Review Sheet for Test 4
Physical Anthropology 2301
Section 10
1. What does the genus homo refer to?
2. The genus was named in 1758 by Linnaeus
3. Tattersall’s 2 extinct species of Homo and Relethford’s 3rd
4. The evolution of the genus homo has been associated with
________ that took place about ______ million years ago
5. 2 evidences for climatic cooling
6. What allowed for the establishment of Tattersall and Schwartz’s
“evolutionary novelties?”
7. 5 categories of stone tool assemblages
8. The earliest stone tools were found in East Africa and are dated at
2.5-2.6 million years ago
9. Most tools from 2.6-1.5 million years ago were made with
_______________
10.
The earliest tools were known as Oldowan tools
11.
What are the 2 arguments concerning the issue of who made
these tools Homo or Australopithecus
12.
Parsimony
13.
Mary Leakey’s 4 categories of mode 1 stone tools
14.
Manuports
15.
Percussion flaking, anvil method and bipolar method
16. Wear patterns of early Homo teeth are indistinguishable from
those of the Australopithecines and are set in the pattern of a
_____________
17. Only with the evolution of Homo Ergaster 1.9 million years ago
(m.y.a.) does tooth pattern make a dramatic shift from fruit eater
to ___________
18.
The first species of genus Homo is _______
19. The name Homo (H.) Habilis is from the idea that H. Habilis was
the “handyman” or tool maker of the lower Olduvai (Oldowan tools)
20.
The main difference between H. Habilis and Australopithecus is
the ___________
21.
Cladistics
22.
Primitive character, Derived character
23.
H. Rudolfensis existed about _____ m.y.a.
24.
H. Erectus at the time it was first found (1800s) was seen as the
first example of _________
25.
Many European fossils once thought to be H. Erectus are seen as
early ___________
26.
H. Erectus cranial capacities and distinctive trait
27.
H. Erectus may have been the first hominid to use ________
and ________ effectively
28.
The 6 “firsts” of H. Erectus
29.
Acheulian tools (associated H. and the difference between this
and the Oldowan method)
30.
Bifaces
31.
The soft hammer technique (and its tradition)
32.
The Acheulian tradition was the most widespread cultural
tradition
33.
Where did archaic humans live?
34.
Different stone tool industries co-existed in some areas for a
long time—Know Villa’s 3 answers for this diversity
35.
Is the Neandertal or human brain size larger?
36.
Are Neandertals human ancestors?
37.
Mousterian tools (did humans or Neandertals use these tools?)
38.
Micromousterian (what it is and where it is found)
39.
Mousterian sites are associated with evidence of significant
development in __________, __________ and _______
development compared to the earlier Paleolithic stage
40.
Chatelperronian (how does it compare to the human Aurignacian
period)
41.
Another key tool used by the Neandertals was _________
42. It is noted that many of the groupings concerning H. Habilis and
Neandertals are tentative because of the variety of morphologies
involved
Section 11
1. A problem with assessment of fossil finds in Europe, China, Africa
and Java is that these finds display both H. Erectus and H. Sapiens
features (referred to as archaic H. Sapiens)
2. Since _______ years ago humans have been anatomically modern
in form
3. A general trend that took place were gradual transitions from
greater parts H. Erectus to greater parts H. Sapiens
4. The endocranial capacity for archaic H. Sapiens was about 1000 to
1400 ml (the lesser figure was similar to the average for H. Erectus
and the larger comparable to the average for a modern human)
5. Specimens of anatomically modern humans from Africa and the
Middle East are significantly ______ than those seen elsewhere in
the Old World
6. Relethford claims that there is evidence of an early appearance of
anatomically modern H. Sapiens in the Middle East from 92,000
years ago. Lewin disagrees and says that these fossils have some
archaic human features
7. Provenance
8. It is important to note that it is certain that modern H. Sapiens
existed before the youngest known archaic forms
9. Upper Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic
10.
Variation within and between sites is even greater in the Upper
Paleolithic than in earlier cultures
11.
The Upper Paleolithic occurred climatically during the maximum
___________ of the last _______ period
12.
The Upper Paleolithic is characterized by the development of
blade and burin technology
13.
Blade, burin
14.
The Upper Paleolithic is characterized by the hunting of
________ game
15.
Aurignacian
16.
Perigordian
17.
Gravettes
18.
Solutrean
19.
Magdalenian
20.
The period best known for cave painting was __________
(Altamira, Lascaux)
21. 3 modern hypotheses that deal with the idea of the origins of
human beings (include Lewin and H. Erectus idea)
22.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
23. Using this mtDNA researchers at UC Berkeley argue that the
whole world descended from a single village in Africa (other
scientists dispute this)
24.
The Mitochondrial Eve hypothesis (When and how many people
lived with her)
25.
Relethford’s regional coalescence model and primary African
origin models
26.
It is noted that there are other positions in between the single
origin model and the multiregional evolutionary models (in addition
to the Partial replacement model)
27. Fossil evidence suggests that modern humans may have
appeared first in Africa (some consensus on this)
28.
Overall, Relethford sees our recent origins as being mostly, but
not exclusively out of Africa
Section 12
1
Heider’s foraging
2 Up until 10,000 years ago all were foragers (or hunters and
gatherers)
3 Wenke’s agriculture
4 One of the most important things about agriculture is not just that
it produces great amounts of food, but that it is ________ and
___________ (and its effect on population density and
sedentarism)
5 Sedentarism
6 Horticulture (and the relation to agriculture)
7 Paleopathology
8 What can skeletal remains tell us?
9 epidemic, endemic & pandemic
10 Of all the environmental contexts that can affect health, _____ or
____________ may be the most significant
11 Many signs of ill health including the occurrence of _________ may
be caused or exacerbated by nutrition in some way
12 Hole and Flannery’s first era (time and population)
13 Extensive land use (and low population densities associated with
the first era)
14 Carrying capacity
15 Hole and Flannery’s second era (and time)
16 Shifting cultivation
17 Hole and Flannery’s third stage (and time)
18 Intensive land use (associated with third era)
19 Third stage agriculture led to _______ being formed with tens of
thousands of citizens
20 Subsistence farming and related era
21 Life expectancy between A.D. 1 and 1750
22 Life expectancy
23 During the period of A.D. 1-1750 describe population increase
24 The Industrial Revolution and conditions in urbanized areas
25 Disease and pollution in the Industrial era
26 Did mortality rates fall during this era? (also what was the effect on
population)
27 What was one of the main reasons for the fall in mortality rates in
the second half of the 1700s
28 During the early phase of the Industrial Revolution some areas of
Europe experienced a rise in their birthrates (give the 2 possible
reasons)
29 In the second half of the 1800s birth rates began to fall (give the 3
possible reasons and 1 reason that was not an influence)
30 Demographic transition theory
31 In the modern era mortality rates have _________ and the major
causes of death have also shifted
32 _________ diseases were replaced as the chief causes of death by
_______ diseases such as heart disease and cancer
33 epidemiologic transition (and in what countries)
34 emergent (HIV) & re-emergent diseases (Tuberculosis)
35 Birth rates in ____ nations have continued to decline during the
20th century (give the 5 reasons)
36 Population explosion (time and crucial element also)