Population
What is Population?
 The collection of people living in a given
geographic area, or space, usually measured by
a census
 Demography
 The study of human populations
 Various aspects of human behavior in
populations are studied in Sociology,
Economics, and Geography
 The study of populations is almost always
governed by the laws of probability

www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
World and Population
Statistics
World Population: 6.5 Billion-2006
World Population Information
World Population Clock
2005
Natural Increase
per
More Developed
Countries
Less Developed
Countries
Less Developed
Countries (less
China)
World
Year
80,794,218
1,234,907
79,559,311
71,906,587
Day
221,354
3,383
217,971
197,004
154
2
151
137
Minute
Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.
World Vital Events Per Time Unit:
2006

Births
 Year
132,434,587
55,220,152
77,214,435
 Month
11,036,216
4,601,679
6,434,536
 Day
362,834
151,288
211,546
 Hour
15,118
6,304
8,814
 Minute
252
105
147
 Second 4.2
1.8
2.4
Deaths
Natural Increase
Worldwide Population Growth
 Earth’s population hit 1 Billion in the early
1800’s
 As the world industrialized, people grew
more and better food
 Also, people improved their sanitation
methods
 This combination enabled the population
to boom
Population Growth
 What area of the world do you think has
the highest rate and lowest rate of
population growth from 2000-2005?
 GeoHive
 List actual
World Population Growth, in Billions
Number of years to add each billion (year)
First Billion
All of Human History
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
(1800)
130 (1930)
30 (1960)
15 (1975)
12 (1987)
12 (1999)
Sixth
14 (2013)
Seventh
Eighth
14 (2027)
21 (2048)
Ninth
Sources: First and second billion: Population Reference Bureau. Third through ninth billion: United Nations, World
Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
World Population Growth Through
Billions
History
12
11
2100
10
9
Old
Stone
7 Age
8
New Stone Age
Bronze
Age
Iron
Age
6
Modern
Age
Middle
Ages
2000
Future
5
4
1975
3
1950
2
1
Black Death —The Plague
1900
1800
1+ million 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D.
years B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. 1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998).
Projected Population Change, by Country
Percent Population Change, 2005-2050
Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.
Global Population Growth:
A Developing-Country Phenomenon
World population, 1950-2050 (projected)
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (2005).
Trends in Population Growth Worldwide
Population Increase and Growth Rate, Five-Year Periods
87
90
80
83
80
2
79
76
76
75
1.8
72
1.4
60
1.2
Millions
50
1
40
0.8
30
0.6
20
0.4
10
0.2
0
0
19801985
19851990
19901995
19952000
Net population added per year
20002005
20052010
20102015
20152020
Annual population growth rate
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
Percent increase per year
1.6
70
Notes on Trends in Population Growth
Worldwide
Over the period 1985-1995, the population growth
rate declined (a reflection of declining fertility), yet
millions of people were added to the world’s
population (which peaked around 1985, when 87
million people were added each year).
 From 2000 on, the growth rate will continue to
decline.
Between 2015 and 2020, we will still be adding 72
million people each year. Why?
Because the generation of women now having
their children is very large as the result of high
fertility in their mothers’ and grandmothers’
generations.
Birth Rates
 Birthrate- the number of
live births per 1,000
population
 In 2000, the highest
birthrate in the world was
more than 54/1000 in
Niger
 Lowest = 8/54 in Latvia
 World Average = 22/1000
Birth and Death Rates, Worldwide
Rates of birth, death, and natural increase per 1,000 population
40
35
30
25
20
Natural Increase
15
10
5
0
1950- 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 20001955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Birth rate
Death rate
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Fertility Rate
 Shows the average number of children a
woman of childbearing years would have
in her lifetime
 A fertility rate of 2.1 is necessary just to
replace current population
 Today, the worldwide average fertility rate
is about 3.0
Fertility Rates
 What do you think the average number of
babies each woman has in the world? US?
 What do you think the highest average is?
Where?
 CIA - The World Factbook -- Rank Order Total fertility rate
10 Places With the Lowest Total Fertility
Worldwide
Average number of children per woman, 2000-2005
China, Macao Special Administrative Region
China, Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region
Ukraine
Czech Republic
Slovakia
0.84
0.94
1.12
1.17
1.20
Slovenia
1.22
Republic of Korea
1.23
Republic of Moldova
1.23
Bulgaria
1.24
Belarus
1.24
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Women of Childbearing Age
Number of Women 15 to 49
Billions
1.98
2.06
1.76
1.32
0.86
0.62
1950
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
Women of Childbearing Age and Fertility
Worldwide
3
6
2.0
2
2.0
Billions
1.8
4
3
1.3
0.9
1
2
0.6
1
0
0
1950-1955 1970-1975 1990-1995 2010-2015 2030-2035 2045-2050
Women 15 to 49
Average number of children per woman
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
Children per woman
5
Diverging Trends in Fertility Reduction
Average number of children per woman
8.5
6.4
6.4
5.7
5.4
6.2
5.3
5.2
4.3
3.3
3.1
2.4
Egypt
India
2.5
2.1
Indonesia
Iran
1970-1975
Pakistan
2000-2005
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Turkey
Yemen
Questions to Consider
 Why is the world’s population increasing
but the growth rate is decreasing?
 Why is the world’s population growing so
quickly?
 What problems/implications does this
growth bring about?
Mortality Rate
 Also called the death rate
 Number of deaths per
1,000 people
 Generally, a society is
considered healthy if it
has a low mortality rate
 However, some healthy
nations have higher
mortality rates because
they have large numbers
of elderly people
Birth and Death Rates, Worldwide
Rates of birth, death, and natural increase per 1,000 population
40
35
30
25
20
Natural Increase
15
10
5
0
1950- 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 20001955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Birth rate
Death rate
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Life Expectancy
 How long a person is expected to live
 Which countries do you think have the
highest and lowest life expectancy at
birth?
 GeoHive
 List actual
Trends in Life Expectancy, by Region
Life Expectancy at Birth, in Years
82
80
77
76
72
65
67
75
65
49
Africa
Asia
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
2000-2005
More Developed
Regions
2045-2050
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
World
Infant Mortality Rate
 For this reason, geographers also look at
infant mortality rates
 Infant Mortality Rate
 Shows the number of deaths among infants
under age 1 per 1,000 live births
 In the 1800’s, the worldwide I.M.R. was
300/1,000
Rate of Natural Increase
 Birthrate –
Death Rate
 B-D = R
 A.K.A. =
Population
Growth Rate
Birth and Death Rates, Worldwide
Rates of birth, death, and natural increase per 1,000 population
40
35
30
25
20
Natural Increase
15
10
5
0
1950- 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 20001955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Birth rate
Death rate
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Human Population Growth Rate
Population Pyramid
 Another way to analyze populations is to use a
population pyramid
 PP = a graphic device that shows sex & age
distribution of a population
 Allows geographers to examine how events in
society, such as wars, famine, or epidemics, affect
the population of a country or region
Age Distribution of the World’s Population
Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005
Millions
Less Developed
Regions
More Developed
Regions
Age
Male
300 200 100
Female
0
100 200 300
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
Male
300
100
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Female
100
300
Population Density
 The average number of people who live in





a measurable area, such as a square mile
The number is reached by dividing the
number of inhabitants in an area by the
total amount of land they occupy
Geographers use this to understand how
heavily populated an area is
Which countries do you think are the most
densely populated?
GeoHive
List actual
Population Density
 This number can be misleading for an entire
nation
 Why?
 Example: U.S. P.D.  1990
 Alaska= huge land area, small population
 1 person per square mile
 New Jersey= small land area, large population
 1,098 people per square mile
 Total U.S. Population Density = 70.3 people
per square mile
Carrying Capacity
 The number of individuals
an environment can
support without significant
negative impacts
 A region with fertile land
may be able to support
far more people than one
with land of poor quality
or with little land available
for cultivation
 Technology
 Level of technology of a
group living on the land
may affect carrying
capacity
Carrying Capacity
Land Area
 Write what you think the five largest
countries(land area) are.
 GeoHive
 List actual
Population Distribution
 Of the billions of people in the world, most
are not distributed equally across the earth
 Some lands are not suitable for human
habitation
 Examples?
 Almost 90% of the world’s population lives
in the Northern Hemisphere
 N.H.- ½ of the planets surface, which is north
of the equator
Population Distribution
 1 in 4 people in the world
live in East Asia, and 1 in
2 people live in either
East Asia or South Asia
 Factors:




Climate
Altitude
Access to water
All influence where people
live
Urban-Rural Mix
 Currently, more than ½ of the world’s
population lives in rural areas
 However, this number is changing rapidly
 More and more people are migrating to
cities
 Particularly, cities with populations of more
than one million people
Trends in Urbanization, by Region
Urban Population
85
Percent
82
76
74
61
55
54
53
47
42
37
37
29
17
15
World
Africa
Asia
1950
2000
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
More
Developed
Regions
2030
Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (medium scenario), 2004.
World Population by Country
 List what you think the top ten populated
countries in the world were/are/will be in
1950, 2006 and 2050.
 GeoHive
 GeoHive
 List actual
Population
Density
(people/ km²)
Rank
Country
—
World
6,661,208,350
43
1
China
1,315,844,000
136
2
India
1,110,000,000
328
3
United States
300,000,000
30
4
Indonesia
222,781,000
126
5
Brazil
186,405,000
21
6
Pakistan
164,000,000
202
7
Bangladesh
145,000,000
1,002
8
Russia
142,800,000
8
9
Nigeria
131,530,000
139
10
Japan
127,000,000
337
11
Mexico
107,000,000
54
Population development of the largest countries from 1950 to 2050
Largest Metropolitan Areas
 List what you think the 10 largest




