7.4 (P: 192)
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Dialectology Terms
(Ling. Geography)
Define the followings:
1. Dialectology: it deals with:
Regional variation in one language
2. Isogloss: ( e.g. Mason- Dixon line)
(a) A line on a map represents the geographical
limits(boundary) of regional linguistics variants.
• Or:
• (b): refers to the dialect features (original sense
of a word) e.g (greasy- pronounced with (s)
through
Continue:
• The line South USA and with (z) north of that Line
• Also as in pin /pen- tin/ten pronounced with
contrast in the vowel (i- e) –also in some dialect
pronounced, /∂/-/θ/ as same
• This clear in the country – music songs for those
writers from the dialect areas which lack contrast
• So, they pronounces words like (win- end)
without contrast as (In) (nd :n∫)
Continue
• 3. Bundle of Isoglosses:
• Several Isoglosses extent thro’ same geographical
boundary.
• 4. Focal zone:
• Zone of prestige from which innovations spread
outwards.
• 5. Relic: ‫(باق علي حاله‬small area): (difficulty access
for culture) :An area that preserve older forms
that have not undergone innovations surrounded
area
Continue:
6. Lect: term is used to refer to signify
Linguistics variety as:
• Geography dialect- sociolect- idiolect and
social characteristics of a single individual
…etc)
7.Mutual intelligibility : share clearness)
• When persons from different linguistics.
Entities can understand each other.
(differentiate different dialects of a single
language from distinct language)
8. Language:
is not strict linguistics enterprise, but,
determine by political- social factors
A funny definition from Max Veinreich(it is a
dialect which has an army and navy)
7.5
Investigate Reasons for
Linguistics Changes (P:194)
7.5: Causes for Linguistics Changes(why_how)
Problem
causes
questions
solve
By any theories to hopes to explain language
change.
These problems such as:
1. Constraints problem: restriction problem ‫قيود‬
2. Transition problem (shift)‫انتقال‬
3.The Embedding problem (insertion- contextualize)
Problems:
• 4. Evaluation Problem(assess)‫تقييم‬
• 5. The Actuation problem-(implement)‫تنفيذ‬
Elaborate these Problems
1. 1. Constraints problem:
Is restriction problem> they Postulate(‫)افترض‬
No L will assume a form in violation of such
formal principles as are ..a universal in human
language.
2. Transition Problem:
How does a language change
What are intermediate stages a language gone
through before begin to change.(is change must
be seen as gradual or abrupt(‫(مفاجئ‬
3. The Embedding Problem
• About:
1. how a language change embedded in
the surrounding system of linguistics and
social relation.
2. How much environment influence the
change.
Sooooo:
1. The parts of the grammar may impact on by
other parts of grammar
• -language takes place in a social environment
(it plays very important role in L change) and
L differences may affect positively or
negatively )socio- linguistic status.
4. The Evaluation Problem
- How speaker evaluate a given change in a L.
- What is the effect of their evaluation.
- What are the effects of the change on a L
structure.
- How a system change without damage to its
function serving comm.
5. The Actuation‫ تنفيذ‬Problem
- Why that Ling changes happened in a
particular time& place?
- How do changes begin proceed?
- What start the change and what carries it
long?
- If all these Q are answered we will be able to
explain Ling. changes.
9
Syntactic Change(P:226)
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Lecture