A&P Lecture Exam # 2 (Chapter 3-6)
Chapter 3 . Cellular Level of Organization
1. Anatomy of Model cell and what’s the function of them? (page 64).
2. Components of the P.M.: Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids, Glycoproteins.
3. Kinds of the membrane proteins and carbohydrates. Their functions (pages 66 and 67)
4. Describe the cell organelles and list their functions. How will you distinguish between
(structure and function) smooth and rough E.R., free and bound ribosomes, nucleus and
nucleolus, lysosome and peroxisome, microtubule and microfilament, mitochondria and
chloroplast. What is the function of Golgi apparatus?
5. How will you describe the structure of Nucleus? What are histones, nucleosomes,
chromatin and chromosome?
6. The role of gene activation in protein synthesis (page 81). Explain: coding and template
strands, introns, exons, transcription, translation. Describe the sequence of events leading
to protein synthesis. What are the roles of the 3 RNA’s (mRNA, rRNA and tRNA) in
protein synthesis?
7. Diffusion, Osmosis, Tonicity. Explain each. What do you mean by isotonic? Explain
hemolysis and crenation (page 89)
8. What is meant by: ‘Active Transport’, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Endocytosis,
Exocytosis?
9. What is the transmembrane potiential?
10. Describe DNA replication, cell division and interphase. Describe the various steps of
mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis). What are stem cells?
11. What are tumors (neoplasm)? What are telomeres?
12. What are oncogenes? Explain metastasis.
Chapter 4 The tissue level of organization
1. List important features of the epithelial tissue (page 109).
2. Intercellular connections: tight junction, gap junction and desmosomes. What are
CAMs?
3. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. Explain the 3 modes of
secretion and give an example of a gland for each (page 118).
4. Describe the basement membrane. (where found, chemical ingredients).
5. List the different kinds of epithelia and an organ where each is located.
6. How does connective tissue differ from epithelial tissue?
7. What are the functions of connective tissue?
8. List the components of the connective tissue: Cells (6 types), fibers (3 types),
chemical components (3 types). All the types may not be present in every tissue.
9. Name a connective tissue that has all the 6 types of cells in them).
10. Distinguish between a cartilage and a bone.
11. Describe adipose tissue. What are types of cells in blood?
12. What are the 2 kinds of cells that compose nerve tissue? Draw and label a neuron.
13. Distinguish the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles (location, and ultrastructure).
14. Describe Desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes (where you find them and
functions).
15. Distinguish the tissue repairs: regeneration vs. fibrosis.
Chapter 5. The Integumentary system
1. Define Dermatology.
2. List seven functions of the skin (pages. 145 – 146).
3. List 5 types of cells found in Epidermis and the function of each.
4. What are the layers of epidermis? Mitosis occurs in which layer? Why?
5. Briefly describe the life history of keratinocytes.
6. What constitute the epidermal water barrier?
7. What pigments and environmental factors contribute to the skin color? Cyanosis and
Jaundice indicate what in the patient?
8. What’s the effect of EGF(epidermal growth factor)?
9. Explain the relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin D3 synthesis.
10. The structure of a human hair and What are the parts of a growing nail?
11. What is the bases of classifying glands as Merocrine, Apocrine and Holocrine. Give an
example of each.
12. Draw a cross section of human skin and label the important types of cells/structures and
glands.
13. Several steps in the wound healing?
Chapter 6 Osseous tissue and bone structure
1. Describe the primary functions of the skeletal system.
2. Classify bones according to shape and internal organization, giving examples of each type
3. Identify the cell types in bone (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells and
osteoclastd), and list their major functions.
4. Bone structures and markings (P172、173)
5. Histology and structure of compact bone. (Page 176)
6. The basic unit of compact bone, where is the location of endosteum and periosteum.
7. The mechanisms of endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification.
8. Explain the role of calcium as it relates to the skeletal system. Function of calcitonin and
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
9. Explain how fractures heal.
10. Define the osteoporosis and osteopenia.