TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION I - Biology 1407, CAMPBELL AND REESE 9e
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND ALL TOPICS AS A FUNCTION OF THE CONCEPT CHECK
HEADINGS IN YOUR TEXT!!
THIS WILL BE A DIFFICULT, CHALLENGING EXAM!! BE PREPARED TO THINK!!!
CHAPTER 22
What is Lamarckian evolution, and how is it similar to and different from Darwinian evolution? Be able
to recognize a Lamarckian example when you see one. Know and understand the concept of natural
selection. KNOW THE OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH DARWIN'S
PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION, AS OUTLINED IN YOUR
TEXTBOOK. Is Darwinian evolution directed or does it happen by chance? Know and understand how
to apply these concepts to evolutionary situations and problems presented to you.
CHAPTER 23
What are the requirements for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Know all the ways that these requirements
can be invalidated. BE ABLE TO CALCULATE ALLELE AND GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN
HARDY-WEINBERG PROBLEMS. (Bring a calculator to the exam, capable of performing
squares and square roots. DO NOT BRING ANY DEVICE CAPABLE OF DISPLAYING WORDS
OR LETTERS!!!! YOU WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO USE IT!!!! NUMERICAL DISPLAY
ONLY!!!!) WHAT IS MICROEVOLUTION? What is Darwinian fitness? What is the one important
purpose of diploidy? What are the reasons why natural selection cannot fashion a "perfect" organism?
What is our modern understanding of evolution?
CHAPTER 24
Which is the only "natural" taxon, determined by the ability to interbreed? Know the prezygotic and
postzygotic methods of reproductive isolation. WHAT IS ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION? WHAT IS
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION? WHAT IS THE IMPORTANT END RESULT OF BOTH KINDS
OF SPECIATION MECHANISMS? HOW ARE SPECIES KEPT GENETICALLY DISTINCT?
CHAPTER 25
What is macroevolution, and by what genetic and developmental mechanisms is it thought to occur? What
are the geological and biological explanations for macroevolution. Know the Miller-Urey experiment and
what type of compounds were produced. What is a protocell/protobiont? Know and be able to recognize
examples of protocells/protobionts. What are the properties shown by protocells/protobionts? What
important life process cannot be done by protocells/protobionts? In fossil dating, know the definition of
"half-life". Given any radioisotope and its half-life in years, be able to calculate the age of a fossil. What
was the composition of the primitive atmosphere of Earth? Why was the primitive atmosphere of Earth
more conducive to the origin of life than is our present atmosphere? What was the most probable chemical
composition of the first ancient genetic material? Know the endosymbiotic theory - how does this theory
help to explain the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? How is this different than the model for the
origin of the eukaryotic endomembrane system? Which organisms are thought to be the ancestors of
modern chloroplasts? What are transposons, and how do they function in horizontal gene transfer? Why
are transposons important concerning the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? What are exaptations?
Why are they important to the understanding of evolution by natural selection?
CHAPTER 26
What is the correct hierarchy of the Linnaean system? What is the newest taxon and where in the
hierarchy does it occur? What is convergent evolution? Be able to recognize examples of convergent
evolution. What molecular criterion is used today to construct a modern classification system?
CHAPTER 27
What are the various nutritional combinations of carbon and energy lifestyles? What is the basic cell plan
of all bacteria and archaea? Know the cellular components of bacteria, and their properties. What are the
two major chemical constituents found in many prokaryotic cell walls? What is a nucleoid? What is a
plasmid? Know how it functions in conjugation. Know the possible effects of the horizontal transfer of
genes by conjugation between cells of the same prokaryotic species. What is the major problem
concerning the overuse of antibiotics in medical treatment? What is the most important ecological role
played by the prokaryotes?
CHAPTER 28
What is the basic cell plan of protists? Know the cellular components of protists, and their properties.
Which organisms are thought to be the ancestors of the green plants?
CHAPTER 29, CHAPTER 30
What is a gametophyte? What is a sporophyte? Know the general characteristics of the mosses, the ferns,
the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. What is the major chemical constituent of plant cell walls? Know
the specific and comparative changes and differences observed as the plants evolved - mosses, ferns,
gymnosperms, then angiosperms. Know the important anatomical and reproductive differences between
the mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Which feature would definitively identify organisms
as land plants? Know the definition of and the stages of alternation of generations. What are antheridia,
and how do they function? What are archegonia, and how do they function? What is the difference
between gametangia and sporangia? Which stage is dominant in the mosses, the ferns, and the flowering
plants - the sporophyte or the gametophyte? What are Embryophytes - what is important about them?
Know the details of the embryophyte lifestyle. Why are angiosperms so successful in reproduction? What
are the advantages of reproduction by seeds? What is double fertilization, and why is it important to the
plant?
CHAPTER 31
What is a fungus? What is a mold? What is a mycelium? What are hyphae? What does the word
coenocytic mean? What are hyphal septa, and why are they porous? What is the major chemical
constituent of fungal cell walls? What are the vegetative mycelium and the aerial mycelium? What are
their individual functions? How do they move outward from the point of germination? What is the major
nutritional lifestyle of all fungi? What is plasmogamy? What is karyogamy? What is a
heterokaryon/dikaryon? What are mycorrhizae?
In addition, you are responsible for all specialized biological vocabulary not mentioned in this topic sheet.
I may ask specific questions about definitions. I will also use specialized words in questions and in
answers to those questions. I will expect you to know the meaning of any biological vocabulary word
which was used in lecture or laboratory, or in your reading assignments. This holds for ALL of your
exams, not just this one.