Identification of insect pests and
IPM methods for control
Kris Braman
University of Georgia
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Integrated Pest Management
IPM
• Use of all available tactics to maintain pests at
acceptable levels including:
• Mechanical
• Biological
• Cultural
• Chemical
• Regulatory
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Components of Integrated Pest
Management
• Diagnosis and detection; pest (and beneficial!)
identification
• Monitoring and assessment
• Understanding pest and beneficial biology and
life cycles
• Develop a control strategy
• Implement a control strategy
• Evaluate the level of control
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Key plant/Key pest
• Common features of
landscape
• Regularly prone to particular
pests
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Crapemyrtle Pest Management Calendar
Pest
Winter
Spring
Dec-Feb Mar-May
Crapemyrtle
aphid
Ambrosia
beetle
Summer
Jun-Aug
S
S PS
SC P
Japanese
beetles
Altica flea
beetles
Fall
Sep-Nov
S
S
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Crape myrtle aphid
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Japanese beetle
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Table 1. Mean + % Japanese beetle damage or number of crapemyrtle aphids after application of products for insect control on crapemyrtle
Active ingredient
Rate
Japanese beetle damage
No. aphids
Product
week 1
week 2
week 3
week 4
Flagship
Thiamethoxam
4oz/100gal
11.7 +7.2
15.7 + 5.3
14.5 + 6.1
17.7 + 4.5
5.0 + 2.6
Sevin SL
Carbaryl
32.67oz/100gal
4.7 + 2.6
24.5 + 6.8
19.3 + 4.9
22.5 + 3.6
183.0 + 54.8
Sevin 80WSP
Carbaryl
1.25lb/100gal
4.7 + 1.5
24.0 + 6.7
22.2 + 5.6
23.2 + 6.5
99.5 + 19.3
Azatin XL
Azadirachtin
16oz/100gal
6.2 + 2.4
19.5 + 5.5
22.5 + 2.8
27.5 + 3.1
202.2 + 96.4
Talstar GH
Bifenthrin
.3oz/100gal
2.2 + 1.6
11.5 + 5.6
13.8 + 5.4
15.0 + 4.2
75.5 + 24.1
Dursban 50W
Chlorpyrifos
1.5lb/100gal
12.7 + 5.2
16.5 + 4.8
30.0 + 4.8
36.8 + 6.2
108.0 + 56.9
Tempo 20WP
Cyfluthrin
55g/100gal
15.1 + 7.2
20.2 + 7.9
18.2 + 6.6
25.3 + 6.6
171.0 + 63.9
Scimitar GC
Lambda-cyhalothrin
1.5oz/100gal
3.8 + 2.4
6.3 + 1.2
6.8 + 1.5
11.2 + 2.2
66.0 + 33.8
Tame 2.4 EC Spray
Fenpropathrin
10.66oz/100gal
6.0 + 2.3
12.2 + 5.2
11.8 + 3.5
18.3 + 6.1
90.8 + 24.1
Orthene TTO
Acephate
21.3oz/100gal
3.1 + 1.9
12.5 + 5.0
21.7 + 5.1
23.0 + 3.4
1.2 + 0.8
Merit 75WP
Imidacloprid
14g/100gal
1.1 + 0.3
6.6 + 2.5
16.7 + 4.0
19.2 + 2.1
20.7 + 10.4
Untreated control
Water
N/A
23.3 +6.0
25.0 + 3.4
39.2 + 5.2
43.3 + 3.6
241.3 + 102.1
F5,11
2.8
1.5
3.0
3.2
2.4
P
0.01
0.2
0.003
0.002
0.02
LSD
11.2
------
13.9
13.3
146.52
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Table 2. Mean + s.e. number of crapemyrtle aphids on crapemyrtle after application of insecticides
Active ingredient
Rate
Number of aphids
Chemical common name
pre
5dpt
12dpt
14dpt
2% oil
Horticultural oil
2% oil
275.8
19.4
39.8
53.2
2% soap
Insecticidal soap
2% soap
394
46
78
74.4
Flagship
Thiamethoxam
4oz/100gal
214.8
0.8
0.8
0
Sevin 80WSP
Carbaryl
1.25lb/100gal
317
21.6
70.2
43.6
Talstar GH
Bifenthrin
.3oz/100gal
295.6
0
0.8
8.2
Scimitar GC
Lambda-cyhalothrin
1.5oz/100gal
227.2
0
0.6
0.2
Orthene TTO
Acephate
21.3oz/100gal
255.8
0
1.6
15.6
UTC
Water
N/A
315.8
349.8
22.6
24.6
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Japanese beetle and aphid control
trials on crapemyrtle
•
Greatest reduction in Japanese beetle
damage was evident with bifenthrin and
lambda cyhalothrin.
