Pesticide Residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: A review of the occurrence and associated human health risks
Jabir Hussain Syed1*, Abmreen Alamdar2, Ashiq Mohammad3, Karam Ahad3, Zunera Shabir 4, Haroon Ahmed5, Maria Ali 6, Syed Gul Abbas Shah Sani3, Habib
Bokhari 5, Riffat Naseem Malik1, Kevin D. Gallagher7, Iftikhar Ahmad8, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani5
Supporting Information
Table S1: Diseases, pest, pesticide usage and production seasons of different selected fruits and vegetables in Pakistan
Table S2: Comparsion of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables of Pakistan with other countries
Table S1:
S/No.
1
Food Commodity
Apple
Diseases
Apple Scab, Fire Blight, Cork Spot, Powdery Mildew, Rust, Black Rot and Frog Eye Leaf
Spot, Phytophthora Rot, Crown Rot
Pests
European Red Mite, Two Spotted Spider Mite, Apple Rust Mite,
Oystershell Scale, Spring Feeding Caterpillar, Tarnished Plant Bug,
Plum Curculio
Rhizome Weevil, Pseudostem Borer, Banana Aphid, Hard Scale, Fruit
Rust Thrips, Cut Worm, Tingid
Months
July - Nov.
2
Banana
Banana Aphid, Banana Flower Thrips, Banana Fruit Caterpillars, Banana Rust Thrips, Banana
Scab Moth, Banana Weevil Borer,Banana Silvering Thrips, Banana Spotting and Fruit
Spotting Bugs, Cluster Caterpillar, Fruit Piercing Moth, Queensland Fruit Fly, Spider Mite,
Two Spotted Mite, Spiralling Whitefly, Sugarcane Bud Moth
3
Dates (Fresh + Dry)
Belaat, Bending Head, Black Leaf Spot, Black Scorch, Diplodia Disease, Fruit Rots, Graphiola
Leaf Spot, Inflorescence Rot, Leaf Dieback, Terminal Bud Rot, Wilt of Fruit Bunches
Desneux, Tragioni-Tozzetti, Cockerel, Walker, Fabricius
July - August
4
Grapes
Bacterial Blight (Bacterial Necrosis), Crown Gall, Pierce's Disease, Alternaria Rot, Angular
Leaf Scorch, Angular Leaf Spot, Anthracnose and Bird's-Eye Rot, Armillaria Root Rot
(Shoestring root rot), Aspergillus Rot, Botrytis (Grey Rot or Noble Rot)
Bot Canker , Botrytis Bunch Rot, Crown Gall, Downy Mildew,
Measles, Powdry Mildew
July - August
5
Mango
Powdery Mildew, Anthracnose, Decline, Sunburn, Leaf Spot, Edema, Gall, Root Rot, Mango
Malformation, Chilling Injury, Leaf Blight, Verticillium Wilt
Red-Banded Thrips, Mango Tip-Borer, Mango Scale, Pink Wax Scale
May - Sept.
6
Melons
Phytophthora Blight and Fruit Rot, Powdery Mildew, Rind Necrosis, Speckle or Moonspots,
Mosaic
Field Crickets, Cutworms, Seedcorn Maggot, Darkling Beetles,
Leafminers
7
Plum
Black Knot, Plum Pockets, Brown Rot, Perennial Canker, apple Scab, Bacterial Spot, Powdery
Mildew, Cherry Leaf Spot, X-Disease, Virus Diseases, Winter Injury, Crown Gall
Plum Sawfly, Red Spider Mite, Rust, Silver Leaf, Bacterial Canker,
Aphids
April - July
1
Potato
Bacterial Ring Rot, Bacterial Soft Rot, Blackleg, Comon Scab, Black Dot, Dry Rot, Early
Blight, Pink Rot, Potato Wart, Poedery Scab, Rhizoctonia, Seed Piece Decay
Blister Beetles, Colorado Potato Beetle, Flea Beetles, Aphids, Potato
Leafhopper, Potato Tuberworm, Vegetable Weevil and Larva
Oct. - April
2
Tomato
Septoria Leaf Spot, Early Blight, Anthracnose, Fusarium Wilt, Verticillium Wilt, Bacterial
Spot, Bacterial Speck, Bacterial Canker, Late Blight
Tomato Fruitworm, Tomato Budworm, Tomato Pinworm, Vegetable
Leafminer
April - June
3
Onion
Botrytis, Leaf Blight, Leaf Fleck, Neck Rot, Downy Mildew, Onion White Rot, Pink Root,
Purple Blotch, Smudge or Anthracnose, Smut, Stemphylium Blight
Onion Fly, Lesser Bulb Fly, Thrips
March - June
4
Red chillies
Bacterial Spot, Bacterial Wilt, Bacterial Canker, Syringae Seedling Blight and Leaf Spot,
Crown Gall
Aphids, Red Spider Mites, Slug & Snails, Caterpillars, Capsid Bugs &
Thrips
May -July
5
Garlic
Smut, Penicillium Mold, Powdery Mildew
Wheat Curl Mites, Grasshoppers , Nematodes
May - June
June - August
*All the food commodities in this table are treated with pesticide(s), but data on pesticide usage/ amount(s) for these food commodities is (are) unavailable
Table S2:
Location
Samples (N)
Contaminated samples (%)
Samples > MRLs (%)
Reference
Croatia
866
28.5 %(247)
5.3% (46)
Knezevic et al. 2012
Argentina
157
80(125)
5 (8)
Hjorth et al. 2011
Brazil
233
67(156)
13(30)
,,
Chile
141
85(120)
5(7)
,,
Columbia
81
68(55)
10(8)
,,
Ecuador
45
71(32)
4(2)
,,
Peru
46
39(18)
9(4)
,,
Uruguay
20
85(17)
10(2)
,,
China
3009
26(782)
12(353)
Bangladesh
210
51.30%
38.89%
Ghana
309
51(158)
10 (31)
Chen et al. 2011
Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury
et al. 2013
Bempah et al. 2012
Karachi
72
61(44)
34(15)
Parveen et al. 2011
Hyderabad
131
40(53)
2(3)
Latif et al. 2011
Peshawar
500
40(200)
10(20)
Khan et al. 2005
Nawabshah
12
100(12)
50(6)
Anwar et al. 2008
Lahore
25
25
>50
Tahir et al. 2009
Pakistan