23862 version 1
Page 1 of 5
Demonstrate knowledge of GNSS, and carry out a geodetic control
network survey, for geodetic surveying
Level
6
Credits
8
Purpose
This unit standard is for people who are working, or who intend to work, in
the surveying profession in a geodetic context.
People credited with this unit standard are able to demonstrate knowledge of
a global navigational satellite system (GNSS) used for geodetic surveying;
and plan, survey, and calculate a stand-alone traverse control network for
geodetic surveying.
Subfield
Surveying
Domain
Geodetic Surveying
Status
Registered
Status date
25 February 2008
Date version published
25 February 2008
Planned review date
31 December 2012
Entry information
Recommended: Unit 23861, Explain height differences
and carry out a levelling survey, for geodetic surveying,
or demonstrate equivalent knowledge and skills.
Replacement information
This unit standard and unit standard 23861 replaced unit
standard 11133.
Accreditation
Evaluation of documentation and visit by NZQA and
industry.
Standard setting body (SSB)
Infrastructure ITO
Accreditation and Moderation Action Plan (AMAP) reference
0101
This AMAP can be accessed at http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/framework/search/index.do.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
23862 version 1
Page 2 of 5
Special notes
1
The following documentation must be complied with:
Baker, R F and Watkins, M, Guidance Notes for Determination of Mean High Water
Mark for Land Title Surveys (Auckland: Professional Development Committee of the
New Zealand Institute of Surveyors, 1991), available at http://www.surveyors.org.nz
(the guidance notes);
Accuracy Standards for Geodetic Surveys (OSG Standard 1) Office of the SurveyorGeneral 2003, the current version available at http://www.linz.govt.nz;
Specifications for Geodetic Survey, Land Information New Zealand, the current
version available at http://www.linz.govt.nz;
client specifications;
job specifications.
2
Assessment against this unit standard excludes using GNSS for survey practice,
which is covered in unit standard 23880, Explain, and use, the Global Positioning
System for survey practice.
3
Assessment against this unit standard must utilise the most current information
available in this developing area of knowledge and practice. This information may be
accessed from websites on the internet such as:
International GNSS Service at http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov.
Land Information New Zealand in publications and fact sheets available from the
Survey System, and Geodetic Information pages at http://www.linz.govt.nz;
US Navy at http://www.navy.mil;
manufacturers' websites such as Leica at http://www.leica-geosystems.com and
Trimble at http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.shtml.
4
Definitions
Geodetic convention refers to the principles and practices outlined in Bomford, G,
Geodesy Fourth edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980) and in Land
Information New Zealand (LINZ) publications and fact sheets, available from the
survey system and geodetic information pages at http://www.linz.govt.nz.
GNSS stands for global navigational satellite system, and refers to satellite based
positioning systems such as GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo;
Galileo refers to a European operated GNSS;
GLONASS refers to a Soviet space-based navigation system;
GPS refers to the United States NAVSTAR GPS or Navigation Signal Timing and
Ranging Global Positioning System.
Reduction refers to the process of taking numbers (usually measurements) and
determining other quantities by calculation, eg angles can be reduced to bearings,
staff readings can be reduced to levels, slope distances measurements can be
reduced to plan distance measurements.
Workplace procedures refer to documented procedures specific to an enterprise
which set out the quality management requirements for the business practice and
activities of that enterprise.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
23862 version 1
Page 3 of 5
Elements and performance criteria
Element 1
Demonstrate knowledge of a GNSS used for geodetic surveying.
Performance criteria
1.1
A GNSS is described in terms of its elements and function.
Range
function – theory of operation, satellite constellation, measurement
parameters, accuracy, quality factors, tests.
1.2
GNSS observables are defined in accordance with geodetic convention.
1.3
The limitations of GNSS technology for geodetic surveying are explained in
terms of error sources and corrections.
Range
1.4
sources – multipathing, broadcast ephemeris, precise ephemeris,
elevation windows, obstructions;
corrections – ionospheric, tropospheric, elevation windows,
obstructions.
GNSS is described in terms of positioning methods for geodetic surveying.
Range
methods – precise point, static, kinematic virtual reference station.
Element 2
Plan, survey, and calculate a stand-alone traverse control network for geodetic surveying.
Range
a network area of approximately ten square kilometres with at least six stations,
including at least one cross tie (ie at least two traverse circuits) and with no line
shorter than one kilometre.
Performance criteria
2.1
Requirements for a stand-alone traverse network are determined in accordance
with job specifications and, where relevant, client specifications.
2.2
Equipment which meets the requirements of the survey is selected in
accordance with workplace procedures.
Range
equipment may include but is not limited to – theodolite, total
station, electronic distance measuring equipment, GNSS.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
23862 version 1
Page 4 of 5
2.3
The network is planned and surveyed in accordance with job specifications and
manufacturer’s instructions.
Range
2.4
The reliability of the survey is verified, in accordance with job specifications and
OSG Standard 1.
Range
2.5
planning includes but is not limited to – selection of sites, logistical
plan for undertaking the survey;
surveying includes but is not limited to – observation of horizontal
angles, vertical angles, distances, GNSS baselines.
includes but is not limited to – combining at least three GNSS
baselines in a manufacturer supplied software adjustment tool.
The new network is oriented by observing bearings from the existing control
point to other remote control points coordinated in the same system, and by
GNSS observations in accordance with OSG Standard 1.
Range
one station in the network is an existing control point.
2.6
All observations are reduced and integrated into a single network using leastsquares techniques. The accuracy of the adjusted network complies with OSG
Standard 1 and client specifications.
2.7
Standard survey data is integrated with GNSS observations using manufacturer
supplied software and field measurement information in accordance with
geodetic convention and OSG Standard 1.
2.8
The derived transformation is applied to new survey data to determine the
coordinates in accordance with geodetic convention.
Please note
Providers must be accredited by NZQA, or an inter-institutional body with delegated
authority for quality assurance, before they can report credits from assessment against
unit standards or deliver courses of study leading to that assessment.
Industry Training Organisations must be accredited by NZQA before they can register
credits from assessment against unit standards.
Accredited providers and Industry Training Organisations assessing against unit standards
must engage with the moderation system that applies to those standards.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
23862 version 1
Page 5 of 5
Accreditation requirements and an outline of the moderation system that applies to this
standard are outlined in the Accreditation and Moderation Action Plan (AMAP). The
AMAP also includes useful information about special requirements for organisations
wishing to develop education and training programmes, such as minimum qualifications for
tutors and assessors, and special resource requirements.
Comments on this unit standard
Please contact Infrastructure ITO askus@infratrain.co.nz if you wish to suggest changes to
the content of this unit standard.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016