• Bifenthrin, lambda- cyhalothrin,
imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were the
most effective among twelve insecticides
tested in a field trial for suppression of both
naturally occurring aphids and beetles.
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Altica sp. flea beetles
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Host Plants
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oenothera missouriensis and O.
speciosa
Gaura (whirling butterfly)
Epilobium fleischeri
Zauschneria garretti
Linum flavum
Alfalfa
Ribes aureum
'Currant'
Crabapple
Grape
Orange flowering fuschia
Coyote willow
Wild rose
Sedums (ground cover type)
Prunus besseyi
Chickweed
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oenothera speciosa (Showy
primrose, Onagraceae)
O. laciniata (Cutleaf evening
primrose, Onagraceae)
O. lamarckiana (Evening primrose,
Onagraceae)
O. missouriensis (Missouri primrose,
Onagraceae)
O. fruticosa (Sundrops, Onagraceae)
Cuphea (Mexican heather,
Lythraceae)
Gaura lindheimeri (Whirling
butterflies, Onagraceae)
Lythrum salicaria (Purple loosestrife,
Lythraceae)
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Crapemyrtle resistance to Altica
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acoma
Apalachee
Biloxi
Lipan
Natchez
Osage
Tonto
Tuscarora
Wichita
Yuma
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Holly Pest Management Calendar
Pest
Winter
Dec-Feb
Spring
Mar-May
Holly
leafminers
Armored
Scales
Two Lined
Spittlebug
Fall
Sep-Nov
S
DO
S
Wax
Scales
Southern
Red Mite
Summer
Jun-Aug
DO
S
S
S
S
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Southern Red Mite Damage
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Twolined spittlebug
• 137 holly species and
cultivars evaluated for
resistance to adult
feeding
• 63 taxa were undamaged
by TLS
• Species generally
resistant included I.
vomitoria, I. cornuta, I.
glabra, I.verticillata
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Twolined spittlebug
• 10 taxa were highly
susceptible
• High susceptibility in
hollies with I. cassine or
I. opaca parentage
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Columbine leafminer and parasites
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Florida wax scale
•
•
•
231 holly selections
evaluated
Taxa rated as most resistant
included I. crenata, I.
buergeri, I. glabra, I.
myrtifolia, I. verticillata, I.
vomitoria within parental
lines
Heavy infestations on I.
cornuta, I. cassine, I. opaca
and others
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea/Rhododendron Pest Management Calendar
Pest
Winter
Dec-Feb
Azalea
lace bug
SC
Azalea
leafminer
Southern
red mite
Azalea
caterpillar
Spring
Mar-May
Summer
Jun-Aug
Fall
Sep-Nov
S
S
S
S
S
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Common Insect and Mite Pests
of Azaleas
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Azalea lace bug
Azalea caterpillar
Azalea bark scale
Southern red mite
Azalea leaf miner
Cranberry rootworm
others
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea leafminer
• Yellow caterpillars ca. 1/2
inch long
• small larvae mine leaves
• large larvae roll tips of
leaves
• two applications two
weeks apart in April
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea caterpillar
• Red to brown with white
and yellow stripes when
small
• full grown have a red
head and prolegs with
white stripes
• chemical control most
effective on small
caterpillars
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Southern red mite
• Leaves become mottled
• cool season Feb-April
• Insecticidal soap or horticultural oil
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea lace bug
• Key pest of azaleas
• Four generations per year
• Optimize control with first
generation
• Many natural enemies
• Resistant azaleas
• Aesthetic Injury Levels
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea lace bug
• 17 species or cultivars of
native azaleas evaluated
• High levels of resistance
found in 3 azalea species
• Piedmont, Plumleaf and
Pinxterbloom azalea
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Predaceous plant bugs
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea lace bug egg parasite
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea bark scale
• Plants may appear yellow
and covered with black sooty
mold
• insects on twigs appear
cottony or waxy
• Treat crawlers in late AprilMay
• prune out infested plant
parts
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Cranberry rootworm
• Small shiny black-green
beetles
• Feed at night and hide in
litter during day
• Remove litter and weeds
from area
• Usually most common in
dense shade
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Cranberry rootworm
• Piedmont azalea
moderately resistant
• Pinxterbloom highly
susceptible
• DVW highly resistant
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Symptoms of plant problems caused
by insects
• Chewed or tattered foliage or blossoms
• Stippled (flecked), yellowed, bronzed or
bleached foliage
• Distortion of plant parts
• Dieback of plant parts
• Insect or insect-related products
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Chewed or Tattered Foliage or
Blossoms
•
•
•
•
•
Larvae of moths or butterflies
Larvae of or adult beetles
Sawfly larvae
Grasshoppers
Snails and slugs
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Sawflies- Red-headed pine
sawfly
