))
{
echo $_FILES["file"]["name"] . " already
exists. ";
}
else
{
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tm
p_name"],
"upload/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"]);
echo "Stored in: " . "upload/" .
$_FILES["file"]["name"];
}}}
else
{
echo "Invalid file";
}
?>
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