metropolitan areas are in world.
GeoHive
List Actual
GeoHive --2015 Projected
GeoHive --1950-2015 Met. Areas
Megacities
 In 1950, New York City was the only World City
with more than 10 million residents
 Today, 26 giant cities are home to a total of more
than 250 million people
 The largest of these is Tokyo
 34 million inhabitants
 These huge cities struggle with overcrowded
conditions and immense demand for water &
sanitation
Largest Cities
 List what you think the 10 largest cities are
in world.
 GeoHive
 List actial
Tokyo
Mexico City
Seoul, South Korea
Shanghai, China
Migration
 The large-scale
migration of people from
one location to another
also alters the
distribution of population
 Reasons for migrating
are referred to as: PushPull Factors
Immigration
 Immigration- the movement of people from
one nation-state to another
 Immigration implies long-term permanent
residence by the immigrants
 Tourists are not considered immigrants
 All of our ancestors immigrated to America
from a foreign country
In 1990, Almost Half of All U.S. Counties Had Less Than
1% Foreign-Born, and Only One-Tenth Had 5% or More.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 decennial census.
By 2000, Only One-Fourth of U.S. Counties Had Less Than
1% Foreign-Born, and One in Five Had 5% or More.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 decennial census.
Push Factors
 Push Factors- those that cause people to
leave their homeland & migrate or
immigrate to another region or country





Drought
Natural Disasters
Political – war, persecution
Religious Reasons
Economic Opportunity
Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)
Natural Disasters
Hurricane Katrina Migration
Religious Persecution
Pull Factors
 Pull factors draw or attract people to another




location
Why would someone from Harlan, IA be “pulled”
to Chicago or Kansas City?
Why were our ancestors “pulled” to America?
Countries with good economic opportunities &
high salaries are the likely destinations of
migrants & immigrants
Favorable Climate is another pull factor.
 “Snow Birds”
GDP
 List the countries that you think have the
top five GDP.
 GeoHive: GDP - Top 50 for 2004 & 2005
 List actual
GDP—Per Capita Income
 List what you think the highest and lowest
per capita income is in the world.
 What do you think the per capita income is
in the US?
 GeoHive
Imports/Exports
 Which countries have the most exports?
 GeoHive
 Which countries have the most imports?
 GeoHive
 Why is it important to have a trade
balance?
 How does the US fair?
Internet and Computer Users
 GeoHive --Computer users
 GeoHive --Internet Users
 What does this info tell us?
Oil Reserves, Production and
Consumption
 GeoHive –Oil reserves
 GeoHive –Oil production
 GeoHive –Oil consumption
Energy Consumption
 GeoHive
 What conclusions can be made from the
last two slides?
Millennium Development Goals
United Nations Millennium
Development Goals
 Passed in 2000, the eight Millennium
Development Goals form a blueprint
agreed to by all the world’s countries and
all the world’s leading development
institutions
 The target year to achieve these goals is
2015
Goal #1: Eliminate Extreme Hunger
and Poverty
 Reduce by half the proportion of people
living on less than a dollar a day
 Reduce by half the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
% Living on less than $1/ Day
% of People Living in Poverty
Goal #2: Achieve Universal Primary
Education
 Ensure that all boys and girls complete a
full course of primary schooling
Goal #3: Promote Gender Equality
and Empower Women
 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and
secondary education preferably by 2005,
and at all levels by 2015
Goal #4: Reduce Child Mortality
 Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate
among children under five
Goal #5: Improve Maternal Health
 Reduce by three quarters the maternal
mortality ratio
Goal #6: Combat HIV/AIDS,
Malaria and Other Diseases
 Halt and begin to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
 Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of
malaria and other major diseases
Goal #7: Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
 Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and programs;
reverse loss of environmental resources
 Reduce by half the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water
 Achieve significant improvement in lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020
Goal #8: Develop a Global
Partnership for Development
 Develop further an open trading and financial system that is
rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory, includes a
commitment to good governance, development and poverty
reduction— nationally and internationally
 Address the least developed countries' special needs. This
includes tariff- and quota-free access for their exports;
enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries;
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous official
development assistance for countries committed to poverty
reduction
 Address the special needs of landlocked and small island
developing States
 Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt
problems through national and international measures to
make debt sustainable in the long term
 In cooperation with the developing countries, develop
decent and productive work for youth
 In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable essential drugs in developing
countries
 In cooperation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies— especially information
and communications technologies
 Now that you have seen the eight goals,
how are these goals coming along six
years later(2006)?
 Using the MDG Goals Report-2006,
discuss how the goals are being met or
how they aren’t.
 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/
Static/Products/Progress2006/MDGReport
2006.pdf
1.
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
1.
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
Availability of Doctors, Selected Countries
1997-2004*
Physicians per 1,000 people
Cuba
5.9
Greece
4.4
U.S.
2.3
Jordan
2.0
1.6
China
Mexico
1.5
Bolivia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Mali
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
* Data are for the most recent year available for each country.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006.
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
Population Control