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Orange Striped Oakworm
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Orange Striped Oakworm
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Oak Pest Management Calendar
Pest
Winter
Dec-Feb
Spring
Mar-May
Summer
Jun-Aug
Orange
striped
Oakworm
Fall
Sep-Nov
S
Lecanium
Scale
S
Insect Galls
NCN
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Stippled, Yellowed, Bronzed or
Bleached Foliage
• Spider mites
• Leafhoppers
• Plant bugs
• Lace bugs
• Thrips
• Aphids
• Psyllids
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Spruce Spider Mite
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Juniper Pest Management Calendar
Pest
Winter
Dec-Feb
Spruce
Spider
Mites
Spring
Mar-May
Summer
Jun-Aug
S
Twospotted
Spider
Mites
Bagworms
Armored
Scales
Fall
Sep-Nov
S
P
SC S
S
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
P
Two spotted spider mite
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Sampling for Mites
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Distortion of Plant Parts
•
•
•
•
Aphids
Thrips
Eriophyid (gall, blister, bud or rust) Mites
Larvae of some Moths
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Maple Bladder Gall Mite
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Maple Bladder Gall Mite
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Dieback of Plant Parts
• Scale insects
• Moth or beetle larvae that bore
• Cynipid (gall) wasps
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Euonymus Scale
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Euonymus Scale
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Euonymus Scale
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
SCALE WITH PARASITE
EMERGENCE HOLES
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Dogwood Borer
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Dogwood Borer
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Dogwood Pest Management Calendar
Pest
Winter
Spring
Dec-Feb Mar-May
Summer
Jun-Aug
Fall
Sep-Nov
Dogwood
Borer
Dogwood
twig borer
Dogwood
clubgall
midge
Cottony
Maple scale
S
S
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Insect or Insect-Related
Products
• Honeydew or sooty mold from aphids, scale,
mealybugs, leafhoppers, whiteflies
• Dark fecal specs-lace bugs
• Tents, webs, silken mats-tent caterpillars,
webworms, leaf rollers
• Spittle-spittlebugs
• Cast skins-aphids, leafhoppers, lace bugs
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Insect or Insect-Related
Products
• Pitch masses, pitch tubes, frass toothpickscaterpillars and beetles that bore in wood
• Flocculence-adelgids, mealybugs, scales,
aphids
• Slime-slugs and snails
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Azalea Lace Bug-fecal material
covering eggs
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Flocculence- Cottony Maple Scale
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Wax Scale
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Tent caterpillar
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Tent caterpillar
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Tent caterpillar
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Fall Webworm
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Fall Webworm
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Why use pest-resistant plants?
• Attractive appearance
• Aesthetic value
maintained with fewer
pesticide inputs
• Economic and
environmental savings
• $$$$ and sense!
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Evaluations at UGA to identify
resistance to key pests
• Azalea lace bug
• Two spotted spider mite
• Whitefly and lantanta lace
bug
• Two lined spittlebug
• Florida wax scale
• Oleander aphid
• Japanese beetle
• Altica flea beetle
• Columbine leafminer
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Deciduous azaleas
Butterfly Bushes
Lantana
Hollies
Hollies
Asclepias cultivars
Crapemyrtle
Columbine
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Two spotted spider mite
• 37 Buddleia species and
cultivars evaluated
• B. fallowiana ‘Alba’ and B.
davidii x B. fallowiana
‘Cornwall Blue’ highly
resistant to mites
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Whitefly and lantana lace bug
•
•
11 lantana cultivars
evaluated for resistance to
greenhouse and silverleaf
whitefly and lantana lace bug
Larger-leaved cultivars very
susceptible and may serve
as indicator plants
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Oleander aphid
• 24 Asclepias taxa
evaluated
• Gradients in susceptibility
suggest options in high
density aphid areas
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Oleander aphid
• A. tuberosa and A.
physocarpa maintained
better appearance
• Numerous natural
enemies colonize
milkweed plants with
aphids
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
LADY BEETLE ADULT
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
LADY BEETLE LARVA
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
GREEN LACEWING
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
GREEN LACEWING LARVA
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Green Lacewing Eggs
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
APHID MUMMY
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
APHID PARASITE
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Acknowledgments
• CANR project support is
appreciated
The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences