Houston Community College
Town and Country Plaza
A&P Biology 2402 Human Anatomy and Physiology I1
Instructor: Dr. H. I. Chukwu
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Study Guide for Chapters 25 – 27
Chapter 25
 Define nutrients, calorie, Kilocalories, monosaccharides, disaccharides, Polysaccharides
 What are Lipids, cholesterol, Phospholipids
 Proteins and the functions of proteins
 What are the Recommended Amounts for CHO, proteins and lipids
 What are the importance of vitamins, which are water soluble - fat soluble
 Minerals and their functions, organic vs. inorganic
 Define catabolism, anabolism (examples), metabolism, Energy is used for?
 Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
 Cori cycle is?
 Number of ATP produced at glycolysis. Kreb cycle and electron transport chains
 ammonia is produced as a by-product of oxidative deamination, how removed from the
body
 Metabolism of Amino Acid
 Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules, define: Glycogenesis, Lipogenesis,
Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis
 Components of Metabolic Rate
 Body temperature and heat exchange?
 Regulation of set point is by the?
 Heat is exchanged by
Chapter 26
 Functions of Urinary System
 The External Anatomy of the kidney
 Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
 Locations and functions of Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra, Sphincters
 Filtration, Renal filtrate, Filtration pressure
 Which substances are transported actively and passively
 Urine Production
 Hormonal Mechanisms: ADH, Aldosterone, Renin, Atrial natriuretic hormone
 Autoregulation vs. Sympathetic Stimulation
 Plasma clearance vs. Tubular load
 Tubular maximum
 Urine Flow and Micturition Reflex
 What is Micturition Reflex
 Effects of Aging on Kidneys
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Chapter 27
 Body Fluids
 The difference between Intracellular and extracellular fluids
 Body Fluid Compartments
 Approximate volumes of body fluid compartments: infants, adult male, adult female
 Concentration of major solutes in body fluid compartment
 How does the body regulate it’s water content?
 Sources of water, Regulation processes, Routes of water loss
 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolality
 Increased ECF vs. Decreased ECF
 Regulation of Electrolytes in ECF
 Hypernatremia vs. Hyponatremia
 Regulation of Chloride, Potassium, Magnesium Ions
 Hyperkalemia vs. Hypokalemia
 Regulation of Calcium Ions
 Hypocalcemia vs. Hypercalcemia
 Symptoms of decreased or elevated levels of ions in the body
 Haw are Calcium ions regulated?
 Define acid, base, buffer
 Types of buffer systems
 Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
 Hypoventilation vs. Hyperventilation
 Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
 Acidosis and Alkalosis
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