DEMOGRAPHY AND FAMILY
PLANNING
DR. SYED MERAJ AHMED
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
By the end of this session, the students should be able
to:
• Describe demography cycle
• Discuss the demographic trends in KSA
• Describe family, community and family size.
• Explain the fertility related statistics
What is demography
Demography is the scientific study of human population.
It focuses its attention on the following three observable human phenomenon:
Change in population size
(growth or decline)
Composition of
population
Distribution of
population in space.
FERTILITY
MIGRATION
DEMOGRAPHIC
PHENOMENA
MORTALITY
SOCIAL
MOBILITY
MARRIAGE
These are known as
demographic processes.
What is a demographic cycle
The demographic cycle, or population cycle, refers to the evolution over time of
the population profile of a country, region or other defined geographical area.
A population cycle theory has been postulated in terms of the socio-economic
history of industrialized countries.
Four stages of demographic cycle based on the
population
High stationary
• High birth and high death rates and relatively low
population
2
Early expanding
• Uneven population density due to increased
urbanization and industrialization
3
Late expanding
• The birth and death rates are much lower resulting
in a relatively steady population growth
4
Low stationary
• An actual decline in the total population of a
country due to an excess of deaths over births.
1
DEMOGRAPHY TRENDS IN SAUDI ARABIA
POPULATION SIZE:
GROWTH RATE
 1980
9.8 million people
 2010
27.3 million people
 2040
40.4* million people





5.98%
1.63%
4.07%
1.98%
0.50*%
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
LIFE EXPECTANCY
YEAR
1980 – 1985
1995 – 2000
2000 – 2005
2010
2045 – 2050
(children per women)
MALE
FEMALE
1980 - 85
63.3
66.8
2005 - 10
72.8
76.4
2045 - 50
80.9*
83.0*




1980 – 85
2005 – 10
2010 – 15
2045 – 50
7.02
3.03
2.68*
1.78*
Changing age structure in Saudi Arabia
Changing age structure in Saudi Arabia
Elderly population of Saudi Arabia
FAMILY

“Family is a group of persons united by the ties of
marriage, blood or adoption; constituting a single
household, interacting and inter-communicating with each
other in their respective social roles of husband and wife,
mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister
creating a common culture” – Burgess and Locke
TYPE OF FAMILY
PATRIARCHAL FAMILY
MONOGAMOUS FAMILY
MATRIARCHAL FAMILY
POLYGAMOUS FAMILY
NUCLEAR FAMILY
POLYANDROUS FAMILY
EXTENDED NUCLEAR FAMILY
MATRILINEAR FAMILY
JOINT FAMILY
PATRILINEAR FAMILY
THREE GENERATION FAMILY
ENDOGAMOUS FAMILY
PATRILOCAL FAMILY
EXOGAMOUS FAMILY
MATRILOCAL FAMILY
BROKEN FAMILY
PROBLEM FAMILY
WHAT IS A COMMUNITY
Community is a human population living within a limited geographical
area and carrying on a common interdependent life.
Types of community:
1) Rural community
2) Urban community
RURAL COMMUNITY
URBAN COMMUNITY
JOINT FAMILY
NUCLEAR FAMILY
MORE ARRANGED MARRIAGE
MORE DIVORCES
FEMALE LITERACY IS LESSER
FEMALE LITERACY IS HIGH
SENSE OF NEIGHBOURHOOD
NOT IMPORTANT
SENSE OF WE FEELING
NOT SEEN
SOCIAL INTERACTION IS PERSONAL
NO OR LIMITED SOCIAL INTERACTION
CULTURE IS CONSERVATIVE
COSMOPOLITAN CULTURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY:
 Has one or more roles that define its identity within society.
 Has a set of goals - provides a sense of direction.
 Is organized within a set of formal/informal beliefs, values, expectations
and behaviors that defines the boundary of the community.
 There is some form of communication between members.
 Has skills and resources that are shared between the members.
 Balance the needs of the community with the needs of its members.
FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
The average annual number of births during a year per
1,000 persons in the population at midyear; also known as
crude birth rate.
No. of live births during the year
Birth Rate = --------------------------------------------Estimated mid year population
Saudi Arabia (1431) – 23.3
×
1000
FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
The number of resident live births for a specified geographic area
during a specified period divided by the female population age 15-44
years for that area multiplied by 1000.
No. of live births during the year
General Fertility rate = --------------------------------------------------Estimated mid year female population
age 15 – 44 years in the same year
× 1000
FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
The number of resident live births for a specified geographic area
during a specified period divided by the married female population
age 15-44 years for that area multiplied by 1000.
General Marital
Fertility Rate
No. of live births during the year
= --------------------------------------------------×
1000
Estimated mid year married female
population age 15 – 44 years in the same year
FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
The number of births occurring during a given year or
reference period per 1,000 women of reproductive age
classified in single-or five-year age groups.
No. of live births in a particular age
group during the year
Age specific Fertility Rate = --------------------------------------------Estimated mid year female
population of the same age group
× 1000
FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
The number of children who would be born per woman (or per 1,000
women) if she/they were to pass through the childbearing years bearing
children according to a current schedule of age-specific fertility rates.
Ʃ Age specific fertility rate (ASFR)
Total Fertility Rate =
OR
5 Ʃ Age specific fertility rate (for 5 – year age group)
Saudi Arabia (1431) – 2.98
TFR= 5 (.051 + .196 + .208 + .147 + .075 + .024 +.004) = 3.53
Where: the figures in parentheses are age-specific rates for the
15-19, 20-24, ... , 45-49 age categories, respectively.
FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
Average number of daughters that would be born to a woman if she passed
through her life-time from birth to the end of her reproductive years
conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year.
Net Reproduction
=
Rate (NRR)
No. of girls born and survived
----------------------------------No. of women who survived after
the end of the reproductive life
FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS - others
 Child women ratio
 Pregnancy rate
 Abortion rate
 Marriage rate
 Abortion ratio