Cell Chemistry (II)
Functional groups
Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
Metabolism: Anabolic & Catabolic
KNOW & Be Able to Draw & Identify
These Functional Groups
Understand
Meaning/Significance of Key
Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
Synthesis
7. Enzyme
8. Cellular respiration
9. Enzyme
10. Oxidation
11. Reduction
12. Dehydration synthesis
13. Hydrolysis
Know Significance of These
Electrolytes in Physiology





H+
HCO3Fe2+
ICa2+
Significance of
Carbohydrates in Physiology
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Composition of Carbohydrates
 All of them, mono-, di- and polycontain the elements C, H and O
 The ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 or
Cn(H2O)n OR CnH2nOn where “n” may
be 5, 6 or …
 If n=5 then a monosaccharide will
most likely have the formula C5H10O5
Classes/Categories of
Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
 Examples of each?
Monosaccharides
 Examples of monosaccharides
 Glucose
 Fructose
 Galactose
 They each have 6C, therefore called hexoses
 What would be the chemical formula for each one?
 Looking at the structural formula for Glucose, Would
you expect it to be:
 Hydrophilic? OR
 Hydrophobic?
Significance of Monosaccharides in
Physiology
 They are fuels
 Body cells “burn” or “Oxidize” these fuels
in order to extract from them ENERGY
 Cells burn fuels by a process called:

“Cellular Respiration”
 A general formula for “cellular respiration”
 Fuel+ nO2  nCO2 + nH2O + Energy
 Energy will be in the form of
 Heat plus a chemical called nATP
 By what process do monosaccharides get
into/out of cells? (Study Guyton Ch.4)
Disaccharides
 Examples of disaccharides
 Sucrose
 Lactose
 Maltose
 Composition of sucrose
 Glucose + Fructose joined by a glycosidic bond
 Composition of Lactose
 Glucose + Galactose joined by a glycosidic
bond
 Compsition of Maltose
 Glucose + Glucose joined by what?
Dehydration Synthesis
 The type of chemical reaction by which
disaccharides are produced is called:
Dehydration synthesis
 Formation of covalent bond requires
participation of an enzyme and consumes
energy
 Questions?
1. Is dehydration synthesis an example of
anabolic or catabolic metabolism?
2. Does it consume or yield energy?
Significance of Disaccharides in
Physiology
 We get them in our diet when we
 drink milk or malt,
 or eat sugar cane or use table sugar or run
on “Dunkin”
 They are synthesized by cells BUT there
are no mechanism/process by which
they can enter body cells
 So what happens to disaccharide when
we consume them? (Study Guyton Ch.
65 p789-93; p793-97)
Metabolism
 All chemical reactions that occur in cells
Examples: Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis plus
those in metabolic pathways (glycolysis & Krebs Cycle)
 Types of metabolism
 Anabolic
 Catabolic
 Anabolic:
 For building up big and complex molecules
 i.e., anabolic steroids are consumed by weight
lifters
 Catabolic: For breaking down big and
complex molecule into simpler ones
Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism
 Anabolic
 Net consumption of energy
 Covalent bonds are synthesized
 Example:???
 Catabolic metabolism
 Net yield of energy
 Covalent bonds are broken
 Example:???
 Both require participation of enzymes
Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism:
Illustrated (Marieb, Ch. 3)
Which one illustrates
catabolic metabolism:
a, b or c?
Dehydration Synthesis vs
Hydrolysis (Marieb, Ch. 2)
Glycogen: A Polysaccharide
What monosaccharide is the building block for glycogen?
Cell Chemistry II
THE END