A&P1:
Review for Final Exam
Dr. Solti; 2012
The Final Exam will have 100 questions, 2 points apiece, divided approximately as
follows:
 50 questions from Chs 1-8
 10 questions from Chs 10, 11, 12
 40 questions from Chs 13, 14, 15
Chapters 1- 12: Study previous review sheets, quizzes, notes, and textbook
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
















General characteristics of s.c.
S.C. anatomy: protective structures, spaces, basic pattern of s.c., 2 enlargements;
conus medullaris, filum terminale; cauda equina
Gray matter: inner part of s.c., divided into gray horns: dorsal/ posterior;
ventral/anterior; commissures
White matter: outer part of s.c. ; organized into 3 white columns or tracts: dorsal,
ventral, lateral
CT coverings of spinal nerves: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
31 total spinal nerves: C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, C1. Know the locations they
innervate
Know distribution of spinal nerves; rami, plexus
Cervical plexus: phrenic nerve, phrenic nerve damage, innervates diaphragm
Brachial plexus: supplies shoulders and upper limbs/arms: know 5 major branches
of brachial plexus; brachial anesthesia; radial nerve damage, ulnar nerve damage;
median nerve damage
Lumbar plexus: femoral nerve; supplies thighs, abdomen, qudriceps
Sacral plexus: sciatic nerve; supplies buttocks, and lower limbs
Dermatome
PNS Disorders: sciatica, neuritis, polyomyelitis, Myasthenia gravis
Reflexes
5 components of reflex arc
Stretch reflex
Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves




4 Major parts of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum)
Protective coverings of the brain; 3 layers of meninges and their functions
CSF: location, synthesis, functions, reabsorbed
Blood-brain barrier
A&P1:
Review for Final Exam (continued)
Dr. Solti; 2012
Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves (continued):


















Functions of all parts of the brain, specifically:
Cerebrum: 3 basic regions (cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal nuclei), gyri,
sulci, fissures, corpus callosum, hemispheres, 4 lobes, central sulcus, precentral
sulcus, postcentral sulcus
3 functional areas of cerebral cortex: sensory areas, motor areas (Brocas speech
area), association areas (Wernicke's area)
Hemispheric lateralization
Diencephalon (3 structures)
Thalamus (of diencephalon); intermediate mass
Hypothalamus (of diencephalon); infundibulum, mammillary bodies
Epithalamus (of diencephalon); pineal gland
Brainstem (3 regions)
Medulla oblongata (of brainstem); pyramids, decussion
Pons (of brainstem); "bridge", reticular formation
Midbrain (of brainstem): tectum, superior/inferior colliculi; substantia nigra;
Parkinson's Disease
Cerebellum; vermis, folia, arbor vitae, cerebellar peduncles; 3 lobes (anterior,
posterior, flocculonodular)
Limbic System: hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus
Reticular Formation System (in pons of brainstem)
Brain waves
Cranial nerves: 12 pairs, know the mnemonic and the names of the nerves
Specifically know trigeminal (V) nerve , vagus (X) nerve, accessory (XI) nerve
Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System








Comparison of Somatic NS and Autonomic NS
Autonomic NS: functional generalizations; preganglionic neurons, postganglionic
nurons
2 divisions: Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic/"Fight or flight" responses
Parasympathetic/"At rest" responses
Influence of brain on ANS
Neurotransmitters of ANS
Influence of drugs on ANS